Production and recycling of the cutting edge material of gallium: A review

Gallium, an indispensable scattering element, is driving the development of an array of latest generation functional materials. Due to its exceptionally conductive, fluidic, thermal, flexible, and biocompatible attributes, gallium and its derivatives are increasingly introduced into diverse cutting...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inThe Science of the total environment Vol. 971; p. 179046
Main Authors Guan, Tangzhen, Guo, Minghui, Wang, Lei, Liu, Jing
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Netherlands Elsevier B.V 25.03.2025
Subjects
Bauxite
Distribution
Gallium
Liquid metal
Recycling
Reserves
Reserves
Gallium
Liquid metal
Bauxite
Recycling
Distribution
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Abstract Gallium, an indispensable scattering element, is driving the development of an array of latest generation functional materials. Due to its exceptionally conductive, fluidic, thermal, flexible, and biocompatible attributes, gallium and its derivatives are increasingly introduced into diverse cutting edge industries. Meanwhile, the aggravated irreconcilable contradiction between the rapid growth of gallium consumption and the severe shortage of gallium resources also brings about big concern regarding its availability for the coming era. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive examination on the global distribution and reserves of gallium which indicates sporadic locations and low concentrations of gallium, highlighting the daunting challenge of extracting gallium. Following that, extensive assessments of gallium production and recovery treatments were presented, ranging from ore mining to high-purity gallium extraction, from major to minor production methods, and from primary gallium extraction to recycling gallium reclamation. Finally, based on evaluating ongoing trends over the field, a forecast of the future gallium production and recycling was given. Potential barriers and their corresponding mitigation strategies were interpreted. [Display omitted] •A comprehensive review of gallium resource circulation, covering production, applications, and recycling.•Overview of the global distribution and reserves of gallium.•Comparison of methods for extracting gallium from bauxite.•Discussion on gallium production from various raw materials and recycling from waste.•Strategies and directions for expanding gallium resource acquisition are proposed.
AbstractList Gallium, an indispensable scattering element, is driving the development of an array of latest generation functional materials. Due to its exceptionally conductive, fluidic, thermal, flexible, and biocompatible attributes, gallium and its derivatives are increasingly introduced into diverse cutting edge industries. Meanwhile, the aggravated irreconcilable contradiction between the rapid growth of gallium consumption and the severe shortage of gallium resources also brings about big concern regarding its availability for the coming era. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive examination on the global distribution and reserves of gallium which indicates sporadic locations and low concentrations of gallium, highlighting the daunting challenge of extracting gallium. Following that, extensive assessments of gallium production and recovery treatments were presented, ranging from ore mining to high-purity gallium extraction, from major to minor production methods, and from primary gallium extraction to recycling gallium reclamation. Finally, based on evaluating ongoing trends over the field, a forecast of the future gallium production and recycling was given. Potential barriers and their corresponding mitigation strategies were interpreted.
Gallium, an indispensable scattering element, is driving the development of an array of latest generation functional materials. Due to its exceptionally conductive, fluidic, thermal, flexible, and biocompatible attributes, gallium and its derivatives are increasingly introduced into diverse cutting edge industries. Meanwhile, the aggravated irreconcilable contradiction between the rapid growth of gallium consumption and the severe shortage of gallium resources also brings about big concern regarding its availability for the coming era. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive examination on the global distribution and reserves of gallium which indicates sporadic locations and low concentrations of gallium, highlighting the daunting challenge of extracting gallium. Following that, extensive assessments of gallium production and recovery treatments were presented, ranging from ore mining to high-purity gallium extraction, from major to minor production methods, and from primary gallium extraction to recycling gallium reclamation. Finally, based on evaluating ongoing trends over the field, a forecast of the future gallium production and recycling was given. Potential barriers and their corresponding mitigation strategies were interpreted.Gallium, an indispensable scattering element, is driving the development of an array of latest generation functional materials. Due to its exceptionally conductive, fluidic, thermal, flexible, and biocompatible attributes, gallium and its derivatives are increasingly introduced into diverse cutting edge industries. Meanwhile, the aggravated irreconcilable contradiction between the rapid growth of gallium consumption and the severe shortage of gallium resources also brings about big concern regarding its availability for the coming era. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive examination on the global distribution and reserves of gallium which indicates sporadic locations and low concentrations of gallium, highlighting the daunting challenge of extracting gallium. Following that, extensive assessments of gallium production and recovery treatments were presented, ranging from ore mining to high-purity gallium extraction, from major to minor production methods, and from primary gallium extraction to recycling gallium reclamation. Finally, based on evaluating ongoing trends over the field, a forecast of the future gallium production and recycling was given. Potential barriers and their corresponding mitigation strategies were interpreted.
