Intellectual Disability and Technology: An Artificial Intelligence Perspective and Framework
Intellectual disability (ID) poses formidable challenges to individuals in acquiring knowledge and performing daily activities. This condition often stems from a variety of factors, such as congenital birth defects, genetic conditions, or acquired injuries, profoundly impacting crucial aspects like...
Saved in:
| Published in | Journal of Disability Research Vol. 2; no. 4 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
12.12.2023
|
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | Intellectual disability (ID) poses formidable challenges to individuals in acquiring knowledge and performing daily activities. This condition often stems from a variety of factors, such as congenital birth defects, genetic conditions, or acquired injuries, profoundly impacting crucial aspects like speech, mobility, social understanding, and adaptive skills. To address these challenges effectively, early intervention and specialized education play pivotal roles in providing children with intellectual disabilities the necessary support for their development. In this context, Artificial intelligence (AI) emerges as a highly promising tool capable of facilitating effective communication for individuals with intellectual disabilities. AI technology offers personalized communication support, aids in early diagnosis, and provides configurable therapies tailored to the needs of those with intellectual disabilities. Moreover, AI’s contributions extend to enhancing the overall well-being of these individuals, empowering them to achieve greater independence and improved quality of life. Various treatment and support services, such as early intervention programs, special education, and vocational programs, play vital roles in fostering the growth and fulfillment of those with intellectual disabilities, enabling them to thrive in the society. The integration of AI technologies holds tremendous potential to further augment the lives of individuals with disabilities. AI-based applications, including real-time captioning, sign language translation, robotic assistance, virtual reality, and brain–computer interfaces, are transformative tools that promote inclusivity and independence for individuals with intellectual disabilities, paving the way toward a more accessible and empowering future. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Intellectual disability (ID) poses formidable challenges to individuals in acquiring knowledge and performing daily activities. This condition often stems from a variety of factors, such as congenital birth defects, genetic conditions, or acquired injuries, profoundly impacting crucial aspects like speech, mobility, social understanding, and adaptive skills. To address these challenges effectively, early intervention and specialized education play pivotal roles in providing children with intellectual disabilities the necessary support for their development. In this context, Artificial intelligence (AI) emerges as a highly promising tool capable of facilitating effective communication for individuals with intellectual disabilities. AI technology offers personalized communication support, aids in early diagnosis, and provides configurable therapies tailored to the needs of those with intellectual disabilities. Moreover, AI’s contributions extend to enhancing the overall well-being of these individuals, empowering them to achieve greater independence and improved quality of life. Various treatment and support services, such as early intervention programs, special education, and vocational programs, play vital roles in fostering the growth and fulfillment of those with intellectual disabilities, enabling them to thrive in the society. The integration of AI technologies holds tremendous potential to further augment the lives of individuals with disabilities. AI-based applications, including real-time captioning, sign language translation, robotic assistance, virtual reality, and brain–computer interfaces, are transformative tools that promote inclusivity and independence for individuals with intellectual disabilities, paving the way toward a more accessible and empowering future. |
