Automatic Determination of Water Hardness by Vector Colorimetry with Acid Chrome Blue K

Based on the Mg 2 + complexation with acid chrome blue K (ACBK) at pH 10.2, an automatic system was designed to determine total hardness of water. The system consists of a vector colorimeter, a multi-channel sampling pump and both reagents A and B. Two kinds of reagent solutions were prepared and us...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of analysis and testing Vol. 7; no. 2; pp. 157 - 162
Main Authors Gao, Su, Ye, Ming-Liang, Ma, Rui, Liu, Ai-Rong, Gao, Hong-Wen
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Singapore Springer Nature Singapore 01.06.2023
Subjects
Analytical Chemistry
Characterization and Evaluation of Materials
Chemistry
Chemistry and Materials Science
Monitoring/Environmental Analysis
Original Paper
Acid chrome blue K
Total hardness
Online automatic detection
Vector chromaticity measuring device
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Based on the Mg 2 + complexation with acid chrome blue K (ACBK) at pH 10.2, an automatic system was designed to determine total hardness of water. The system consists of a vector colorimeter, a multi-channel sampling pump and both reagents A and B. Two kinds of reagent solutions were prepared and used in this system, i.e., ammoniacal buffer and ACBK—disodium magnesium EDTA solutions. The experimental results of the standard solutions containing 2 and 3 mg/L of total hardness showed that the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.9% and 2.2%, respectively, and the limit of detection (LOD) was only 0.035 mg/L. The detection of four natural water samples showed that the recoveries were between 85.0% and 108.6%, consistent with those obtained by ICP-AES method.
AbstractList Based on the Mg 2 + complexation with acid chrome blue K (ACBK) at pH 10.2, an automatic system was designed to determine total hardness of water. The system consists of a vector colorimeter, a multi-channel sampling pump and both reagents A and B. Two kinds of reagent solutions were prepared and used in this system, i.e., ammoniacal buffer and ACBK—disodium magnesium EDTA solutions. The experimental results of the standard solutions containing 2 and 3 mg/L of total hardness showed that the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 1.9% and 2.2%, respectively, and the limit of detection (LOD) was only 0.035 mg/L. The detection of four natural water samples showed that the recoveries were between 85.0% and 108.6%, consistent with those obtained by ICP-AES method.
Author Liu, Ai-Rong
Gao, Su
Ye, Ming-Liang
Gao, Hong-Wen
Ma, Rui
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Su
  surname: Gao
  fullname: Gao, Su
  organization: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Ming-Liang
  surname: Ye
  fullname: Ye, Ming-Liang
  organization: Zhejiang CONBA Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Rui
  surname: Ma
  fullname: Ma, Rui
  organization: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Ai-Rong
  surname: Liu
  fullname: Liu, Ai-Rong
  organization: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Hong-Wen
  surname: Gao
  fullname: Gao, Hong-Wen
  email: hwgao@tongji.edu.cn
  organization: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University
BookMark eNp9kMtOwzAQRS1UJErpD7DyDxhsx3GSZQnQIiqxqSg7y48JDWpiZLtC_XsMZc1qHpozujqXaDL6ERC6ZvSGUVrdRsGkFIRyTijlBSX8DE15SRsiZCMnuaeNJFywtws0j7E3VNQFF7WUU7RdHJIfdOotvocEYejHPPgR-w5vdV7glQ5uhBixOeJXsMkH3Pq9D_0AKRzxV592eGF7h9td8APgu_0B8PMVOu_0PsL8r87Q5vFh067I-mX51C7WxHLBE-kMaOmMLLlxpmjqSjOuTW0rp3VtKOuMBitE7TpGXeMARCGsZLLSTVeWrJghfnprg48xQKc-czAdjopR9SNHneSoLEf9ylE8Q8UJivl4fIegPvwhjDnmf9Q31DRqvA
Cites_doi 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.049