Gallium, an indispensable scattering element, is driving the development of an array of latest generation functional materials. Due to its exceptionally conductive, fluidic, thermal, flexible, and biocompatible attributes, gallium and its derivatives are increasingly introduced into diverse cutting edge industries. Meanwhile, the aggravated irreconcilable contradiction between the rapid growth of gallium consumption and the severe shortage of gallium resources also brings about big concern regarding its availability for the coming era. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive examination on the global distribution and reserves of gallium which indicates sporadic locations and low concentrations of gallium, highlighting the daunting challenge of extracting gallium. Following that, extensive assessments of gallium production and recovery treatments were presented, ranging from ore mining to high-purity gallium extraction, from major to minor production methods, and from primary gallium extraction to recycling gallium reclamation. Finally, based on evaluating ongoing trends over the field, a forecast of the future gallium production and recycling was given. Potential barriers and their corresponding mitigation strategies were interpreted. [Display omitted] •A comprehensive review of gallium resource circulation, covering production, applications, and recycling.•Overview of the global distribution and reserves of gallium.•Comparison of methods for extracting gallium from bauxite.•Discussion on gallium production from various raw materials and recycling from waste.•Strategies and directions for expanding gallium resource acquisition are proposed.
ArticleNumber 179046
Author Wang, Lei
Guan, Tangzhen
Guo, Minghui
Liu, Jing
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Tangzhen
  surname: Guan
  fullname: Guan, Tangzhen
  organization: Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Minghui
  surname: Guo
  fullname: Guo, Minghui
  organization: Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Lei
  surname: Wang
  fullname: Wang, Lei
  email: lwang2015@mail.ipc.ac.cn
  organization: Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Jing
  surname: Liu
  fullname: Liu, Jing
  email: jliu@mail.ipc.ac.cn
  organization: Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40068420$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNqFkE1P3DAQhi1EBcvHX6A5csl2_LG2w22F2gJCag_t2cra48WrJAbbWcS_b6KlXJmLNfLzjvQ-Z-R4iAMS8pXCkgKV33bLbEOJBYf9kgFbLalqQMgjsqBaNTUFJo_JAkDoupGNOiVnOe9gGqXpCTkVAFILBgvy8DtFN9oS4lC1g6sS2jfbhWFbRV-VJ6zsWMq8otti1bcFU2i7-XPbdl0Y-5tqPYX2AV8vyBffdhkv399z8vfH9z-3d_Xjr5_3t-vH2jLOSs05rMDbzQYlVUx6pzxrtXWWemmhUcC14BaF0E6uPHKmtacCnJPIGILg5-T6cPc5xZcRczF9yBa7rh0wjtlwqiQXjFE6oVfv6Ljp0ZnnFPo2vZn__SdAHQCbYs4J_QdCwcymzc58mDazaXMwPSXXhyROVaf6aeZwsOjC5LAYF8OnN_4B2CmKEg
Cites_doi 10.1080/19392699.2020.1755662
10.1007/s12010-023-04440-x
10.1111/j.1751-908X.2003.tb00723.x
10.3390/asi5040067
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127580
10.1016/j.mineng.2003.08.003
10.1016/j.solener.2021.01.032
10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107391
10.1021/acsami.8b07649
10.1201/9781315380476
10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120087
10.1016/S0304-386X(98)00016-4
10.1002/jbm.a.37880
10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02724
10.3390/pr7120921
10.1002/smll.202201643
10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b07006
10.1146/annurev-matsci-080819-125403
10.1021/acsami.5b10769
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528
10.1016/j.sctalk.2023.100221
10.3389/fbioe.2022.827960
10.1038/s41598-019-42457-7
10.1016/j.solmat.2015.02.027
10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.042
10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105230
10.1038/ncomms15432
10.3390/met8100861
10.1016/0304-386X(95)00055-L
10.1016/j.cej.2023.146151
10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105722
10.1016/j.mattod.2021.03.019
10.1007/s11434-016-1090-2
10.1002/adhm.201800318
10.1016/j.bios.2022.114600
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.413
10.1021/ja00878a001
10.1007/s11708-007-0057-3
10.1007/s00339-021-04298-y
10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.04.002
10.1016/j.jece.2023.110391
10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2009.01.102
10.1038/s41928-022-00914-8
10.1007/s00126-023-01160-4
10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119043
10.1007/s11708-022-0815-y
10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00489
10.1039/D0TA11403K
10.1007/BF01199502
10.2113/econgeo.109.8.2079
10.3390/met9121251
10.1186/s11671-018-2712-1
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.048
10.1039/D0TB00174K
10.1016/j.solmat.2022.111691
10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.03.006
10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.06.017
10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118455
10.1126/science.167.3918.503
10.3390/ma12162549
10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.11.013
10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124706
10.1016/j.physleta.2006.09.041
10.1149/MA2020-02251799mtgabs
10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123364
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.006
10.1002/adfm.201907063
10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.012
10.1016/j.resourpol.2015.11.005
10.1080/08827508.2018.1538987
10.1134/S0040579517040133
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123234
10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115396
10.1002/adma.201502200
10.1038/nmat3789
10.1177/0734242X13499814
10.1177/0734242X9701500405
10.1039/C7CS00309A
10.2217/fmb.14.3
10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.035
10.1021/acsami.8b02320
10.1002/adma.201405438
10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.06.002
10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.05.021
10.1021/acs.est.5b00320
10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.10.032
10.1016/0022-0248(88)90114-5
10.1002/adma.202370372
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.029
10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.10.010
10.1109/TBME.2014.2317554
10.1016/j.rser.2021.111090
10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.006
10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.012
10.1260/0144-5987.27.5.333
10.1002/crat.202300347
10.1007/s11015-013-9740-y
10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00009-7
10.1063/1.2959832
10.1039/C6RA27204E
10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1509
10.1155/2022/8648284
10.1016/j.gca.2018.07.023
10.1038/srep03442
10.1039/C7CS00043J
10.1007/s11837-003-0155-2
10.2320/matertrans.43.3195
10.1039/D1TB02399C
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.050
10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.023
10.1016/j.gca.2023.06.019
10.3390/nano12122061
10.1093/nsr/nwad302
10.1016/j.cej.2019.122699
10.1038/srep08824
10.1002/9781118755341.ch7
10.1007/s11434-006-2113-1
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2025 Elsevier B.V.
Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Copyright_xml – notice: 2025 Elsevier B.V.
– notice: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
NPM
7X8
DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046
DatabaseName CrossRef
PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Public Health
Biology
Environmental Sciences
EISSN 1879-1026
ExternalDocumentID 40068420
10_1016_j_scitotenv_2025_179046
S0048969725006813
Genre Journal Article
Review
GroupedDBID ---
--K
--M
.~1
0R~
1B1
1RT
1~.
1~5
4.4
457
4G.
5VS
7-5
71M
8P~
9JM
AABNK
AACTN
AAEDT
AAEDW
AAHBH
AAIKJ
AAKOC
AALRI
AAOAW
AAQFI
AATTM
AAXKI
AAXUO
ABFNM
ABFYP
ABJNI
ABLST
ABMAC
ACDAQ
ACGFS
ACRLP
ADBBV
ADEZE
AEBSH
AEIPS
AEKER
AENEX
AFJKZ
AFTJW
AFXIZ
AGUBO
AGYEJ
AHEUO
AHHHB
AIEXJ
AIKHN
AITUG
AKIFW
AKRWK
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AMRAJ
ANKPU
AXJTR
BKOJK
BLECG
BLXMC
BNPGV
CS3
DU5
EBS
EFJIC
EO8
EO9
EP2
EP3
F5P
FDB
FIRID
FNPLU
FYGXN
G-Q
GBLVA
IHE
J1W
K-O
KCYFY
KOM
LY9
M41
MO0
N9A
O-L
O9-
OAUVE
OZT
P-8
P-9
P2P
PC.
Q38
RNS
ROL
RPZ
SCU
SDF
SDG
SDP
SES
SEW
SPCBC
SSH
SSJ
SSZ
T5K
~02
~G-
~KM
53G
AAQXK
AAYJJ
AAYWO
AAYXX
ABEFU
ABWVN
ABXDB
ACRPL
ACVFH
ADCNI
ADMUD
ADNMO
ADXHL
AEGFY
AEUPX
AFPUW
AGCQF
AGHFR
AGQPQ
AGRNS
AIGII
AIIUN
AKBMS
AKYEP
APXCP
ASPBG
AVWKF
AZFZN
CITATION
EJD
FEDTE
FGOYB
G-2
HMC
HVGLF
HZ~
R2-
RIG
SEN
WUQ
XPP
ZXP
ZY4
NPM
7X8
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c232t-33050fcbbe61726fd7f2a8cdc1f6c09703843ce448d65fe3288f140dd6e22e043
IEDL.DBID .~1
ISSN 0048-9697
1879-1026
IngestDate Fri Jul 11 00:41:26 EDT 2025
Sat Mar 22 01:33:51 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 05:18:29 EDT 2025
Sun Apr 06 06:53:15 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Keywords Reserves
Gallium
Liquid metal
Bauxite
Recycling
Distribution
Language English
License Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c232t-33050fcbbe61726fd7f2a8cdc1f6c09703843ce448d65fe3288f140dd6e22e043
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
PMID 40068420
PQID 3176342211
PQPubID 23479
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_3176342211
pubmed_primary_40068420
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2025_179046
elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2025_179046
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2025-03-25
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2025-03-25
PublicationDate_xml – month: 03
  year: 2025
  text: 2025-03-25
  day: 25
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Netherlands
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Netherlands
PublicationTitle The Science of the total environment
PublicationTitleAlternate Sci Total Environ
PublicationYear 2025
Publisher Elsevier B.V
Publisher_xml – name: Elsevier B.V
References Hirsch, Dejace, Michaud, Lacour (bb0225) 2019; 52
Gao, Li, Zhang, Xie, Zhang, Wang (bb0170) 2019; 9
Bai, Wang, Li, Lv, He (bb0015) 2012; 560-561
Ramkumar, Priya, Rajakumari, Valsalan, Chakravarthi, Latha (bb0515) 2022; 2022
Yoon J, Yang J. Study of refining and purification processing of gallium metal as a raw materials for compound semiconductor. ECS Meeting Abstracts. The Electrochemical Society, Inc., 2020, pp. 1799-1799.