| Author | Almufareh, Maram Fahaad Kausar, Sumaira Tehsin, Samabia Humayun, Mamoona |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Maram Fahaad surname: Almufareh fullname: Almufareh, Maram Fahaad – sequence: 2 givenname: Samabia surname: Tehsin fullname: Tehsin, Samabia – sequence: 3 givenname: Mamoona orcidid: 0000-0001-6339-2257 surname: Humayun fullname: Humayun, Mamoona – sequence: 4 givenname: Sumaira surname: Kausar fullname: Kausar, Sumaira |
| BookMark | eNp10EFPwjAYxvEeMBGRq-d-gWG7rnT1RkAUQ6IxeDNZ2u4dVktH2qrZt3eAJxNP7-X9PYf_BRr41gNCV5RMuKBSXD8snrOc5CwjhPMBGtIpLzMpaX6OxjG-E0IYowURfIheVz6Bc2DSp3J4YaPS1tnUYeVrvAHz5lvXbrsbPPN4FpJtrLH940nZLXgD-AlC3PcL9guObBnUDr7b8HGJzhrlIox_7wi9LG838_ts_Xi3ms_WmcmZ5BlVpQQja2EUCACgUAuoYdpIThUlBQfBhSZCsSYXJSu0KY3meS0bKbQhmo3Q5LRrQhtjgKbaB7tToasoqY5Jqj5JdUhSHZL0oPgDjE0q2danoKz7j_0A115qvw |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajp_2024_104241 crossref_primary_10_1186_s42494_025_00205_7 crossref_primary_10_57197_JDR_2024_0025 crossref_primary_10_57197_JDR_2024_0047 crossref_primary_10_56824_vujs_2024a059a |
| Cites_doi | 10.4236/ce.2020.116069 10.1109/THMS.2020.3047597 10.1007/978-3-319-94042-7_13 10.1080/21622965.2014.935378 10.1038/s41582-020-0377-8 10.3390/s19081911 10.1007/s10772-021-09903-2 10.1080/07434618.2017.1373855 10.22201/icat.24486736e.2020.18.6.1351 10.1177/001440299706300305 10.1109/JSYST.2019.2911671 10.1080/11038120510027397 10.1038/s41746-019-0191-0 10.1186/s13229-023-00549-2 10.1038/s41436-021-01144-7 10.3389/frobt.2022.713964 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101665 10.1111/jir.13064 10.1145/2073370.2073386 10.1055/s-0041-1735135 10.1108/IJILT-08-2016-0027 10.1007/s00779-007-0187-7 10.1016/j.autcon.2018.03.015 10.3390/robotics7020025 10.1038/s41746-022-00631-8 10.2196/15708 10.1109/MSMC.2021.3086989 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104541 10.1007/978-981-13-0851-2_16 10.3233/JAD-200888 10.1108/AJIM-02-2020-0054 10.2196/13822 10.3389/fnhum.2020.593883 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.001 10.1080/19315864.2017.1320601 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106487 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176683 10.1080/07434610701573856 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105554 10.1186/s11689-022-09438-w 10.4018/IJSSCI.318677 10.3390/su15086901 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION |
| DOI | 10.57197/JDR-2023-0055 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef |
| DatabaseTitleList | CrossRef |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_57197_JDR_2023_0055 |
| GroupedDBID | AAYXX ABDBF ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS CITATION ESX GROUPED_DOAJ |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c2395-1a89ec9d7cae7eee1ed7ede6f951a1045e757b07a3f27834bc8cb52d9f97bc0b3 |
| ISSN | 1658-9912 |
| IngestDate | Tue Jul 01 02:21:07 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:54:32 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 4 |
| Language | English |
| License | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c2395-1a89ec9d7cae7eee1ed7ede6f951a1045e757b07a3f27834bc8cb52d9f97bc0b3 |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6339-2257 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.57197/JDR-2023-0055 |
| ParticipantIDs | crossref_primary_10_57197_JDR_2023_0055 crossref_citationtrail_10_57197_JDR_2023_0055 |
| ProviderPackageCode | CITATION AAYXX |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 20231212 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2023-12-12 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 12 year: 2023 text: 20231212 day: 12 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationTitle | Journal of Disability Research |
| PublicationYear | 2023 |
