Humidity-driven degradation of sputtered molybdenum oxide and molybdenum-titanium-oxide thin films
Molybdenum oxide (MoO 3 ) has become a popular material in its implementation as a hole-selective layer in organic light emitting diodes and solar cells, by virtue of its favourable optical and electronic properties. However, care must be taken concerning the stability of MoO 3 against water, especi...
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Published in | Journal of materials chemistry. C, Materials for optical and electronic devices Vol. 11; no. 14; pp. 4899 - 496 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Royal Society of Chemistry
06.04.2023
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Abstract | Molybdenum oxide (MoO
3
) has become a popular material in its implementation as a hole-selective layer in organic light emitting diodes and solar cells, by virtue of its favourable optical and electronic properties. However, care must be taken concerning the stability of MoO
3
against water, especially for layers that are amorphous, with a considerable amount of oxygen vacancies. The present study investigates the degradation of sputtered molybdenum oxide-based thin films when exposed to controlled and elevated humidity. The investigation is mainly based on infrared spectroscopy analysis, supported by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Detrimental modifications are observed in amorphous MoO
3
films due to the adsorption of water and hydrolysis. These modifications depend strongly on the humidity level and even lead to the film's crystallization under specific conditions. In the following, a stable alternative to MoO
3
is presented in the form of a mixed molybdenum-titanium-oxide (MTO), which was previously shown to maintain the favourable optical and electronic properties of MoO
3
. The spectroscopic analysis demonstrates that the water adsorption and subsequent hydrolysis is dramatically reduced in MTO, preserving a compact layer over the observed time period of 30 days at elevated humidity.
IR measurements reveal the enhanced hydrolysis resistance of molybdenum titanium oxide compared to molybdenum oxide when exposed to controlled humidity conditions. |
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AbstractList | Molybdenum oxide (MoO
3
) has become a popular material in its implementation as a hole-selective layer in organic light emitting diodes and solar cells, by virtue of its favourable optical and electronic properties. However, care must be taken concerning the stability of MoO
3
against water, especially for layers that are amorphous, with a considerable amount of oxygen vacancies. The present study investigates the degradation of sputtered molybdenum oxide-based thin films when exposed to controlled and elevated humidity. The investigation is mainly based on infrared spectroscopy analysis, supported by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Detrimental modifications are observed in amorphous MoO
3
films due to the adsorption of water and hydrolysis. These modifications depend strongly on the humidity level and even lead to the film's crystallization under specific conditions. In the following, a stable alternative to MoO
3
is presented in the form of a mixed molybdenum–titanium-oxide (MTO), which was previously shown to maintain the favourable optical and electronic properties of MoO
3
. The spectroscopic analysis demonstrates that the water adsorption and subsequent hydrolysis is dramatically reduced in MTO, preserving a compact layer over the observed time period of 30 days at elevated humidity. Molybdenum oxide (MoO 3 ) has become a popular material in its implementation as a hole-selective layer in organic light emitting diodes and solar cells, by virtue of its favourable optical and electronic properties. However, care must be taken concerning the stability of MoO 3 against water, especially for layers that are amorphous, with a considerable amount of oxygen vacancies. The present study investigates the degradation of sputtered molybdenum oxide-based thin films when exposed to controlled and elevated humidity. The investigation is mainly based on infrared spectroscopy analysis, supported by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Detrimental modifications are observed in amorphous MoO 3 films due to the adsorption of water and hydrolysis. These modifications depend strongly on the humidity level and even lead to the film's crystallization under specific conditions. In the following, a stable alternative to MoO 3 is presented in the form of a mixed molybdenum-titanium-oxide (MTO), which was previously shown to maintain the favourable optical and electronic properties of MoO 3 . The spectroscopic analysis demonstrates that the water adsorption and subsequent hydrolysis is dramatically reduced in MTO, preserving a compact layer over the observed time period of 30 days at elevated humidity. IR measurements reveal the enhanced hydrolysis resistance of molybdenum titanium oxide compared to molybdenum oxide when exposed to controlled humidity conditions. Molybdenum oxide (MoO3) has become a popular material in its implementation as a hole-selective layer in organic light emitting diodes and solar cells, by virtue of its favourable optical and electronic properties. However, care must be taken concerning the stability of MoO3 against water, especially for layers that are amorphous, with a considerable amount of oxygen vacancies. The present study investigates the degradation of sputtered molybdenum oxide-based thin films when exposed to controlled and elevated humidity. The investigation is mainly based on infrared spectroscopy analysis, supported by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Detrimental modifications are observed in amorphous MoO3 films due to the adsorption of water and hydrolysis. These modifications depend strongly on the humidity level and even lead to the film's crystallization under specific conditions. In the following, a stable alternative to MoO3 is presented in the form of a mixed molybdenum–titanium-oxide (MTO), which was previously shown to maintain the favourable optical and electronic properties of MoO3. The spectroscopic analysis demonstrates that the water adsorption and subsequent hydrolysis is dramatically reduced in MTO, preserving a compact layer over the observed time period of 30 days at elevated humidity. |
Author | Valtiner, Markus Goetz, Selina Franzke, Enrico Linke, Christian Winkler, Jörg Edinger, Stefan Dimopoulos, Theodoros |
AuthorAffiliation | TU Wien Plansee SE Institute of Applied Physics Center for Energy AIT Austrian Institute of Technology |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: TU Wien – name: Institute of Applied Physics – name: Plansee SE – name: AIT Austrian Institute of Technology – name: Center for Energy |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Selina surname: Goetz fullname: Goetz, Selina – sequence: 2 givenname: Stefan surname: Edinger fullname: Edinger, Stefan – sequence: 3 givenname: Christian surname: Linke fullname: Linke, Christian – sequence: 4 givenname: Enrico surname: Franzke fullname: Franzke, Enrico – sequence: 5 givenname: Jörg surname: Winkler fullname: Winkler, Jörg – sequence: 6 givenname: Markus surname: Valtiner fullname: Valtiner, Markus – sequence: 7 givenname: Theodoros surname: Dimopoulos fullname: Dimopoulos, Theodoros |
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Snippet | Molybdenum oxide (MoO
3
) has become a popular material in its implementation as a hole-selective layer in organic light emitting diodes and solar cells, by... Molybdenum oxide (MoO3) has become a popular material in its implementation as a hole-selective layer in organic light emitting diodes and solar cells, by... |
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SubjectTerms | Adsorbed water Adsorption Crystallization Degradation Humidity Hydrolysis Infrared analysis Infrared spectroscopy Molybdenum Molybdenum oxides Molybdenum trioxide Optical properties Organic light emitting diodes Photovoltaic cells Solar cells Spectrum analysis Thin films Titanium |
Title | Humidity-driven degradation of sputtered molybdenum oxide and molybdenum-titanium-oxide thin films |
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