Reciprocal Bilingualism as a Challenge and Opportunity: The Case of Cyprus
Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, has never been monolingual. For over four hundred years the two main languages of the island have been Turkish and Greek. Turkish-Cypriots and Greek-Cypriots met each other in the streets, but seldom in the schools. The Greek language had a...
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Published in | International review of education Vol. 47; no. 3/4; pp. 253 - 265 |
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Main Author | |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Dordrecht
Kluwer Academic Publishers
01.07.2001
Springer Nature B.V |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Abstract | Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, has never been monolingual. For over four hundred years the two main languages of the island have been Turkish and Greek. Turkish-Cypriots and Greek-Cypriots met each other in the streets, but seldom in the schools. The Greek language had a place in the Turkish-Cypriots' educational system during some periods in history, but the Greek-Cypriots have never given the Turkish language a place in their school system. Until recent years, the majority of Turkish-Cypriots have had communicative competence in Greek.. In contrast, there have been very few Greek-Cypriots who had communicative competence in Turkish. The history of Cyprus clearly shows that lack of policies for bilingualism on the island has weakened the good relationship between the two folk groups. The fact that the learning of the global language English is happening to the detriment of the learning of Greek among Turkish-Cypriots makes the integration of the two main cultural groups of Cypriots more difficult. Using the island's historical background, especially the intercommunal dispute during the last four decades as a basis, the author argues for a closer relationship between the economic, social, cultural, including bilingual and educational policy of the two parts of Cyprus. He sees this as the best peace policy for the island. /// Zypern, die drittgrösste Insel im Mittelmeer, war nie monolinguistisch. Mehr als vierhundert Jahre waren die beiden Hauptsprachen der Insel Türkisch und Griechisch. Türkische Zyprioten und griechische Zyprioten trafen einander auf der Strasse, aber selten in der Schule. Die griechische Sprache hatte eine Zeitlang in der Geschichte der Insel einen Platz im türkisch-zypriotischen Bildungssystem, aber die griechischen Zyprioten räumten der türkischen Sprache nie einen Platz in ihrem Schulsystem ein. Abgesehen von den letzten Jahren, besass die Mehrheit der türkischen Zyprioten kommunikative Fähigkeiten in der griechischen Sprache. Im Gegensatz dazu gab es nur wenig griechische Zyprioten mit kommunikativen Fähigkeiten in der türkischen Sprache. Die Geschichte von Zypern zeigt klar, dass der Mangel an politischen Massnahmen für eine Zweisprachigkeit auf der Insel die guten Beziehungen zwischen den beiden Volksgruppen verschlechtert hat. Die Tatsache, dass das Erlernen der Weltsprache Englisch zum Schaden des Erlernens der griechischen Sprache auf Seiten der türkischen Zyprioten geschieht, erschwert die Integration der beiden Hauptkulturgruppen von Zyprioten. Auf der Basis des historischen Hintergrunds und insbesondere des interkommunalen Disputs der letzten vier Jahrzehnte, setzt sich der Autor ein für eine engere Beziehung zwischen den politischen Massnahmen zu Wirtschaft, Sozialem, Kultur und Bildung, einschliesslich der Zweisprachigkeit beider Teile Zyperns. Er sieht dies als beste Friedenspolitik für die Insel. /// La Chypre, troisième île de la Méditerranée par son étendue, n'a jamais été monolingue. Depuis plus de quatre siècles, ses deux langues principales sont le turc et le grec. Les Chypriotes turcs et grecs se croisent dans la rue mais rarement à l'école. La langue grecque a détenu une place dans le système éducatif des Chypriotes turcs pendant certaines périodes de l'histoire, mais les Chypriotes grecs n'ont jamais introduit la langue turque dans leur système scolaire. Jusqu'à une époque récente, la majorité des Chypriotes turcs possédaient une capacité de communication en grec, par contre très peu de Chypriotes grecs avaient cette aptitude en turc. L'histoire de la Chypre démontre clairement que le manque de politiques en faveur du bilinguisme a détérioré les relations entre les deux groupes ethniques. Le fait que l'enseignement de la langue internationale anglaise est dispensé au détriment de l'apprentissage du grec par les Chypriotes turcs freine encore le rapprochement des deux principaux groupes culturels de l'île. En s'appuyant sur le contexte historique de la Chypre, et en particulier sur le différend interethnique des quatre dernières décennies, l'auteur plaide pour une adéquation plus étroite entre les politiques économiques, sociales et culturelles, ces dernières comprenant les stratégies bilingues et éducatives, des deux parties de l'île. Il