| References | P Millett (r37) 2021; 25 D Guo (r23) 2018; Vol. 32 A Movaghar (r39) 2021; 23 MI Leghari (r33) 2023; 15 E Kinney-Lang (r31) 2020; 14 W Farzana (r18) 2020 M Grigal (r22) 1997; 63 D Benrimoh (r5) 2018 E van Wingerden (r56) 2023; 67 V Prabakaran (r44) 2018; 91 C Gupta (r24) 2022; 14 Tang (r53) 2015 K Zdravkova (r58) 2023; 15 A Abd-Alrazaq (r1) 2022; 5 E Wagemaker (r57) 2017; 10 M Uddin (r55) 2019; 2 A Mitchell (r38) 2021 NC Camgoz (r7) 2018 Chan (r9) 2019; 14 M Sneha (r51) 2022 Y Elsahar (r17) 2019; 19 MA Myszczynska (r41) 2020; 16 M Lindholm (r35) 2005; 12 FF Kharbat (r29) 2021; 73 A Di Nuovo (r14) 2018; 7 TN Arvanitis (r3) 2009; 13 A Hasanzadeh (r25) 2022; 47 JT Nganji (r42) 2017; 34 NG Canbek (r8) 2016; 13 Y Sugiura (r52) 2011 P Green (r21) 2016; 5 M Bollini (r6) 2013 HH Kim (r30) 2021; 9 C Park (r43) 2022 K Rahimunnisa (r46) 2020; 18 I Salhi (r49) 2022; 9 S Ghafghazi (r20) 2021; 7 N Donnelly (r15) 2023; 14 M Quinodoz (r45) 2017; 101 LW Balling (r4) 2021; 42 D Mcnaughton (r36) 2007; 23 S Kawas (r28) 2016 F Costanzo (r10) 2023; 14 K Hills (r26) 2018 Y Akyuz (r2) 2020; 11 Y Sharma (r50) 2022; 213 W Zhang (r59) 2023; 90 S de la Fuente Garcia (r12) 2020; 78 JB Ganz (r19) 2017; 33 AM Elbreki (r16) 2022 W Li (r34) 2022; 25 D Sadeghi (r48) 2022; 146 Q Tariq (r54) 2019; 21 M Murero (r40) 2020 R Ratana (r47) 2023 A Di Nuovo (r13) 2014 M Inagawa (r27) 2021 A Cruz (r11) 2021; 51 A Le Glaz (r32) 2021; 23 |
| References_xml | – volume: 11 start-page: 953 issue: 6 year: 2020 ident: r2 article-title: Effects of intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) on personalized learning (PL) publication-title: Creat. Educ doi: 10.4236/ce.2020.116069 – volume: 51 start-page: 109 issue: 2 year: 2021 ident: r11 article-title: A self-paced BCI with a collaborative controller for highly reliable wheelchair driving: experimental tests with physically disabled individuals publication-title: IEEE Trans. Hum. Mach. Syst doi: 10.1109/THMS.2020.3047597 – start-page: 251 volume-title: The NIPS’17 Competition: Building Intelligent Systems year: 2018 ident: r5 article-title: Aifred health, a deep learning powered clinical decision support system for mental health doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-94042-7_13 – volume: 5 start-page: 25 issue: 1 year: 2016 ident: r21 article-title: Results from three performance validity tests in children with intellectual disability publication-title: Appl. Neuropsychol. Child doi: 10.1080/21622965.2014.935378 – volume: 16 start-page: 440 issue: 8 year: 2020 ident: r41 article-title: Applications of machine learning to diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases publication-title: Nat. Rev. Neurol doi: 10.1038/s41582-020-0377-8 – volume: 19 start-page: 1911 issue: 8 year: 2019 ident: r17 article-title: Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) advances: a review of configurations for individuals with a speech disability publication-title: Sensors doi: 10.3390/s19081911 – volume: 25 start-page: 331 issue: 2 year: 2022 ident: r34 article-title: Towards a novel machine learning approach to support augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) publication-title: Int. J. Speech Technol doi: 10.1007/s10772-021-09903-2 – start-page: 481 year: 2013 ident: r6 article-title: Interpreting and executing recipes with a cooking robot – volume: 33 start-page: 224 issue: 4 year: 2017 ident: r19 article-title: High-technology augmentative and alternative communication for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and complex communication needs: a meta-analysis publication-title: Augment. Altern. Commun doi: 10.1080/07434618.2017.1373855 – start-page: 1 year: 2015 ident: r53 article-title: Augmented reality control home (ARCH) for disabled and elderlies – start-page: 1843 year: 2014 ident: r13 article-title: Benefits of fuzzy logic in the assessment of intellectual disability – volume: 18 start-page: 362 issue: 6 year: 2020 ident: r46 article-title: AI-based smart and intelligent wheelchair publication-title: J. Appl. Res. Technol doi: 10.22201/icat.24486736e.2020.18.6.1351 – start-page: 51 year: 2020 ident: r18 article-title: An evaluation of augmentative and alternative communication research for ASD children in developing countries: benefits and barriers – volume: 63 start-page: 357 issue: 3 year: 1997 ident: r22 article-title: An evaluation of transition components of individualized education programs publication-title: Except. Child doi: 