10.1108/PRT-05-2019-0045
10.1155/2020/8852965
10.1016/0003-2670(93)85351-J
10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.031
10.17485/ijst/2011/v4i5.28
10.1504/IJESD.2018.094037
10.1039/b410745d
10.1016/0003-2670(66)80006-5
10.1016/S0003-2670(00)80281-0
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright The Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2022
Copyright_xml – notice: The Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2022
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
DOI 10.1007/s41664-022-00230-2
DatabaseName CrossRef
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
DatabaseTitleList
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Chemistry
EISSN 2509-4696
EndPage 162
ExternalDocumentID 10_1007_s41664_022_00230_2
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: The National Key Research and Development Program of China
  grantid: 2019YFC1805300
– fundername: Tongji University
  grantid: PCRRK21005
  funderid: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004204
– fundername: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
  funderid: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011150
GroupedDBID -EM
-SB
-S~
0R~
406
AACDK
AAHNG
AAIAL
AAJBT
AANZL
AARHV
AASML
AATNV
AATVU
AAUYE
AAXDM
ABAKF
ABDZT
ABECU
ABFTV
ABJNI
ABJOX
ABKCH
ABMQK
ABQBU
ABTEG
ABTKH
ABTMW
ABXPI
ACAOD
ACDTI
ACGFS
ACHSB
ACMLO
ACOKC
ACPIV
ACZOJ
ADHHG
ADKNI
ADKPE
ADTPH
ADURQ
ADYFF
ADZKW
AEBTG
AEFQL
AEJRE
AEMSY
AEOHA
AESKC
AEVLU
AEXYK
AFBBN
AFQWF
AGDGC
AGJBK
AGMZJ
AGQEE
AGRTI
AHKAY
AHSBF
AIAKS
AIGIU
AILAN
AITGF
AJRNO
AJZVZ
ALFXC
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMKLP
AMXSW
AMYLF
AMYQR
AXYYD
BGNMA
CAJEB
CSCUP
DNIVK
DPUIP
EBLON
EBS
EIOEI
EJD
FERAY
FIGPU
FINBP
FNLPD
FSGXE
GGCAI
GJIRD
H13
HG6
IKXTQ
IWAJR
J-C
JZLTJ
KOV
LLZTM
M4Y
NPVJJ
NQJWS
NU0
O9J
PT4
Q--
RLLFE
ROL
RSV
SJYHP
SNE
SNPRN
SNX
SOHCF
SOJ
SPISZ
SRMVM
SSLCW
STPWE
TSG
U1G
U5L
UOJIU
UTJUX
UZXMN
VFIZW
Z7X
ZMTXR
AAYXX
ABBRH
ABDBE
ABFSG
ACSTC
AEZWR
AFDZB
AFHIU
AFOHR
AHPBZ
AHWEU
AIXLP
ATHPR
AYFIA
CITATION
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c242t-fbea6db652bdb3987a12ab8c7daa8b01fbaec448df10d9dee434c6167a9f5513
ISSN 2096-241X
IngestDate Tue Jul 01 01:59:27 EDT 2025
Fri Feb 21 02:43:11 EST 2025
IsPeerReviewed false
IsScholarly true
Issue 2
Keywords Acid chrome blue K
Total hardness
Online automatic detection
Vector chromaticity measuring device
Language English
LinkModel OpenURL
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c242t-fbea6db652bdb3987a12ab8c7daa8b01fbaec448df10d9dee434c6167a9f5513
PageCount 6
ParticipantIDs crossref_primary_10_1007_s41664_022_00230_2
springer_journals_10_1007_s41664_022_00230_2
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20230600
2023-06-00
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2023-06-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 6
  year: 2023
  text: 20230600
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Singapore
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Singapore
PublicationTitle Journal of analysis and testing
PublicationTitleAbbrev J. Anal. Test
PublicationYear 2023
Publisher Springer Nature Singapore
Publisher_xml – name: Springer Nature Singapore
References Ramakrishna, Robinson, West (CR6) 1966; 36
Cai, Liu, Gao (CR19) 2019; 55
Saravanakumar, Kumar (CR5) 2011; 4
Shen, Wu (CR12) 2011; 39
Wang, Chen (CR9) 2007; 24
Maj-Zurawska, Rouilly, Morf, Simon (CR10) 1989; 218
Roy, Majumder (CR11) 2018; 17
Lerga, O”Sullivan (CR13) 2008; 610
Dong, Yu, Yao, Chen (CR17) 1999; 19
Mai, Shen, Wang, Luo (CR16) 1986; 22
CR18
Rathore, Bhargava, Kumar, Talra (CR4) 1993; 281
Mitko, Bebek, Spectroscopy (CR8) 2000; 21
Liu, Zhao, Xu, Qiao (CR2) 2016; 45