considère cette approche comme la meilleure politique de paix pour la Chypre. /// Chipre, la tercera en tamaño de las islas del Mediterráneo, nunca ha sido monolingüe. Durante más de cien años, las dos lenguas principales de la Isla han sido el turco y el griego. Los chipriotas turcos y los chipriotas griegos se encontraban los unos con los otros en las calles, pero rara vez en las escuelas. La lengua griega ha tenido un lugar en el sistema educativo de los chipriotas turcos durante algunos períodos de la historia, pero los chipriotas griegos nunca le han dado sitio a la lengua turca en su sistema de enseñanza escolar. Hasta los últimos años, la mayoría de los chipriotas turcos disponían de competencia comunicativa en griego. Por lo contrario, han sido muy pocos los chipriotas griegos que disponían de competencia comunicativa en turco. La historia de Chipre demuestra claramente que la carencia de políticas de bilingüismo en las islas ha debilitado las buenas relaciones existentes entre los dos grupos nacionales. El hecho de que el aprendizaje del inglés como lengua global tenga lugar en detrimento del aprendizaje del griego en la población chipriota turca dificulta aún más la integratión de estos dos principales grupos culturales de chipriotas. Sobre la base del trasfondo histórico de la isla, y en particular del conflicto que tuvo lugar entre las comunidades durante las últimas cuatro décadas, el autor aboga por una relación más estrecha entre las políticas económica, social, cultural, incluyendo la bilingüe y la educacional, en los dos sectores de Chipre, y considera que es la mejor política de paz para la isla. /// Кипр, третий по величине остров в Средиземном море, никогда не был одноязычным. На протяжении более чем 400 лет турецкий и греческий языки были основными языками на острове. Турецкие киприоты и греческие киприоты встречались друг с другом на улицах, но редко в школах. Греческий язык занимал место в образовательной системе турецких киприотов на протяжении некоторых периодов в истории, а греческие киприоты никогда не отводили места турецкому языку в своих школьных системах. До недавнего времени большинство турецких киприотов владели греческим языком на коммуникативном уровне. В противоположность этому, очень немногие греческие киприоты владели разговорным турецким языком. История Кипра четко показывает, что отсутствие политики билингвизма на острове ослабило хорошие отношения между двумя народами. Тот факт, что изучение глобального английского языка происходит в ущерб изучению греческого языка среди турецких киприотов, затрудняет интеграцию двух основных культурных групп киприотов. Опираясь на историческое прошлое острова, в частности взяв за основу межобщинные разногласия на протяжении последних четырех десятилетий, автор статьи выступает за более тесные отношения между экономической, социальной, культурной, включая билингвальную и образовательную политику обеих частей Кипра. Он рассматривает это как наилучшую мирную политику для острова. |
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AbstractList | Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, has never been monolingual. For over four hundred years the two main languages of the island have been Turkish and Greek. Turkish-Cypriots and Greek-Cypriots met each other in the streets, but seldom in the schools. The Greek language had a place in the Turkish-Cypriots' educational system during some periods in history, but the Greek-Cypriots have never given the Turkish language a place in their school system. Until recent years, the majority of Turkish-Cypriots have had communicative competence in Greek. In contrast, there have been very few Greek-Cypriots who had communicative competence in Turkish. The history of Cyprus clearly shows that lack of policies for bilingualism on the island has weakened the good relationship between the two folk groups. The fact that the learning of the global language English is happening to the detriment of the learning of Greek among Turkish-Cypriots makes the integration of the two main cultural groups of Cypriots more difficult. Using the island's historical background, especially the intercommunal dispute during the last four decades as a basis, the author argues for a closer relationship between the economic, social, cultural, including bilingual and educational policy of the two parts of Cyprus. He sees this as the best peace policy for the island.