10.1177/001440299706300305 – volume: 14 start-page: 208 issue: 1 year: 2019 ident: r9 article-title: A context-aware augmentative and alternative communication system for school children with intellectual disabilities publication-title: IEEE Syst. J doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2019.2911671 – volume: 12 start-page: 72 issue: 2 year: 2005 ident: r35 article-title: Personal assistants’ conceptions of their cooperation in the rehabilitation of disabled persons publication-title: Scand. J. Occup. Ther doi: 10.1080/11038120510027397 – volume: 2 start-page: 112 issue: 1 year: 2019 ident: r55 article-title: Artificial intelligence for precision medicine in neurodevelopmental disorders publication-title: NPJ Digit. Med doi: 10.1038/s41746-019-0191-0 – volume: 14 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 2023 ident: r15 article-title: Identifying the neurodevelopmental and psychiatric signatures of genomic disorders associated with intellectual disability: a machine learning approach publication-title: Mol. Autism doi: 10.1186/s13229-023-00549-2 – volume: 23 start-page: 1273 issue: 7 year: 2021 ident: r39 article-title: Artificial intelligence-assisted phenotype discovery of fragile X syndrome in a population-based sample publication-title: Genet. Med doi: 10.1038/s41436-021-01144-7 – start-page: 15 year: 2016 ident: r28 article-title: Improving real-time captioning experiences for deaf and hard of hearing students – start-page: 7784 year: 2018 ident: r7 article-title: Neural sign language translation – volume: Vol. 32 year: 2018 ident: r23 article-title: Hierarchical LSTM for sign language translation – volume: 9 year: 2022 ident: r49 article-title: Towards robot-assisted therapy for children with autism—the ontological knowledge models and reinforcement learning-based algorithms publication-title: Front. Robot. AI doi: 10.3389/frobt.2022.713964 – start-page: 17 year: 2022 ident: r43 article-title: PicTalky: augmentative and alternative communication for language developmental disabilities – volume: 47 year: 2022 ident: r25 article-title: Could artificial intelligence revolutionize the development of nanovectors for gene therapy and mRNA vaccines? publication-title: Nano Today doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101665 – volume: 67 start-page: 973 issue: 10 year: 2023 ident: r56 article-title: Hey Google! Intelligent personal assistants and well-being in the context of disability during COVID-19 publication-title: J. Intellect. Disabil. Res doi: 10.1111/jir.13064 – start-page: 1 volume-title: SIGGRAPH Asia 2011 Emerging Technologies year: 2011 ident: r52 article-title: Cooky: a cooperative cooking robot system doi: 10.1145/2073370.2073386 – volume: 42 start-page: 282 issue: 3 year: 2021 ident: r4 article-title: The collaboration between hearing aid users and artificial intelligence to optimize sound publication-title: Semin. Hear doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1735135 – volume: 34 start-page: 307 issue: 4 year: 2017 ident: r42 article-title: Disability-aware adaptive and personalised learning for students with multiple disabilities publication-title: Int. J. Inf. Learn. Technol doi: 10.1108/IJILT-08-2016-0027 – volume: 13 start-page: 243 year: 2009 ident: r3 article-title: Human factors and qualitative pedagogical evaluation of a mobile augmented reality system for science education used by learners with physical disabilities publication-title: Pers. Ubiquitous Comput doi: 10.1007/s00779-007-0187-7 – start-page: 1 year: 2022 ident: r16 article-title: Practical design of an upper prosthetic limb using three dimensional printer with an artificial intelligence based controller – volume: 91 start-page: 155 year: 2018 ident: r44 article-title: Floor cleaning robot with reconfigurable mechanism publication-title: Autom. Constr doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2018.03.015 – volume: 7 start-page: 25 issue: 2 year: 2018 ident: r14 article-title: Deep learning systems for estimating visual attention in robot-assisted therapy of children with autism and intellectual disability publication-title: Robotics doi: 10.3390/robotics7020025 – volume: 5 