PaVM: A Parallel Virtual Machine for Smart Contract Execution and Validation
The performance bottleneck of blockchain has shifted from consensus to serial smart contract execution in transaction validation. Previous works predominantly focus on inter-contract parallel execution, but they fail to address the inherent limitations of each smart contract execution performance. I...
Saved in:
Published in | IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems Vol. 35; no. 1; pp. 186 - 202 |
---|---|
Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
New York
IEEE
01.01.2024
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
Abstract | The performance bottleneck of blockchain has shifted from consensus to serial smart contract execution in transaction validation. Previous works predominantly focus on inter-contract parallel execution, but they fail to address the inherent limitations of each smart contract execution performance. In this paper, we propose PaVM, the first smart contract virtual machine that supports both inter-contract and intra-contract parallel execution to accelerate the validation process. PaVM consists of (1) key instructions for precisely recording entire runtime information at the instruction level, (2) a runtime system with a re-designed machine state and thread management to facilitate parallel execution, and (3) a read/write-operation-based receipt generation method to ensure both the correctness of operations and the consistency of blockchain data. We evaluate PaVM on the Ethereum testnet, demonstrating that it can outperform the mainstream blockchain client Geth. Our evaluation results reveal that PaVM speeds up overall validation performance by 33.4×, and enhances validation throughput by up to 46×. |
---|---|
AbstractList | The performance bottleneck of blockchain has shifted from consensus to serial smart contract execution in transaction validation. Previous works predominantly focus on inter-contract parallel execution, but they fail to address the inherent limitations of each smart contract execution performance. In this paper, we propose PaVM, the first smart contract virtual machine that supports both inter-contract and intra-contract parallel execution to accelerate the validation process. PaVM consists of (1) key instructions for precisely recording entire runtime information at the instruction level, (2) a runtime system with a re-designed machine state and thread management to facilitate parallel execution, and (3) a read/write-operation-based receipt generation method to ensure both the correctness of operations and the consistency of blockchain data. We evaluate PaVM on the Ethereum testnet, demonstrating that it can outperform the mainstream blockchain client Geth. Our evaluation results reveal that PaVM speeds up overall validation performance by 33.4×, and enhances validation throughput by up to 46×. |
Author | Dai, Surong Zhang, Hui Zhou, Zhiyuan Lu, Ye Yang, Jinni Fang, Yaozheng |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yaozheng orcidid: 0000-0003-3244-0812 surname: Fang fullname: Fang, Yaozheng email: fyz@mail.nankai.edu.cn organization: College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Zhiyuan orcidid: 0000-0003-0258-484X surname: Zhou fullname: Zhou, Zhiyuan email: wenzhang.zzy@antgroup.com organization: Blockchain Platform Division, Ant Group, Hangzhou, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Surong orcidid: 0009-0000-8391-6484 surname: Dai fullname: Dai, Surong email: daisurong@mail.nankai.edu.cn organization: College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Jinni orcidid: 0009-0006-2787-4033 surname: Yang fullname: Yang, Jinni email: tol@mail.nankai.edu.cn organization: College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Hui orcidid: 0000-0002-8278-195X surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Hui email: shengchu.zh@antgroup.com organization: Blockchain Platform Division, Ant Group, Hangzhou, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Ye orcidid: 0000-0003-0805-6394 surname: Lu fullname: Lu, Ye email: luye@nankai.edu.cn organization: College of Computer Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China |
BookMark | eNpNkF9LwzAUxYNMcJt-AMGHgM-dSW7Spb6NOf9Ah4PNvYbbNMWO2s60Bf32pmwPPt1z4Zx7Ob8JGdVN7Qi55WzGOUsedpun7UwwATMAkILpCzLmSulIcA2joJlUUSJ4ckUmbXtgjEvF5JikG9yvH-mCbtBjVbmK7kvf9VjRNdrPsna0aDzdfqHv6LKpO4-2o6sfZ_uubGqKdU73WJU5Dus1uSywat3NeU7Jx_Nqt3yN0veXt-UijayQcRdZCbkDJgsuWWaFs8AzBRnEQWcWQYPMiywvMIuRK86FznQBORNOJgnKOUzJ_enu0TffvWs7c2h6X4eXRugkkfFcKxZc_OSyvmlb7wpz9GUo8ms4MwM0M0AzAzRzhhYyd6dM6Zz75wcBgSD8AU5KaWk |