Storey, Gaag, Burns (CR15) 2011; 45
Zheng, He, Wei, Hou (CR7) 2005; 20
Liu, Li, Zhang (CR14) 2020; 2020
Ni, Yang, Zhang (CR3) 2007; 24
Faisal, Tronci, Ali, Bashir, Lin (CR1) 2019; 48
DPS Rathore (230_CR4) 1993; 281
WB Dong (230_CR17) 1999; 19
S Faisal (230_CR1) 2019; 48
R Roy (230_CR11) 2018; 17
TV Ramakrishna (230_CR6) 1966; 36
M Maj-Zurawska (230_CR10) 1989; 218
TM Lerga (230_CR13) 2008; 610
C Zheng (230_CR7) 2005; 20
W Liu (230_CR2) 2016; 45
YL Shen (230_CR12) 2011; 39
K Mitko (230_CR8) 2000; 21
LZY Cai (230_CR19) 2019; 55
MV Storey (230_CR15) 2011; 45
C Liu (230_CR14) 2020; 2020
R Ni (230_CR3) 2007; 24
YH Wang (230_CR9) 2007; 24
GX Mai (230_CR16) 1986; 22
K Saravanakumar (230_CR5) 2011; 4
230_CR18
References_xml – volume: 45
  start-page: 741
  issue: 2
  year: 2011
  end-page: 747
  ident: CR15
  article-title: Advances in on-line drinking water quality monitoring and early warning systems
  publication-title: Water Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.049
– volume: 48
  start-page: 449
  year: 2019
  end-page: 455
  ident: CR1
  article-title: Right-first-time dyeing: a design of experiments approach for the optimisation of dyeing-processes using hard water
  publication-title: Pigm Resin Technol
  doi: 10.1108/PRT-05-2019-0045
– volume: 2020
  start-page: 10
  year: 2020
  ident: CR14
  article-title: Research on sewage monitoring and water quality prediction based on wireless sensors and support vector machines
  publication-title: Wirel Commun Mob Comput
  doi: 10.1155/2020/8852965
– ident: CR18
– volume: 45
  start-page: 1031
  year: 2016
  end-page: 1036
  ident: CR2
  article-title: The reasonable water quality parameters of electric heating hot water boilerPetrochem
  publication-title: Technol
– volume: 24
  start-page: 356
  year: 2007
  end-page: 357
  ident: CR3
  article-title: Indirect determination of total hardness of drinking water by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
  publication-title: J Environ Health
– volume: 55
  start-page: 125
  year: 2019
  end-page: 129
  ident: CR19
  article-title: Extraction of trace amounts of mercury by reduction and heating and its application to on-site rapid analysis of waste water
  publication-title: Phy Test Chem Anal Part B Chem Anal.
– volume: 21
  start-page: 77
  year: 2000
  end-page: 85
  ident: CR8
  article-title: Determination of major elements in saline water samples using a dual-view ICP-OES
  publication-title: Atom Spectrosc
– volume: 19
  start-page: 37
  year: 1999
  end-page: 38
  ident: CR17
  article-title: The determination of the hardness of water by ACBK spectrophotometry
  publication-title: Ind Water Treat
– volume: 24
  start-page: 356
  year: 2007
  end-page: 357
  ident: CR9
  article-title: Indirect determination of total hardness in drinking water by ICP-AES
  publication-title: J Environ Health
– volume: 281
  start-page: 173
  year: 1993
  end-page: 177
  ident: CR4
  article-title: Indicator for the titrimetric determination of calcium and total calcium plus magnesium with ethylenediaminetetraacetate in water
  publication-title: Anal Chim Acta
  doi: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)85351-J
– volume: 610
  start-page: 105
  year: 2008
  end-page: 111
  ident: CR13
  article-title: Rapid determination of total hardness in water using fluorescent molecular aptamer beacon
  publication-title: Anal Chim Acta
  doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.031
– volume: 22
  start-page: 273
  year: 1986
  end-page: 275
  ident: CR16
  article-title: Simultaneous determination of calcium and magnesium by dual wavelength spectrophotometry with acid chrome blue K as chromogenic agent
  publication-title: Phy Test Chem Anal Part B Chem Anal.