start-page: 87 issue: 1 year: 2022 ident: r1 article-title: The performance of artificial intelligence-driven technologies in diagnosing mental disorders: an umbrella review publication-title: NPJ Digit. Med doi: 10.1038/s41746-022-00631-8 – volume: 23 issue: 5 year: 2021 ident: r32 article-title: Machine learning and natural language processing in mental health: systematic review publication-title: J. Med. Internet Res doi: 10.2196/15708 – volume: 7 start-page: 4 issue: 4 year: 2021 ident: r20 article-title: AI-augmented behavior analysis for children with developmental disabilities: building toward precision treatment publication-title: IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. Mag doi: 10.1109/MSMC.2021.3086989 – volume: 90 year: 2023 ident: r59 article-title: Detecting individuals with severe mental illness using artificial intelligence applied to magnetic resonance imaging publication-title: EBioMedicine doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104541 – start-page: 1 year: 2023 ident: r47 article-title: Considerations for collecting data in Māori population for automatic detection of schizophrenia using natural language processing: a New Zealand experience publication-title: AI Soc – start-page: 233 volume-title: Reimagining Christian Education: Cultivating Transformative Approaches year: 2018 ident: r26 article-title: Personalized learning and teaching approaches to meet diverse needs: a prototype tertiary education program doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0851-2_16 – start-page: 280 year: 2022 ident: r51 article-title: AI-powered smart glasses for blind, deaf, and dumb – start-page: 455 year: 2021 ident: r27 article-title: Development of a tower-type cooking robot – year: 2020 ident: r40 article-title: Artificial intelligence for severe speech impairment: innovative approaches to AAC and communication – volume: 78 start-page: 1547 issue: 4 year: 2020 ident: r12 article-title: Artificial intelligence, speech, and language processing approaches to monitoring Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review publication-title: J. Alzheimer’s Dis doi: 10.3233/JAD-200888 – volume: 73 start-page: 101 issue: 1 year: 2021 ident: r29 article-title: Identifying gaps in using artificial intelligence to support students with intellectual disabilities from education and health perspectives publication-title: Aslib J. Inf. Manag doi: 10.1108/AJIM-02-2020-0054 – volume: 21 issue: 4 year: 2019 ident: r54 article-title: Detecting developmental delay and autism through machine learning models using home videos of Bangladeshi children: development and validation study publication-title: J. Med. Internet Res doi: 10.2196/13822 – volume: 9 issue: 2 year: 2021 ident: r30 article-title: A prediction model for detecting developmental disabilities in preschool-age children through digital biomarker-driven deep learning in serious games: development study publication-title: JMIR Serious Games – volume: 14 year: 2020 ident: r31 article-title: Advancing brain-computer interface applications for severely disabled children through a multidisciplinary national network: summary of the inaugural pediatric BCI Canada meeting publication-title: Front. Hum. Neurosci doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.593883 – volume: 25 start-page: 1 year: 2021 ident: r37 article-title: Accuracy of speech-to-text captioning for students who are deaf or hard of hearing publication-title: J. Educ. Pediatr. (Re) Habilitative Audiol – volume: 101 start-page: 623 issue: 4 year: 2017 ident: r45 article-title: DOMINO: using machine learning to predict genes associated with dominant disorders publication-title: Am. J. Hum. Genet doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.09.001 – volume: 10 start-page: 309 issue: 4 year: 2017 ident: r57 article-title: Advances in mental health care: five N= 1 studies on the effects of the robot seal Paro in adults with severe intellectual disabilities publication-title: J. Ment. Health Res. Intellect. Disabil doi: 10.1080/19315864.2017.1320601 – volume: 213 year: 2022 ident: r50 article-title: One-dimensional convolutional neural network and hybrid