Sun, Yuan, Rao, Liu (bb0550) 2017; 146
Foley, Jaskula, Kimball, Schulte (bb0150) 2017
Ma R, Zhou Y-X, Liu J. Erasing and correction of liquid metal printed electronics made of gallium alloy ink from the substrate. arXiv: Applied Physics 2017. doi
Zhao, Qin, Yang, Li, Lin (bb0695) 2009; 27
Yi, Jin, Wang, Liu (bb0655) 2014; 35
Baedecker, Wasson (bb0010) 1970; 167
Skachkov, Rubinshtein, Surikov, Medyankina, Pasechnik, Sabirzyanov (bb0545) 2017; 51
Chen, Deng, Zhu, Handschuh-Wang, Gan, Wang (bb0050) 2021; 9
Gutiérrez, Pazos, Coca (bb0205) 2016; 15
Gao, Chen, Liu, Ye, Liu (bb0165) 2021; 49
Fang, Gesser (bb0140) 1996; 41
2013a. doi
Xue, He, Jian, Long, Pang, Liu (bb0645) 2018; 13
Ghosh, Mani, Dhar (bb0190) 2008; 104
Zhao, Cui, Guo, Gao, Li, Cheng (bb0705) 2021; 265
Hou, Lu, Dou, Zhang, Chang, Liu (bb0240) 2020; 102
.
Han, Liu, Ouyang, Song, Gao, Liu (bb0210) 2024; 202
Ji, Yan, Xie, Liu, Tan, Li (bb0280) 2023; 475
Kim, Kim, So, Kim, Koo (bb0315) 2018; 10
Wang, Ye, Bai, Yang, Zhang, Rao (bb0595) 2023; 35
Li L, Chang H, Yong N, Li M, Hou Y, Rao W. Superior antibacterial activity of gallium based liquid metals due to ga(3+) induced intracellular ros generation. J. Mater. Chem. B 2021; 9: 85–93. doi:110.1039/d0tb00174k.
Liu, Cheng, Chen, Yueh, Tang, Wang (bb0370) 2022; 241
Dallas, Raval, Saydam, Dempster (bb0100) 2021; 186
Survey USG. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024. Mineral Commodity Summaries. National Minerals Information Center, Reston, VA, 2024, pp. 212 p.
Redlinger, Eggert, Woodhouse (bb0520) 2015; 138
Fu, Shen, Zhou, Liu, Chen, Ma (bb0160) 2023; 142
Lee, Nam (bb0335) 1998; 49
Gao W, Wang Y, Wang Q, Ma G, Liu J. Liquid metal biomaterials for biomedical imaging. J. Mater. Chem. B 2022; 10: 829–842. doi:110.1039/D1TB02399C.
Ghosh, Mani, Dhar (bb0185) 2009; 311
Lovik, Restrepo, Muller (bb0390) 2015; 49
Torró, Millán-Nuñez, Benites, González-Jiménez, Laurent, Tavazzani (bb0575) 2023; 58
Wang, Liu (bb0600) 2019; 40
Zhu, Tang, Khoshmanesh, Ghorbani (bb0730) 2016; 8
Huang, Wang, Zhou, Gu (bb0255) 2019; 9
Liu, Yang, Jin, Fu, Chen, Liu (bb0385) 2013
Narayanasamy, Switzer, Britigan (bb0455) 2015; 5
Barman, Kalita (bb0020) 2021; 216
Wang, Yu, Yang, Liu (bb0610) 2015; 27
Wang, Yao, Guo, Yang, Tang, Zhang (bb0620) 2018; 7
Ghosh, Mani (bb0180) 2024; 59
Jin, Zhang, Li, Yang, Li, Liu (bb0305) 2013; 3
Chen, Wang, Zhao, Rao, Liu (bb0055) 2020; 2
Nguyen, Zhang, Bi, Nguyen, Dang, Xu (bb0480) 2024; 34
Petersen, Krätschell, Augustin, Jamieson, Hein, Hannington (bb0495) 2016; 70
Lee, Ahn, Oh (bb0340) 2002; 43
Gray, Kramer, Bliss, Updated by S. (bb0195) 2013
Ma, Liu (bb0415) 2007; 361
Moskalyk (bb0450) 2003; 16
Chechetka, Yu, Zhen, Pramanik, Pu, Miyako (bb0045) 2017; 8
Ueberschaar, Otto, Rotter (bb0585) 2017; 60
Liu, Yu, Yi, Liu (bb0360) 2016; 61
Liu J, Gao Y, Li H. Liquid metal flow can be one clue to explain the frequently observed fluid-like matters on mars. arXiv preprint
Li F, Liu F, Huang K, Yang S. Advancement of gallium and gallium-based compounds as antimicrobial agents. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2022; 10: 827960. doi:110.3389/fbioe.2022.827960.