– volume: 39
  start-page: 20
  year: 2011
  end-page: 21
  ident: CR12
  article-title: Methods of water hardness determining
  publication-title: Guangzhou Chem Ind Technol
– volume: 4
  start-page: 660
  issue: 5
  year: 2011
  end-page: 662
  ident: CR5
  article-title: Analysis of water quality parameters of groundwater near Ambattur industrial area, Tamil Nadu, India
  publication-title: Indian J Sci Technol
  doi: 10.17485/ijst/2011/v4i5.28
– volume: 17
  start-page: 247
  year: 2018
  end-page: 257
  ident: CR11
  article-title: A quick prediction of hardness from water quality parameters by artificial neural network
  publication-title: Int J Environ Sustain Dev
  doi: 10.1504/IJESD.2018.094037
– volume: 20
  start-page: 60
  year: 2005
  end-page: 62
  ident: CR7
  article-title: Compact flame atomic absorption spectrometer based on handheld CCD for simultaneous determination of calcium and magnesium in water
  publication-title: Anal Atom Spectrom
  doi: 10.1039/b410745d
– volume: 36
  start-page: 57
  year: 1966
  end-page: 64
  ident: CR6
  article-title: The determination of calcium and magnesium by atomic absorption spectroscopy
  publication-title: Anal Chim Acta
  doi: 10.1016/0003-2670(66)80006-5
– volume: 218
  start-page: 47
  year: 1989
  end-page: 59
  ident: CR10
  article-title: Determination of magnesium and calcium in water with ion-selective electrodes
  publication-title: Anal Chim Acta
  doi: 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)80281-0
– volume: 48
  start-page: 449
  year: 2019
  ident: 230_CR1
  publication-title: Pigm Resin Technol
  doi: 10.1108/PRT-05-2019-0045
– volume: 45
  start-page: 741
  issue: 2
  year: 2011
  ident: 230_CR15
  publication-title: Water Res
  doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.049
– volume: 4
  start-page: 660
  issue: 5
  year: 2011
  ident: 230_CR5
  publication-title: Indian J Sci Technol
  doi: 10.17485/ijst/2011/v4i5.28
– volume: 610
  start-page: 105
  year: 2008
  ident: 230_CR13
  publication-title: Anal Chim Acta
  doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.031
– volume: 39
  start-page: 20
  year: 2011
  ident: 230_CR12
  publication-title: Guangzhou Chem Ind Technol
– volume: 22
  start-page: 273
  year: 1986
  ident: 230_CR16
  publication-title: Phy Test Chem Anal Part B Chem Anal.
– volume: 281
  start-page: 173
  year: 1993
  ident: 230_CR4
  publication-title: Anal Chim Acta
  doi: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)85351-J
– volume: 2020
  start-page: 10
  year: 2020
  ident: 230_CR14
  publication-title: Wirel Commun Mob Comput
  doi: 10.1155/2020/8852965
– volume: 24
  start-page: 356
  year: 2007
  ident: 230_CR3
  publication-title: J Environ Health
– volume: 19
  start-page: 37
  year: 1999
  ident: 230_CR17
  publication-title: Ind Water Treat
– volume: 36
  start-page: 57
  year: 1966
  ident: 230_CR6
  publication-title: Anal Chim Acta
  doi: 10.1016/0003-2670(66)80006-5
– ident: 230_CR18
– volume: 21
  start-page: 77
  year: 2000
  ident: 230_CR8
  publication-title: Atom Spectrosc
– volume: 218
  start-page: 47
  year: 1989
  ident: 230_CR10
  publication-title: Anal Chim Acta
  doi: 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)80281-0
– volume: 55
  start-page: 125
  year: 2019
  ident: 230_CR19
  publication-title: Phy Test Chem Anal Part B Chem Anal.