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] States that, for more than four centuries, Cyprus has employed both Turkish and Greek as its two main languages. Suggests that the island's lack of policies regarding bilingualism has weakened relations between these two cultural groups, and that the introduction of English makes their assimilation even more difficult. (Contains 19 references.) (NB) Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, has never been monolingual. For over four hundred years the two main languages of the island have been Turkish and Greek. Turkish-Cypriots and Greek-Cypriots met each other in the streets, but seldom in the schools. The Greek language had a place in the Turkish-Cypriots' educational system during some periods in history, but the Greek-Cypriots have never given the Turkish language a place in their school system. Until recent years, the majority of Turkish-Cypriots have had communicative competence in Greek.. In contrast, there have been very few Greek-Cypriots who had communicative competence in Turkish. The history of Cyprus clearly shows that lack of policies for bilingualism on the island has weakened the good relationship between the two folk groups. The fact that the learning of the global language English is happening to the detriment of the learning of Greek among Turkish-Cypriots makes the integration of the two main cultural groups of Cypriots more difficult. Using the island's historical background, especially the intercommunal dispute during the last four decades as a basis, the author argues for a closer relationship between the economic, social, cultural, including bilingual and educational policy of the two parts of Cyprus. He sees this as the best peace policy for the island. /// Zypern, die drittgrösste Insel im Mittelmeer, war nie monolinguistisch. Mehr als vierhundert Jahre waren die beiden Hauptsprachen der Insel Türkisch und Griechisch. Türkische Zyprioten und griechische Zyprioten trafen einander auf der Strasse, aber selten in der Schule. Die griechische Sprache hatte eine Zeitlang in der Geschichte der Insel einen Platz im türkisch-zypriotischen Bildungssystem, aber die griechischen Zyprioten räumten der türkischen Sprache nie einen Platz in ihrem Schulsystem ein. Abgesehen von den letzten Jahren, besass die Mehrheit der türkischen Zyprioten kommunikative Fähigkeiten in der griechischen Sprache. Im Gegensatz dazu gab es nur wenig griechische Zyprioten mit kommunikativen Fähigkeiten in der türkischen Sprache. Die Geschichte von Zypern zeigt klar, dass der Mangel an politischen Massnahmen für eine Zweisprachigkeit auf der Insel die guten Beziehungen zwischen den beiden Volksgruppen verschlechtert hat. Die Tatsache, dass das Erlernen der Weltsprache Englisch zum Schaden des Erlernens der griechischen Sprache auf Seiten der türkischen Zyprioten geschieht, erschwert die Integration der beiden Hauptkulturgruppen von Zyprioten. Auf der Basis des historischen Hintergrunds und insbesondere des interkommunalen Disputs der letzten vier Jahrzehnte, setzt sich der Autor ein für eine engere Beziehung zwischen den politischen Massnahmen zu Wirtschaft, Sozialem, Kultur und Bildung, einschliesslich der Zweisprachigkeit beider Teile Zyperns. Er sieht dies als beste Friedenspolitik für die Insel. /// La Chypre, troisième île de la Méditerranée par son étendue, n'a jamais été monolingue. Depuis plus de quatre siècles, ses deux langues principales sont le turc et le grec. Les Chypriotes turcs et grecs se croisent dans la rue mais rarement à l'école. La langue grecque a détenu une place dans le système éducatif des Chypriotes turcs pendant certaines périodes de l'histoire, mais les Chypriotes grecs n'ont jamais introduit la langue turque dans leur système scolaire. Jusqu'à une époque récente, la majorité des Chypriotes turcs possédaient une capacité de communication en grec, par contre très peu de Chypriotes grecs avaient cette aptitude en turc. L'histoire de la Chypre démontre clairement que le manque de politiques en faveur du bilinguisme a détérioré les relations entre les deux groupes ethniques. Le fait que l'enseignement de la langue internationale anglaise est dispensé au détriment de l'apprentissage du grec par les Chypriotes turcs freine encore le rapprochement des deux principaux groupes culturels de l'île. En s'appuyant sur le contexte historique de la Chypre, et en particulier sur le différend interethnique des quatre dernières décennies, l'auteur plaide pour une adéquation plus étroite entre les politiques économiques, sociales et culturelles, ces dernières comprenant les stratégies bilingues et éducatives, des deux parties de l'île. Il considère cette approche comme la meilleure politique de paix pour la Chypre. /// Chipre, la tercera en tamaño de las islas del Mediterráneo, nunca ha sido monolingüe. Durante más de cien años, las dos lenguas principales de la Isla han sido el turco y el griego. Los chipriotas turcos y los chipriotas griegos se encontraban los unos con los otros en las calles, pero rara vez en las escuelas. La lengua griega ha tenido un lugar en el sistema educativo de los chipriotas turcos durante algunos períodos de la historia, pero los chipriotas griegos nunca le han dado sitio a la lengua turca en su sistema de enseñanza escolar. Hasta los últimos años, la mayoría de los chipriotas turcos disponían de competencia comunicativa en griego. Por lo contrario, han sido muy pocos los chipriotas griegos que disponían de competencia comunicativa en turco. La historia de Chipre demuestra claramente que la carencia de políticas de bilingüismo en las islas ha