Not Non-Lethal Weapons: the Counter-Personnel Behavioral Effects Weapons Framework for Armament Engineers
Behavioral effects weapons (BEW) are devices that are intended to change the behavior of their human target. The article describes the critical considerations and a framework to guide the development of BEW. Human physiology is the fundamental basis for the theoretical framework of BEW engineering....
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| Published in | Human factors and mechanical engineering for defense and safety Vol. 6; no. 1 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Singapore
Springer Nature Singapore
01.12.2022
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2509-8004 2367-2544 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s41314-022-00047-y |
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| Abstract | Behavioral effects weapons (BEW) are devices that are intended to change the behavior of their human target. The article describes the critical considerations and a framework to guide the development of BEW. Human physiology is the fundamental basis for the theoretical framework of BEW engineering. Effectiveness of BEW starts with the physiological effects induced by stimuli or energy generated by a weapon. These physiological effects, in turn, affect target behavior. Behaviors are altered by (1) changing the motivation of the targeted individual(s) to perform the behavior and (2) changing the ability of the targeted individual(s) to perform the behavior. In addition to the thresholds for effectiveness of BEW, the limitations due to risk of signification injury (RSI) define the solution space for armament engineers. Finally, ethical considerations for the armaments developer are presented. It is hoped that the information in this article will serve as a guide for the armaments engineering community in order to fill a critical weapon capability gap. |
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| AbstractList | Behavioral effects weapons (BEW) are devices that are intended to change the behavior of their human target. The article describes the critical considerations and a framework to guide the development of BEW. Human physiology is the fundamental basis for the theoretical framework of BEW engineering. Effectiveness of BEW starts with the physiological effects induced by stimuli or energy generated by a weapon. These physiological effects, in turn, affect target behavior. Behaviors are altered by (1) changing the motivation of the targeted individual(s) to perform the behavior and (2) changing the ability of the targeted individual(s) to perform the behavior. In addition to the thresholds for effectiveness of BEW, the limitations due to risk of signification injury (RSI) define the solution space for armament engineers. Finally, ethical considerations for the armaments developer are presented. It is hoped that the information in this article will serve as a guide for the armaments engineering community in order to fill a critical weapon capability gap. |
| ArticleNumber | 10 |
| Author | Cooke, G. Jovanovic, N. Cheng, D. T. Mezzacappa, E. Rodriguez, J. J. Short, K. R. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: E. orcidid: 0000-0002-5243-2732 surname: Mezzacappa fullname: Mezzacappa, E. email: elizabeth.s.mezzacappa.civ@army.mil organization: Tactical Behavior Research Laboratory, DEVCOM AC, FCDD-ACE-QE, US Army Armament Graduate School, DEVCOM AC – sequence: 2 givenname: G. orcidid: 0000-0002-4659-4524 surname: Cooke fullname: Cooke, G. organization: West Point Simulation Center, Department of Military Instruction, United States Military Academy – sequence: 3 givenname: K. R. surname: Short fullname: Short, K. R. organization: US Army Armament Graduate School, DEVCOM AC – sequence: 4 givenname: N. surname: Jovanovic fullname: Jovanovic, N. organization: Tactical Behavior Research Laboratory, DEVCOM AC, FCDD-ACE-QE, US Army Armament Graduate School, DEVCOM AC – sequence: 5 givenname: D. T. orcidid: 0000-0001-7504-0187 surname: Cheng fullname: Cheng, D. T. organization: Tactical Behavior Research Laboratory, DEVCOM AC, FCDD-ACE-QE, US Army Armament Graduate School, DEVCOM AC – sequence: 6 givenname: J. J. surname: Rodriguez fullname: Rodriguez, J. J. organization: Tactical Behavior Research Laboratory, DEVCOM AC, FCDD-ACE-QE, US Army Armament Graduate School, DEVCOM AC |
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| Keywords | Armament engineering Non-lethal weapons Physiology Motivation Risk of significant injury |
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| References | Christensen KD, Dobias P (2021) Wargaming the use of intermediate force capabilities in the gray zone. J Defense Model Simul Appl Methodol Technol 1–14 American Psychological Association, Motivation. 