– volume: 24
  start-page: 356
  year: 2007
  ident: 230_CR9
  publication-title: J Environ Health
– volume: 17
  start-page: 247
  year: 2018
  ident: 230_CR11
  publication-title: Int J Environ Sustain Dev
  doi: 10.1504/IJESD.2018.094037
– volume: 45
  start-page: 1031
  year: 2016
  ident: 230_CR2
  publication-title: Technol
– volume: 20
  start-page: 60
  year: 2005
  ident: 230_CR7
  publication-title: Anal Atom Spectrom
  doi: 10.1039/b410745d
SSID ssib048324866
ssib031263658
ssj0002734730
ssib051367655
Score 2.22892
Snippet Based on the Mg 2 + complexation with acid chrome blue K (ACBK) at pH 10.2, an automatic system was designed to determine total hardness of water. The system...
SourceID crossref
springer
SourceType Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 157
SubjectTerms Analytical Chemistry
Characterization and Evaluation of Materials
Chemistry
Chemistry and Materials Science
Monitoring/Environmental Analysis
Original Paper
Title Automatic Determination of Water Hardness by Vector Colorimetry with Acid Chrome Blue K
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41664-022-00230-2
Volume 7
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1Lb9NAEF5F6QEuiKcoL-2BWzHyc9c-JoWqgrYHCDQ3a58oFcSotQ_lP_CfmX35oQCiXKxoNYoSz-fZb8cz3yD0UjAe5yIjkUgEHFB0xaKKahkJQRhVGeWFNA3Op2fk-FP-bl2sZ7Ofo6qlruWvxY_f9pX8j1dhDfxqumRv4Nn-S2EBPoN_4Qoehus_-XjRtY2TXH0TqloCATxnRv3QvJe3sQxI5mebnzeZgsZI-reX1y4JuxAbaTQGmm_qYPm1Uz7xuUtYWdAvsUWXRp3D73qmfIc1rsZnyMG6ovztl-gEENgbnjqy2m3Cwsmms_FpE31ovJlPQqTZUCw1SUKaCmvz3uOjGecN5wc1RLMUzkoR0IW123jcWmFG3BE30jaEYzpCXToKrYkTsva7dOJi-M4G4Go-roBmkjwynQr2kOU7LKfC2r1gszWuwbi2xjXs6HspnDrSOdpbHC2XZyFAZUlKspFYTg7hMC8HPlxY_Tvf6HvhtYOonXfT_33fuGXbN3d-5ZQcTd_MW8KzuovueMfjhYPdPTRT2_vo1mEYEPgAnffwwxP44UZjCz8c4If5NXbwwyP4YQM_bOCHHfywgR9-_xCtjt6uDo8jP6cjEkDw2khzxYjkpEi55FlVUpakjJeCSsZKHieaMyXyvJQ6iWUllcqzXJCEUFZpM1_oEZpvm616jDBXOiYVY2mSAWuitCoylisNS7FOuKz20UG4P_V3p8ZS_9mN--hVuIW1f2qv_mL-5GbmT9Ht4Ul4hubtZaeeA0Ft-QsPm18PDYfT
linkProvider Library Specific Holdings
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Automatic+Determination+of+Water+Hardness+by+Vector+Colorimetry+with+Acid+Chrome+Blue+K&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+analysis+and+testing&rft.au=Gao%2C+Su&rft.au=Ye%2C+Ming-Liang&rft.au=Ma%2C+Rui&rft.au=Liu%2C+Ai-Rong&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.issn=2096-241X&rft.eissn=2509-4696&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=157&rft.epage=162&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs41664-022-00230-2&rft.externalDocID=10_1007_s41664_022_00230_2
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2096-241X&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2096-241X&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2096-241X&client=summon