deep-learning paradigm for classification of specific language impaired children using their speech publication-title: Comput. Method. Program. Biomed doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106487 – volume: 14 year: 2023 ident: r10 article-title: Talkitt: toward a new instrument based on artificial intelligence for augmentative and alternative communication in children with down syndrome publication-title: Front. Psychol doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176683 – volume: 23 start-page: 217 issue: 3 year: 2007 ident: r36 article-title: AAC technologies to enhance participation and access to meaningful societal roles for adolescents and adults with developmental disabilities who require AAC. Augment publication-title: Altern. Commun doi: 10.1080/07434610701573856 – volume: 146 year: 2022 ident: r48 article-title: An overview of artificial intelligence techniques for diagnosis of Schizophrenia based on magnetic resonance imaging modalities: methods, challenges, and future works publication-title: Comput. Biol. Med doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105554 – start-page: 266 year: 2021 ident: r38 article-title: Social robots in learning experiences of adults with intellectual disability: an exploratory study – volume: 14 start-page: 28 issue: 1 year: 2022 ident: r24 article-title: Bringing machine learning to research on intellectual and developmental disabilities: taking inspiration from neurological diseases publication-title: J. Neurodev. Disord doi: 10.1186/s11689-022-09438-w – volume: 13 start-page: 592 issue: 1 year: 2016 ident: r8 article-title: On the track of artificial intelligence: learning with intelligent personal assistants publication-title: J. Hum. Sci – volume: 15 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 2023 ident: r33 article-title: Artificial intelligence techniques to investigate the mental impairment of down syndrome: a review publication-title: Int. J. Softw. Sci. Comput. Intell. (IJSSCI) doi: 10.4018/IJSSCI.318677 – volume: 15 start-page: 6901 issue: 8 year: 2023 ident: r58 article-title: Personalized education for sustainable development publication-title: Sustainability doi: 10.3390/su15086901 |
| SSID | ssj0003314075 |
| Score | 2.3421524 |
| Snippet | Intellectual disability (ID) poses formidable challenges to individuals in acquiring knowledge and performing daily activities. This condition often stems from... |
| SourceID | crossref |
| SourceType | Enrichment Source Index Database |
| Title | Intellectual Disability and Technology: An Artificial Intelligence Perspective and Framework |
| Volume | 2 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV1LS8NAEF58XLyIouKbPQgeJNq8mqy3ohZREPEBHoQwuzuhgk2ltgf99c5u0mQrFdRLCOnONuT7yM5MZr5l7KCFuQwiNHuECelFSHGKhEB7MgKj3iZSULba4qZ9-RhdPcVPzacY210yksfqc2ZfyX9QpWuEq-mS_QOy9aR0gc4JXzoSwnT8FcZTPSDnlVruqFRUanLmVe6vM7RlQaW4hqPDedu0W1rD7qRc6we_1fmfSdlezZrX_jiHIfaqLiDoH3WhB6Dr_AD23kvRgnvo0yzgsAo-xmVdMfQHg6L-5RrG72UR-D2NeRmCm6cIQlPz4TupS598HY-80al3b-BQLJr1Ro8T30oFX53feXZWIxrWrF2T7_XflrS60JBCHDtDRvaZsc-M_TxbDCiqcCNws3CHIUWbVpq5vtdS5tNOcTJ1C44b4_gjDytsuQKEd0pWrLI5LNbYs8sI3iDFCVjeMOKUdwre8IG7fOAOH6xZzYd19ti9eDi79Kr9MzwVhCL2fEgFKqETBZggoo86QY3tnLxqoDA8xiROZCuBMLf7rUiVKhkHWuQikaolww22UAwK3GQ8lVqA9pWWrTBqR-1UxSKCPKdlNgay22Le5HFkqhKXN3ucvGazEdhih_X4t1JW5YeR278eucOWGt7tsoXRcIx75DGO5L7F-QvHiW4B |
| linkProvider | Directory of Open Access Journals |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Intellectual+Disability+and+Technology%3A+An+Artificial+Intelligence+Perspective+and+Framework&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Disability+Research&rft.au=Almufareh%2C+Maram+Fahaad&rft.au=Tehsin%2C+Samabia&rft.au=Humayun%2C+Mamoona&rft.au=Kausar%2C+Sumaira&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft.issn=1658-9912&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft_id=info:doi/10.57197%2FJDR-2023-0055&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_57197_JDR_2023_0055 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1658-9912&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1658-9912&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1658-9912&client=summon |