CODEN | ITDSEO |
Cites_doi | 10.1109/TSE.2019.2942301 10.1109/JPROC.2022.3181528 10.1145/3447786.3456231 10.1145/3448016.3452789 10.1145/3278312.3278321 10.1145/3194113.3194115 10.1145/3087801.3087835 10.1145/3385412.3385982 10.1109/SRDS.2017.36 10.1109/TPDS.2022.3177405 10.1109/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488725 10.1145/3372297.3417250 10.14722/ndss.2020.24449 10.1016/j.iot.2020.100198 10.1109/TC.2021.3066466 10.1109/ICDEW49219.2020.00-12 10.1145/3431726 10.1109/TSE.2020.2971482 10.1109/DAC18072.2020.9218512 10.1145/3519939.3523720 10.1145/3293882.3330560 10.1109/TPDS.2020.3042392 10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108495 10.1145/3299869.3319889 10.1109/TKDE.2021.3059959 10.1109/TCAD.2021.3082507 10.1145/3372297.3417243 10.1109/TSE.2021.3054928 10.1109/ICDE51399.2021.00175 10.1145/3366423.3380103 10.1145/3448016.3452794 10.1145/3035918.3064033 10.1109/SP46214.2022.9833721 10.1145/3510003.3510086 10.1109/RTSS46320.2019.00042 10.14778/3055540.3055553 10.1145/3503222.3507753 10.1109/SP.2018.000-5 10.14778/3476311.3476348 10.1109/TPDS.2021.3095234 10.1145/3533767.3534395 |
ContentType | Journal Article |
Copyright | Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2024 |
Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2024 |
DBID | 97E RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION 7SC 7SP 8FD JQ2 L7M L~C L~D |
DOI | 10.1109/TPDS.2023.3334208 |
DatabaseName | IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005-present IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998-Present IEEE Electronic Library Online CrossRef Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Electronics & Communications Abstracts Technology Research Database ProQuest Computer Science Collection Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional |
DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Technology Research Database Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic Electronics & Communications Abstracts ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional |
DatabaseTitleList | Technology Research Database |
Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: RIE name: IEEE/IET Electronic Library (IEL) url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher |
DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
Discipline | Engineering Computer Science |
EISSN | 1558-2183 |
EndPage | 202 |
ExternalDocumentID | 10_1109_TPDS_2023_3334208 10323104 |
Genre | orig-research |
GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Open Project Foundation of Information Security Evaluation Center of Civil Aviation – fundername: Open Project Fund of State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture – fundername: Institute of Computing Technology – fundername: Chinese Academy of Sciences grantid: CARCHB202016 funderid: 10.13039/501100002367 – fundername: Civil Aviation University of China grantid: ISECCA-202102 funderid: 10.13039/501100002881 – fundername: National Natural Science Foundation grantid: 62372253; 62002175 – fundername: CCF-Huawei Populus Grove Fund grantid: CCFHuaweiTC2022005 – fundername: CCF-Baidu Open Fund grantid: CCF-Baidu202310 – fundername: Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin Fund grantid: 23JCYBJC00010 |
GroupedDBID | --Z -~X .DC 0R~ 29I 4.4 5GY 5VS 6IK 97E AAJGR AASAJ AAYOK ABFSI ABQJQ ABVLG ACGFO ACIWK AENEX AETIX AI. AIBXA AKJIK ALLEH ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ASUFR ATWAV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ CS3 DU5 E.L EBS EJD HZ~ H~9 ICLAB IEDLZ IFIPE IFJZH IPLJI JAVBF LAI M43 MS~ O9- OCL P2P PQQKQ RIA RIC RIE RIG RNI RNS RZB TN5 TWZ UHB VH1 XFK AAYXX CITATION 7SC 7SP 8FD JQ2 L7M L~C L~D |
ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c246t-c43de304f140bc2ec31b53b36c2ebca3834dfbdfab6a151128b8f3d02e499a473 |
IEDL.DBID | RIE |
ISSN | 1045-9219 |
IngestDate | Thu Oct 10 20:12:15 EDT 2024 Fri Aug 23 00:58:51 EDT 2024 Wed Jun 26 19:43:36 EDT 2024 |
IsPeerReviewed | true |
IsScholarly | true |
Issue | 1 |
Language | English |
LinkModel | DirectLink |
MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c246t-c43de304f140bc2ec31b53b36c2ebca3834dfbdfab6a151128b8f3d02e499a473 |