DenBaars, Feezell, Kelchner, Pimputkar, Pan, Yen (bb0110) 2013; 61
Dai, Zhou, Liu (bb0090) 2011; 36
Eheliyagoda, Zeng, Wang, Albalghiti, Li (bb0120) 2019; 689
Saikia, Costa, Sinharoy, Cunha, Zaiat, Lens (bb0525) 2022; 317
Cheng, Liu, Tsai, Shen (bb0070) 2019; 7
Prasad, Das, Singh (bb0505) 2021; 127
Lu, Xiao, Lin, Li, Long, Huang (bb0395) 2018; 175
Hou, Pan, Tan (bb0230) 2019; 12
Nguyen, Lee (bb0475) 2018; 40
Yan, Lu, Chen, Yang, Gu (bb0650) 2018; 47
Ji, Xie, Huang, Chen (bb0290) 2021; 284
Rambabu, Munirathnam, Prakash (bb0510) 2008; 112
Ueberschaar (bb0580) 2017
Nassar, Shojaeddini, Alonso, Jaskula, Tolcin (bb0460) 2024
Frenzel, Ketris, Seifert, Gutzmer (bb0155) 2016; 47
Chirila A, Reinhard P, Pianezzi F, Bloesch P, Uhl AR, Fella C, et al. Potassium-induced surface modification of cu(in,ga)se-2 thin films for high-efficiency solar cells. Nat. Mater. 2013; 12: 1107–1111. doi
Ma, Liu (bb0410) 2007; 1
Chen, Hsu, Wang (bb0065) 2018; 8
Mishra, Ghosh, van Hullebusch, Singh, Das (bb0440) 2023; 195
Dai, Ren, Li (bb0095) 2006; 51
Ji, Xie, Yan, Huang, Chen (bb0275) 2020; 400
Lu, Xiao, Lin, Ning, Long, Xiao (bb0400) 2017; 174
Ministry of Natural Resources, PRC (bb0435) 2023
Ernst, Garbe-Schönberg, Kraemer, Bau (bb0135) 2023; 355
Kurtuldu, Mutlu, Boccaccini, Galusek (bb0330) 2022; 17
Zheng, Benedetti, van Hullebusch (bb0715) 2023; 347
Liu, Liu, Li, Wilson, Lundström (bb0365) 2017; 169
D’Orazio, Folco (bb0115) 2007; 27
Jamwal, Kiani (bb0270) 2022; 12
Wang, Yu, Pan, Liu (bb0605) 2014; 61
Zhang, Yao, Sheng, Liu (bb0680) 2015; 27
Pollmann, Kutschke, Matys, Raff, Hlawacek, Lederer (bb0500) 2018; 36
Zhang, Zhan, Xie, Xu, Chen (bb0690) 2019; 7
Butcher T, Brown T. Gallium. In: Gunn G, editor. Critical metals handbook, 2014, pp. 150–176.
Eisch (bb0125) 1962; 84
Zhao, Yang, Xiao, Fan (bb0700) 2012; 125
Zhan, Zhang, Ahmad, Xu (bb0675) 2020; 8
Tang, Zhang, Liu, Jiang, Wang, Zhang (bb0560) 2022; 216
Xing, Fu, Chen, Gao, Zhao, Liu (bb0630) 2022; 16
De Oliveira, Benvenuti, Espinosa (bb0105) 2021; 145
Kubo (bb0320) 1987
Wang, Zhang, Chen, Lu, Yu, Cao (bb0625) 2024; 10
Illés, Kékesi (bb0260) 2023; 11
Braukmüller, Wombacher, Hezel, Escoube, Münker (bb0030) 2018; 239
Haynes WM. Crc Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: CRC press, 2016.
Zheng, Liu, Yan, Yang, Dai, Si (bb0720) 2023; 34
Liu, Yi (bb0380) 2018; 17
Gunn (bb0200) 2014
Monecke, Petersen, Hannington (bb0445) 2014; 109
Schulte, Foley (bb0530) 2014
Kelley (bb0310) 2004; 99
Tang, Tabor, Kalantar-Zadeh, Dickey (bb0570) 2021; 51
Işıldar, van Hullebusch, Lenz, Du Laing, Marra, Cesaro (bb0265) 2019; 362
Hou, Pan, Tan (bb0235) 2019; 12
Zhu, Song, Yao, Qiao, Zou, Lv (bb0735) 2025; 113
Tang, Zhang, Liu, Jiang, Wang, Zhang (bb0565) 2022; 216
Figueira, Reig, Cortina, Valderrama (bb0145) 2023; 6
Naumov (bb0470) 2013; 57
Bautista (bb0025) 2003; 55
National Minerals Information Center (bb0465) 2023
Chancerel, Rotter, Ueberschaar, Marwede, Nissen, Lang (bb0040) 2013; 31
Lu, Hu, Lin, Pacardo, Wang, Sun (bb0405) 2015; 6
Shiller (bb0540) 1998; 61
Li, Zhang, Liu, Yuan, Wu, Yu (bb0350) 2023; 6
Hao, Zhang, Zhang, Hou, Hu, Dickey (bb0215) 2022; 18
Minandri, Bonchi, Frangipani, Imperi, Visca (bb0430) 2014; 9
Oikawa, Tsuda, Morishita, Mashita, Kuniya (bb0485) 1988; 91
Al-Ezzi, Ansari (bb0005) 2022; 5
Vysetti (bb0590) 2023
Ji, Yan, Zhao, Xie (bb0295) 2023; 311
Zhang, Qiu, Tao, Zhong, Lin, Wang (bb0685) 2021; 205
Zhou, Zhu, Liu, Wu, Zhang, Zhong (bb0725) 2019; 146
Hu D, Ma BZ, Li X, Lv YW, Zhang WJ, Chen YQ, et al. Efficient separation and recovery of gallium and indium in spent cigs materials. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022; 282: Part B. doi
Jia, Zhou, Wang, Wang, Li, Wang (bb0300) 2022; 10
Zhan, Xia, Ye, Xiang, Xie (bb0670) 2015; 299
Shao, Lang, Yan, Guo (bb0535) 2017; 7
Kudermann, Blaufuss (bb0325) 1987; 1
Xu H, Lu J, Xi Y, Wang X, Liu J. Liquid metal biomaterials: translational medicines, challenges and perspectives. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2024; 11: nwad302.