3 July 2021; Available from: https://dictionary.apa.org/motivation Metz D, Smardzewsk R, Lochner C (2019) Counter-personnel (CP) non-lethal weapons (NLW) technologies DSAIC Joint Non-lethal Weapons Program (2016) Joint non-lethal weapons program science and technology strategic plan. Quantico Headquarters Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (2020) NATO International Concept Development and Experimentation Conference 2020 Synopsis. Norfolk, VA MezzacappaECookeGSheridanCDeMarcoRTevisKShortKReidGJafferyNRiedenerJA behavioral experiment on the effects of nonlethal weapon parameters on crowd rock-throwing behaviorMil Oper Res20172241734 US Department of Defense Non-lethal Weapons ProgramIntermediate force capabilities: bridging the gap between presence and lethality2020QuanticoJoint Intermediate Force Capabilities Office Carter BW (2016) Non-lethal weapons: a technology gap or lack or available systems, training, and proper application. US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth United States KaurinPMSAnd next please? The future of the NLW debateCase West Reserve J Int Law201547217 D’Agostino DM (2009) DOD needs to improve program management, policy, and testing to enhance ability to field operationally useful non-lethal weapons. GAO Reports, Preceding.: p 1–64 BurgeiWFoleySPandulloMNass-FloresMFischerGLHuntzingerHBeierEHeeremaBImplementation guidance document: properties and types of significant photothermal retinal lesion injuries2017QuanticoJoint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate ShortKReidGCookeGMinorTRCan repeated painful blunt impact deter approach toward a goal?2010Army Armament Research Development And Engineering Center Picatinny Arsenal KoplowDARed-teaming NLW: a top ten list of criticisms about non-lethal weaponsCase West Reserve J Int Law201547229 Joint Non-lethal Weapons Program (2009) Initial capabilities document for counter-personnel joint non-lethal effects GoldsteinEBBrockmoleJIntroduction to perception, in sensation and perception2016BostonCengage Learning Mezzacappa E, Cooke G, DeMarco RM, Reid GV, Tevis K, Sheridan C, Short KR, Jaffery N, Riedener JB (2017) Effectiveness test and evaluation of non-lethal weapons in crowd scenarios: metrics, measures, and design of experiments. Defense Acquisition Res J 24(3) Short KR, Bergen MT, DeMarco RM, Chua FB, Servatius RJ (2006) Blunt impact as deterrent: Human approach-avoidance behaviors and other stress responses studied within a paintball gaming context. In: Enabling technologies and design of nonlethal weapons. International Society for Optics and Photonics MezzacappaEDeMarcoRReidGDominguezLModerskiIDyerSSheridanCJafferyNRobinsonACookeGTarget behavioral response analyses for the development of delay munitions: obscuring fog for non-lethal anti-personnel landminesHum Fac Mech Eng Def Saf201931115 CookeGMezzacappaESheridanCDeMarcoRTevisKShortKReidGJafferyNRiedenerJTopology and individual location of crowds as measures of effectiveness for non-lethal weapons2010Army Armament Research Development and Engineering Center Picatinny Arsenal Lewin K (1946/1997) Behavior and development as a function of the total situation Reprinted. Field Theory in Social Science: Selected theoretical papers LewinKResolving social conflicts and field theory in social science1997American Psychological Association10.1037/10269-000 AnnatiMNon-lethal weapons have an important role in the majority of current operations2019Military Technology3335 MezzacappaEEffectiveness testing of non-lethal weaponsJ Def Model Simul20141129110110.1177/1548512913502880 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Research and Technology Organization (2009) RTO-TR-SAS-060 Non-lethal weapons effectiveness assessment development and verification study (ADA511388) YagrichKNonlethal weapons requirements definition– a difficult task requires a true team effort2003Military Police Votel JL (2015) Statement of General Joseph L. Votel, U.S. Army Commander, United States Special Operations Command before the House Armed Service Committee Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities MezzacappaESHuman subject research protection ethics in the research and development (R&D) of non-lethal weaponsJ Milit Ethics202019324125810.1080/15027570.2020.1852651 Joint Chief of StaffJoint concept for integrated campaigning,2018Washington D.C USADepartment of Defence Preston SE, Taylor RS (2016) Department of Defense Law of War Manual, General Counsel of the Department of Defense Washington United States FridmanONonlethal weapons: a technological gap or misdefined requirements?Joint Force Q20157617177 TafollaTJTrachtenbergDJAhoJAFrom niche to necessity: integrating nonlethal weapons into essential enabling capabilities2012QuanticoMarine Corps Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate CarlsonNRBirkettMAPhysiology of behavior2016Pearson North Atlantic Treaty Organization (2009) NATO NLW Capabilities-based assessment (SAS-078) 47_CR6 47_CR5 47_CR4 47_CR27 47_CR28 O Fridman (47_CR9) 2015; 76 47_CR20 ES Mezzacappa (47_CR31) 2020; 19 W Burgei (47_CR26) 2017 TJ Tafolla (47_CR12) 2012 47_CR25 Joint Chief of Staff (47_CR1) 2018 K Short (47_CR21) 2010 G Cooke (47_CR24) 2010 PMS Kaurin (47_CR7) 2015; 47 US Department of Defense Non-lethal Weapons Program (47_CR2) 2020 E Mezzacappa (47_CR23) 2017; 22 K Yagrich (47_CR33) 2003 E Mezzacappa (47_CR30) 2014; 11 47_CR16 47_CR17 47_CR18 47_CR19 DA Koplow (47_CR8) 2015; 47 K Lewin (47_CR22) 1997 47_CR10 47_CR32 47_CR11 EB Goldstein (47_CR15) 2016 47_CR13 E Mezzacappa (47_CR29) 2019; 3 M Annati (47_CR3) 2019 NR Carlson (47_CR14) 2016 |