ORCID | 0000-0002-8278-195X 0000-0003-0258-484X 0009-0000-8391-6484 0000-0003-3244-0812 0009-0006-2787-4033 0000-0003-0805-6394 |
PQID | 2899467850 |
PQPubID | 85437 |
PageCount | 17 |
ParticipantIDs | proquest_journals_2899467850 ieee_primary_10323104 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPDS_2023_3334208 |
PublicationCentury | 2000 |
PublicationDate | 2024-Jan. 2024-1-00 20240101 |
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2024-01-01 |
PublicationDate_xml | – month: 01 year: 2024 text: 2024-Jan. |
PublicationDecade | 2020 |
PublicationPlace | New York |
PublicationPlace_xml | – name: New York |
PublicationTitle | IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems |
PublicationTitleAbbrev | TPDS |
PublicationYear | 2024 |
Publisher | IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
Publisher_xml | – name: IEEE – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
References | ref13 ref12 ref15 ref52 ref11 Rodler (ref32) 2021 ref10 Ali (ref25) 2016 ref17 ref16 ref19 ref18 ref51 ref50 (ref47) 2022 ref46 ref45 Kim (ref14) 2021 ref42 ref41 ref44 ref43 (ref48) 2017 Veličković (ref39) 2020; 33 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref3 ref6 ref5 ref40 He (ref35) 2021 ref37 ref36 ref31 ref30 ref33 Ponnapalli (ref1) 2021 ref2 ref38 Su (ref34) 2021 Sonnino (ref49) ref24 ref23 ref26 ref20 ref22 ref21 ref28 ref27 ref29 |
References_xml | – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1109/TSE.2019.2942301 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2022.3181528 – ident: ref33 doi: 10.1145/3447786.3456231 – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1145/3448016.3452789 – year: 2022 ident: ref47 article-title: aelf – A multi-chain parallel computingblockchain framework – start-page: 1 volume-title: Netw. Distrib. Syst. Secur. Symp. ident: ref49 article-title: Chainspace: A sharded smart contracts platform contributor: fullname: Sonnino – ident: ref44 doi: 10.1145/3278312.3278321 – start-page: 565 volume-title: Proc. USENIX Annu. Tech. Conf. year: 2021 ident: ref14 article-title: An {Off-The-Chain} execution environment for scalable testing and profiling of smart contracts contributor: fullname: Kim – ident: ref29 doi: 10.1145/3194113.3194115 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1145/3087801.3087835 – start-page: 333 volume-title: Proc. USENIX Annu. Tech. Conf. year: 2021 ident: ref1 article-title: {RainBlock}: Faster transaction processing in public blockchains contributor: fullname: Ponnapalli – ident: ref41 doi: 10.1145/3385412.3385982 – start-page: 181 volume-title: Proc. USENIX Annu. Tech. Conf. year: 2016 ident: ref25 article-title: Blockstack: A global naming and storage system secured by blockchains contributor: fullname: Ali – ident: ref45 doi: 10.1109/SRDS.2017.36 – volume: 33 start-page: 2232 volume-title: Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. year: 2020 ident: ref39 article-title: Pointer graph networks contributor: fullname: Veličković – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1109/TPDS.2022.3177405 – ident: ref23 doi: 10.1109/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488725 – ident: ref8 article-title: The ethereum blockchain explorer – start-page: 1289 volume-title: Proc. 30th USENIX Secur. Symp. USENIX Secur. year: 2021 ident: ref32 article-title: {EVMPatch}: Timely and automated patching of ethereum smart contracts contributor: fullname: Rodler – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1145/3372297.3417250 – year: 2017 ident: ref48 article-title: Financial blockchain open source platform - FISCO BCOS – ident: ref18 doi: 10.14722/ndss.2020.24449 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1016/j.iot.2020.100198 – ident: ref43 doi: 10.1109/TC.2021.3066466 – ident: ref40 doi: 10.1109/ICDEW49219.2020.00-12 – ident: ref2 doi: 10.1145/3431726 – ident: ref27 doi: 10.1109/TSE.2020.2971482 – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1109/DAC18072.2020.9218512 – start-page: 1307 volume-title: Proc. 30th USENIX Secur. Symp. USENIX Secur. year: 2021 ident: ref34 article-title: Evil under the sun: Understanding and discovering attacks on Ethereum decentralized applications contributor: fullname: Su – ident: ref37 doi: 10.1145/3519939.3523720 – ident: ref20 doi: 10.1145/3293882.3330560 – start-page: 1271 volume-title: Proc. 30th USENIX Secur. Symp. USENIX Secur. year: 2021 ident: ref35 article-title: {EOSAFE}: Security analysis of {EOSIO} smart contracts contributor: fullname: He – ident: ref46 doi: 10.1109/TPDS.2020.3042392 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2021.108495 – ident: ref51 doi: 10.1145/3299869.3319889 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1109/TKDE.2021.3059959 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1109/TCAD.2021.3082507 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.1145/3372297.3417243 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1109/TSE.2021.3054928 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1109/ICDE51399.2021.00175 – ident: ref16 doi: 10.1145/3366423.3380103 – ident: ref31 doi: 10.1145/3448016.3452794 – ident: ref42 doi: 10.1145/3035918.3064033 – ident: ref26 doi: 10.1109/SP46214.2022.9833721 – ident: ref52 doi: 10.1145/3510003.3510086 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1109/RTSS46320.2019.00042 – ident: ref11 doi: 10.14778/3055540.3055553 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.1145/3503222.3507753 – ident: ref50 doi: 10.1109/SP.2018.000-5 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.14778/3476311.3476348 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/TPDS.2021.3095234 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.1145/3533767.3534395 |
SSID | ssj0014504 |
Score | 2.457325 |
Snippet | The performance bottleneck of blockchain has shifted from consensus to serial smart contract execution in transaction validation. Previous works predominantly... |
SourceID | proquest crossref ieee |
SourceType | Aggregation Database Publisher |
StartPage | 186 |
SubjectTerms | Architectural design Blockchain Blockchains Cryptography Instruction sets Peer-to-peer computing Runtime smart contract Smart contracts Synchronization Virtual environments virtual machine Virtual machining |
Title | PaVM: A Parallel Virtual Machine for Smart Contract Execution and Validation |
URI | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10323104 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2899467850 |
Volume | 35 |
hasFullText | 1 |
inHoldings | 1 |
isFullTextHit | |
isPrint | |
link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3NS8MwFH-4nfTgdE6cTsnBk9CubdIu9TZ0MsSNwT7YreSrIGonswPxrzdJW5mK4KUEmpaQ95L8Xt7HD-DS5z7WYmUOUal-sFA6zJfUCXFAIyI4EZZsYjSOhnNyvwyXZbK6zYVRStngM-WapvXly5XYmKuyrin-puEIqUGNekGRrPXlMiCh5QrUr0Mn1uuwdGH6XtydTW6nruEJdzHGxp_87RCyrCq_tmJ7vtw1YFyNrAgreXI3OXfFx4-ijf8e-gHsl0gT9QvVOIQdlTWhUbE4oHJRN2FvqyThETxM2GJ0jfpowtaGZuUZLR7XJscEjWzYpUIa5aLpi9Y4ZCpbmSQrNHhXwiowYplECw3tC6amFszvBrOboVMyLjgiIFHuCIKlwh5JtdnFRaAE9nmIOY50mwumrVkiUy5TxiPmG6hGOU2x9AKlDSdGevgY6tkqUyeAKNHQMI6o7BHDvU64iIWHeY8qqYRivTZcVSJIXovCGok1SLw4MfJKjLySUl5taJkp3epYzGYbOpXUknLtvSXGhNTbPw290z8-O4Nd_XdS3KR0oJ6vN-pcY4ucX1id-gShI8li |
link.rule.ids | 315,786,790,802,27955,27956,55107 |
linkProvider | IEEE |
linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1LS8NAEB58HNSD9VGxWnUPnoSkSXfz8la0pWpbCralt7CvgKhVagvir3d2k0pVBC9hDxuy7Mxmvtl5fADnvvApipU7TGf44IFyuK9iJ6D1OGRSMGnJJrq9sD1kt-NgXBSr21oYrbVNPtOuGdpYvnqRc3NVVjPN3xCOsFVYR0PvRXm51lfQgAWWLRAnBE6CJ7EIYvpeUhv0r-9dwxTuUkpNRPmbGbK8Kr9-xtbCtErQW6wtTyx5dOcz4cqPH20b_734HdgusCZp5MqxCyt6sgelBY8DKY71HmwtNSXch06fj7qXpEH6fGqIVp7I6GFqqkxI1yZeaoI4l9w_o84R09vKlFmR5ruWVoUJnygyQnCfczWVYdhqDq7aTsG54Mg6C2eOZFRp6rEMHS8h61pSXwRU0BDHQnL0Z5nKhMq4CLlvwFos4owqr67RdeIsogewNnmZ6EMgMUNwmISxiphhX2dCJtKjIoq10lLzqAIXCxGkr3lrjdS6JF6SGnmlRl5pIa8KlM2WLk3Md7MC1YXU0uL0vaXGiUQDEAfe0R-vncFGe9DtpJ2b3t0xbOKXWH6vUoW12XSuTxBpzMSp1a9Pa5nMtg |
openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PaVM%3A+A+Parallel+Virtual+Machine+for+Smart+Contract+Execution+and+Validation&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+parallel+and+distributed+systems&rft.au=Fang%2C+Yaozheng&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Zhiyuan&rft.au=Dai%2C+Surong&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jinni&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers%2C+Inc.+%28IEEE%29&rft.issn=1045-9219&rft.eissn=1558-2183&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=186&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTPDS.2023.3334208&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT |
thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1045-9219&client=summon |
thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1045-9219&client=summon |
thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1045-9219&client=summon |