Chen, Yang, Cui, Liu (bb0060) 2018; 10
Huang, Wang, Zhou, Gu (bb0250) 2020; 42
Wang, Fan, Zhang, Sun, Chang, Yuan (bb0615) 2019; 29
Xu, Deng, Liu, Peng (bb0640) 2007; 86
Daeneke, Khoshmanesh, Mahmood, de Castro, Esrafilzadeh, Barrow (bb0085) 2018; 47
Elsaid, Kamil, Sayed, Abdelkareem, Wilberforce, Olabi (bb0130) 2020; 748
Chung, Francisco, Morais, Branco (bb0080) 2022
Zhao, Cui, Guo, Li, Cheng (bb0710) 2020; 381
Ji, Yan, Xie, Yuan, Wang, Li (bb0285) 2022; 424
Maarefvand, Sheibani, Rashchi (bb0425) 2020; 191
Yue, Cai, Shao, Liu, Lu (bb0665) 2001; 29
Okudan, Akcil, Tuncuk, Deveci (bb0490) 2015; 50
Ji (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0290) 2021; 284
Nassar (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0460) 2024
Schulte (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0530) 2014
Oikawa (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0485) 1988; 91
Petersen (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0495) 2016; 70
Nguyen (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0480) 2024; 34
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0175
Zhu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0735) 2025; 113
Barman (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0020) 2021; 216
Dai (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0090) 2011; 36
Gutiérrez (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0205) 2016; 15
Illés (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0260) 2023; 11
Fu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0160) 2023; 142
Zhao (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0700) 2012; 125
Zhan (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0670) 2015; 299
Wang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0605) 2014; 61
Xue (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0645) 2018; 13
Tang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0565) 2022; 216
Okudan (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0490) 2015; 50
De Oliveira (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0105) 2021; 145
Yi (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0655) 2014; 35
Kurtuldu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0330) 2022; 17
Zhang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0680) 2015; 27
Zhou (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0725) 2019; 146
Xu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0640) 2007; 86
Ji (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0295) 2023; 311
Dai (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0095) 2006; 51
Daeneke (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0085) 2018; 47
Eisch (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0125) 1962; 84
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0345
Wang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0595) 2023; 35
Gray (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0195) 2013
Zhao (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0705) 2021; 265
Ma (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0415) 2007; 361
Rambabu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0510) 2008; 112
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0220
Liu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0365) 2017; 169
Huang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0255) 2019; 9
National Minerals Information Center (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0465)
Gunn (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0200) 2014
Ghosh (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0180) 2024; 59
Lu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0405) 2015; 6
Shiller (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0540) 1998; 61
Figueira (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0145) 2023; 6
Chechetka (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0045) 2017; 8
Han (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0210) 2024; 202
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0555
Ramkumar (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0515) 2022; 2022
Maarefvand (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0425) 2020; 191
Lee (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0340) 2002; 43
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0035
Skachkov (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0545) 2017; 51
Ghosh (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0185) 2009; 311
Chen (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0050) 2021; 9
Cheng (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0070) 2019; 7
Jamwal (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0270) 2022; 12
Eheliyagoda (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0120) 2019; 689
Ernst (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0135) 2023; 355
Saikia (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0525) 2022; 317
Zheng (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0720) 2023; 34
Prasad (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0505) 2021; 127
Liu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0380) 2018; 17
Ji (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0285) 2022; 424
Yan (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0650) 2018; 47
Zhan (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0675) 2020; 8
Al-Ezzi (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0005) 2022; 5
Tang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0560) 2022; 216
Xing (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0630) 2022; 16
Jia (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0300) 2022; 10
Gao (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0170) 2019; 9
Shao (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0535) 2017; 7
Ministry of Natural Resources, PRC (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0435)
Pollmann (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0500) 2018; 36
Chung (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0080) 2022
Ji (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0275) 2020; 400
Zheng (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0715) 2023; 347
Ueberschaar (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0585) 2017; 60
Li (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0350) 2023; 6
Ueberschaar (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0580) 2017
Lee (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0335) 1998; 49
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0375
Hou (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0235) 2019; 12
Monecke (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0445) 2014; 109
Chen (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0065) 2018; 8
Zhang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0685) 2021; 205
Kelley (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0310) 2004; 99
Liu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0360) 2016; 61
Wang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0600) 2019; 40
Wang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0625) 2024; 10
Gao (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0165) 2021; 49
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0420
Hao (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0215) 2022; 18