| References_xml | – reference: MezzacappaEDeMarcoRReidGDominguezLModerskiIDyerSSheridanCJafferyNRobinsonACookeGTarget behavioral response analyses for the development of delay munitions: obscuring fog for non-lethal anti-personnel landminesHum Fac Mech Eng Def Saf201931115 – reference: TafollaTJTrachtenbergDJAhoJAFrom niche to necessity: integrating nonlethal weapons into essential enabling capabilities2012QuanticoMarine Corps Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate – reference: CookeGMezzacappaESheridanCDeMarcoRTevisKShortKReidGJafferyNRiedenerJTopology and individual location of crowds as measures of effectiveness for non-lethal weapons2010Army Armament Research Development and Engineering Center Picatinny Arsenal – reference: KaurinPMSAnd next please? The future of the NLW debateCase West Reserve J Int Law201547217 – reference: MezzacappaECookeGSheridanCDeMarcoRTevisKShortKReidGJafferyNRiedenerJA behavioral experiment on the effects of nonlethal weapon parameters on crowd rock-throwing behaviorMil Oper Res20172241734 – reference: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Research and Technology Organization (2009) RTO-TR-SAS-060 Non-lethal weapons effectiveness assessment development and verification study (ADA511388) – reference: MezzacappaEEffectiveness testing of non-lethal weaponsJ Def Model Simul20141129110110.1177/1548512913502880 – reference: CarlsonNRBirkettMAPhysiology of behavior2016Pearson – reference: US Department of Defense Non-lethal Weapons ProgramIntermediate force capabilities: bridging the gap between presence and lethality2020QuanticoJoint Intermediate Force Capabilities Office – reference: Mezzacappa E, Cooke G, DeMarco RM, Reid GV, Tevis K, Sheridan C, Short KR, Jaffery N, Riedener JB (2017) Effectiveness test and evaluation of non-lethal weapons in crowd scenarios: metrics, measures, and design of experiments. Defense Acquisition Res J 24(3) – reference: American Psychological Association, Motivation. 3 July 2021; Available from: https://dictionary.apa.org/motivation – reference: FridmanONonlethal weapons: a technological gap or misdefined requirements?Joint Force Q20157617177 – reference: YagrichKNonlethal weapons requirements definition– a difficult task requires a true team effort2003Military Police – reference: BurgeiWFoleySPandulloMNass-FloresMFischerGLHuntzingerHBeierEHeeremaBImplementation guidance document: properties and types of significant photothermal retinal lesion injuries2017QuanticoJoint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate – reference: Metz D, Smardzewsk R, Lochner C (2019) Counter-personnel (CP) non-lethal weapons (NLW) technologies DSAIC – reference: MezzacappaESHuman subject research protection ethics in the research and development (R&D) of non-lethal weaponsJ Milit Ethics202019324125810.1080/15027570.2020.1852651 – reference: AnnatiMNon-lethal weapons have an important role in the majority of current operations2019Military Technology3335 – reference: GoldsteinEBBrockmoleJIntroduction to perception, in sensation and perception2016BostonCengage Learning – reference: Headquarters Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (2020) NATO International Concept Development and Experimentation Conference 2020 Synopsis. Norfolk, VA – reference: LewinKResolving social conflicts and field theory in social science1997American Psychological Association10.1037/10269-000 – reference: Lewin K (1946/1997) Behavior and development as a function of the total situation Reprinted. Field Theory in Social Science: Selected theoretical papers – reference: Preston SE, Taylor RS (2016) Department of Defense Law of War Manual, General Counsel of the Department of Defense Washington United States – reference: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (2009) NATO NLW Capabilities-based assessment (SAS-078) – reference: Joint Chief of StaffJoint concept for integrated campaigning,2018Washington D.C USADepartment of Defence – reference: KoplowDARed-teaming NLW: a top ten list of criticisms about non-lethal weaponsCase West Reserve J Int Law201547229 – reference: ShortKReidGCookeGMinorTRCan repeated painful blunt impact deter approach toward a goal?2010Army Armament Research Development And Engineering Center Picatinny Arsenal – reference: Christensen KD, Dobias P (2021) Wargaming the use of intermediate force capabilities in the gray zone. J Defense Model Simul Appl Methodol Technol 1–14 – reference: Votel JL (2015) Statement of General Joseph L. Votel, U.S. Army Commander, United States Special Operations Command before the House Armed Service Committee Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities – reference: Joint Non-lethal Weapons Program (2016) Joint non-lethal weapons program science and technology strategic plan. Quantico – reference: Joint Non-lethal Weapons Program (2009) Initial capabilities document for counter-personnel joint non-lethal effects – reference: Carter BW (2016) Non-lethal weapons: a technology gap or lack or available systems, training, and proper application. US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth United States – reference: D’Agostino DM (2009) DOD needs to improve program management, policy, and testing to enhance ability to field operationally useful non-lethal weapons. GAO Reports, Preceding.: p 1–64 – reference: Short KR, Bergen MT, DeMarco RM, Chua FB, Servatius RJ (2006) Blunt impact as deterrent: Human approach-avoidance behaviors and other stress responses studied within a paintball gaming context. In: Enabling technologies and design of nonlethal weapons. 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| Title | Not Non-Lethal Weapons: the Counter-Personnel Behavioral Effects Weapons Framework for Armament Engineers |
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