debilitado las buenas relaciones existentes entre los dos grupos nacionales. El hecho de que el aprendizaje del inglés como lengua global tenga lugar en detrimento del aprendizaje del griego en la población chipriota turca dificulta aún más la integratión de estos dos principales grupos culturales de chipriotas. Sobre la base del trasfondo histórico de la isla, y en particular del conflicto que tuvo lugar entre las comunidades durante las últimas cuatro décadas, el autor aboga por una relación más estrecha entre las políticas económica, social, cultural, incluyendo la bilingüe y la educacional, en los dos sectores de Chipre, y considera que es la mejor política de paz para la isla. /// Кипр, третий по величине остров в Средиземном море, никогда не был одноязычным. На протяжении более чем 400 лет турецкий и греческий языки были основными языками на острове. Турецкие киприоты и греческие киприоты встречались друг с другом на улицах, но редко в школах. Греческий язык занимал место в образовательной системе турецких киприотов на протяжении некоторых периодов в истории, а греческие киприоты никогда не отводили места турецкому языку в своих школьных системах. До недавнего времени большинство турецких киприотов владели греческим языком на коммуникативном уровне. В противоположность этому, очень немногие греческие киприоты владели разговорным турецким языком. История Кипра четко показывает, что отсутствие политики билингвизма на острове ослабило хорошие отношения между двумя народами. Тот факт, что изучение глобального английского языка происходит в ущерб изучению греческого языка среди турецких киприотов, затрудняет интеграцию двух основных культурных групп киприотов. Опираясь на историческое прошлое острова, в частности взяв за основу межобщинные разногласия на протяжении последних четырех десятилетий, автор статьи выступает за более тесные отношения между экономической, социальной, культурной, включая билингвальную и образовательную политику обеих частей Кипра. Он рассматривает это как наилучшую мирную политику для острова. Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, has never been monolingual. For over 400 years the two main languages of the island have been Turkish & Greek. Turkish-Cypriots & Greek-Cypriots met each other in the streets, but seldom in the schools. The Greek language had a place in the Turkish-Cypriots' educational system during some periods in history, but the Greek-Cypriots have never given the Turkish language a place in their school system. Until recent years, the majority of Turkish-Cypriots have had communicative competence in Greek. In contrast, there have been very few Greek-Cypriots who had communicative competence in Turkish. The history of Cyprus clearly shows that lack of policies for bilingualism on the island has weakened the good relationship between the two folk groups. The fact that the learning of the global language English is happening to the detriment of the learning of Greek among Turkish-Cypriots makes the integration of the two main cultural groups of Cypriots more difficult. Using the island's historical background, especially the intercommunal dispute during the last four decades as a basis, the author argues for a closer relationship between the economic, social, & cultural, including bilingual & educational policy, of the two parts of Cyprus. He sees this as the best peace policy for the island. 19 References. Adapted from the source document |
Author | Özerk, Kamil Z. |
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Copyright | Copyright 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001 |
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PublicationTitle | International review of education |
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Snippet | Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, has never been monolingual. For over four hundred years the two main languages of the island have... States that, for more than four centuries, Cyprus has employed both Turkish and Greek as its two main languages. Suggests that the island's lack of policies... Cyprus, the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, has never been monolingual. For over 400 years the two main languages of the island have been... |
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SubjectTerms | Age groups Bilingual education Bilingualism Brothers Communicative Competence (Languages) Cultural relations Cypriots Cyprus Education Education policy Educational Policy Elementary Secondary Education English Ethnic conflict Global Approach Greek Greek language High schools International Communication Language Language Attitudes Language teaching Languages Monolingualism Multilingualism Native languages Neighborhoods Nonnative languages Politics of Education Race relations Schools Socioeconomic Influences Teaching Turkic Languages Turkish Turkish language |
Title | Reciprocal Bilingualism as a Challenge and Opportunity: The Case of Cyprus |
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