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0660
Lovik (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0390) 2015; 49
Bautista (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0025) 2003; 55
Naumov (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0470) 2013; 57
Chen (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0060) 2018; 10
Kubo (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0320) 1987
Narayanasamy (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0455) 2015; 5
Wang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0615) 2019; 29
Wang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0620) 2018; 7
Frenzel (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0155) 2016; 47
Wang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0610) 2015; 27
Liu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0385) 2013
Elsaid (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0130) 2020; 748
Vysetti (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0590) 2023
Zhao (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0710) 2020; 381
Chancerel (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0040) 2013; 31
Ji (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0280) 2023; 475
Hou (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0230) 2019; 12
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0635
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0075
Kim (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0315) 2018; 10
Zhang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0690) 2019; 7
Zhao (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0695) 2009; 27
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0355
Mishra (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0440) 2023; 195
Sun (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0550) 2017; 146
Baedecker (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0010) 1970; 167
Lu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0400) 2017; 174
Moskalyk (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0450) 2003; 16
Hirsch (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0225) 2019; 52
Lu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0395) 2018; 175
Zhu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0730) 2016; 8
Jin (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0305) 2013; 3
Ma (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0410) 2007; 1
Foley (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0150) 2017
Tang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0570) 2021; 51
Torró (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0575) 2023; 58
Işıldar (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0265) 2019; 362
Nguyen (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0475) 2018; 40
Bai (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0015) 2012; 560-561
Hou (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0240) 2020; 102
D’Orazio (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0115) 2007; 27
Huang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0250) 2020; 42
Ghosh (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0190) 2008; 104
Yue (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0665) 2001; 29
DenBaars (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0110) 2013; 61
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0245
Minandri (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0430) 2014; 9
Chen (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0055) 2020; 2
Braukmüller (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0030) 2018; 239
Fang (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0140) 1996; 41
Redlinger (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0520) 2015; 138
Dallas (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0100) 2021; 186
Kudermann (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0325) 1987; 1
Liu (10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0370) 2022; 241
References_xml – volume: 3
  start-page: 3442
  year: 2013
  ident: bb0305
  article-title: Injectable 3-d fabrication of medical electronics at the target biological tissues
  publication-title: Sci. Rep.
– volume: 8
  start-page: 861
  year: 2018
  ident: bb0065
  article-title: Recycling the Gan waste from led industry by pressurized leaching method
  publication-title: Metals
– volume: 8
  start-page: 2173
  year: 2016
  end-page: 2180
  ident: bb0730
  article-title: An integrated liquid cooling system based on galinstan liquid metal droplets
  publication-title: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
– year: 2023
  ident: bb0465
  article-title: Bauxite and alumina statistics and information
– volume: 49
  start-page: 125
  year: 1998
  end-page: 133
  ident: bb0335
  article-title: A study on the extraction of gallium from gallium arsenide scrap
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
– volume: 35
  start-page: 9789
  year: 2014
  end-page: 9801
  ident: bb0655
  article-title: Liquid-solid phase transition alloy as reversible and rapid molding bone cement
  publication-title: Biomaterials
– reference: Haynes WM. Crc Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: CRC press, 2016.
– volume: 52
  start-page: 534
  year: 2019
  end-page: 544
  ident: bb0225
  article-title: Harnessing the rheological properties of liquid metals to shape soft electronic conductors for wearable applications
  publication-title: Acc. Chem. Res.
– volume: 55
  start-page: 23
  year: 2003
  end-page: 26
  ident: bb0025
  article-title: Processing to obtain high-purity gallium
  publication-title: JOM
– year: 2014
  ident: bb0530
  article-title: Compilation of Gallium Resource Data for Bauxite Deposits
– reference: Liu J, Gao Y, Li H. Liquid metal flow can be one clue to explain the frequently observed fluid-like matters on mars. arXiv preprint
– volume: 1
  start-page: 269
  year: 1987
  end-page: 274
  ident: bb0325
  article-title: Characterization of high-purity gallium
  publication-title: Mikrochim. Acta
– volume: 167
  start-page: 503
  year: 1970
  end-page: 505
  ident: bb0010
  article-title: Gallium, germanium, indium, and iridium in lunar samples
  publication-title: Science
– year: 2014
  ident: bb0200
  article-title: Critical Metals Handbook
– volume: 17
  start-page: 125
  year: 2022
  end-page: 146
  ident: bb0330
  article-title: Gallium containing bioactive materials: a review of anticancer, antibacterial, and osteogenic properties
  publication-title: Bioact. Mater.
– volume: 43
  start-page: 3195
  year: 2002
  end-page: 3198
  ident: bb0340
  article-title: Production of high-purity indium and gallium metals by vacuum refining
  publication-title: Mater. Trans.
– volume: 12
  start-page: 2549
  year: 2019
  ident: bb0235
  article-title: Preparation of 6n,7n high-purity gallium by crystallization: process optimization
  publication-title: Materials
– volume: 6
  start-page: 154
  year: 2023
  end-page: 163
  ident: bb0350
  article-title: Three-dimensional flexible electronics using solidified liquid metal with regulated plasticity
  publication-title: Nat. Electron.
– volume: 61
  start-page: 87
  year: 1998
  end-page: 99
  ident: bb0540
  article-title: Dissolved gallium in the Atlantic Ocean
  publication-title: Mar. Chem.
– volume: 61
  start-page: 939
  year: 2016
  end-page: 947
  ident: bb0360
  article-title: Liquid metal as reconnection agent for peripheral nerve injury
  publication-title: Sci. Bull.
– volume: 9
  start-page: 5908
  year: 2019
  ident: bb0170
  article-title: Microchannel structural design for a room-temperature liquid metal based super-stretchable sensor
  publication-title: Sci. Rep.
– volume: 42
  start-page: 1712
  year: 2020
  end-page: 1723
  ident: bb0250
  article-title: Exploring a promising technology for the extraction of gallium from coal fly ash
  publication-title: Int. J. Coal Prep. Util.
– start-page: 2
  year: 2023
  ident: bb0590
  article-title: Deep-sea mineral deposits as a future source of critical metals, and environmental issues—a brief review
  publication-title: Miner. Miner. Mater
– volume: 146
  start-page: 156
  year: 2017
  end-page: 167
  ident: bb0550
  article-title: Amorphous liquid metal electrodes enabled conformable electrochemical therapy of tumors
  publication-title: Biomaterials
– volume: 7
  start-page: 14111
  year: 2019
  end-page: 14118
  ident: bb0690
  article-title: Decomposition of packaging materials and recycling gaas from waste ics by hydrothermal treatment
  publication-title: ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng.
– volume: 27
  start-page: 215
  year: 2007
  end-page: 225
  ident: bb0115
  article-title: Chemical analysis of iron meteorites by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
  publication-title: Geostand. Newslett.
– volume: 36
  start-page: 3530
  year: 2011
  end-page: 3536
  ident: bb0090
  article-title: Liquid metal based thermoelectric generation system for waste heat recovery
  publication-title: Renew. Energy
– volume: 99
  start-page: 1509
  year: 2004
  end-page: 1532
  ident: bb0310
  article-title: Textural, compositional, and sulfur isotope variations of sulfide minerals in the red dog zn-pb-ag deposits, brooks range, Alaska: implications for ore formation
  publication-title: Econ. Geol.
– year: 2017
  ident: bb0580
  article-title: Assessing Recycling Strategies for Critical Raw Materials in Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: Technische Universität Berlin
– volume: 40
  start-page: 278
  year: 2018
  end-page: 291
  ident: bb0475
  article-title: A review on separation of gallium and indium from leach liquors by solvent extraction and ion exchange
  publication-title: Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev.
– volume: 27
  start-page: 7109
  year: 2015
  end-page: 7116
  ident: bb0610
  article-title: Fast fabrication of flexible functional circuits based on liquid metal dual-trans printing
  publication-title: Adv. Mater.
– start-page: 13
  year: 2022
  ident: bb0080
  article-title: Genome mining to unravel potential metabolic pathways linked to gallium bioleaching ability of bacterial mine isolates
  publication-title: Front. Microbiol.
– volume: 58
  start-page: 853
  year: 2023
  end-page: 880
  ident: bb0575
  article-title: Germanium- and gallium-rich sphalerite in Mississippi valley–type deposits: the San Vicente district and the shalipayco deposit, Peru
  publication-title: Mineral. Deposita
– volume: 145
  year: 2021
  ident: bb0105
  article-title: A review of the current progress in recycling technologies for gallium and rare earth elements from light-emitting diodes
  publication-title: Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev.
– volume: 10
  start-page: 22889
  year: 2018
  end-page: 22895
  ident: bb0060
  article-title: Self-growing and serpentine locomotion of liquid metal induced by copper ions
  publication-title: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
– volume: 49
  start-page: 201
  year: 2021
  end-page: 230
  ident: bb0165
  article-title: Additive manufacture of low melting point metal porous materials: capabilities, potential applications and challenges
  publication-title: Mater. Today
– volume: 284
  year: 2021
  ident: bb0290
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from yellow phosphorus flue dust by vacuum carbothermal reduction
  publication-title: J. Clean. Prod.
– volume: 51
  start-page: 381
  year: 2021
  end-page: 408
  ident: bb0570
  article-title: Gallium liquid metal: the devil’s elixir
  publication-title: Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.
– reference: Li L, Chang H, Yong N, Li M, Hou Y, Rao W. Superior antibacterial activity of gallium based liquid metals due to ga(3+) induced intracellular ros generation. J. Mater. Chem. B 2021; 9: 85–93. doi:110.1039/d0tb00174k.
– reference: 2013a. doi:
– volume: 186
  start-page: 74
  year: 2021
  end-page: 86
  ident: bb0100
  article-title: Investigating extraterrestrial bodies as a source of critical minerals for renewable energy technology
  publication-title: Acta Astronaut.
– volume: 16
  start-page: 921
  year: 2003
  end-page: 929
  ident: bb0450
  article-title: Gallium: the backbone of the electronics industry
  publication-title: Miner. Eng.
– volume: 5
  start-page: 67
  year: 2022
  ident: bb0005
  article-title: Photovoltaic solar cells: a review
  publication-title: Appl. Syst. Innov.
– volume: 475
  year: 2023
  ident: bb0280
  article-title: A novel approach for recovering multiple valuable metals from gallium-rich residues of phosphorus flue dust by two-stage vacuum reduction
  publication-title: Chem. Eng. J.
– volume: 29
  start-page: 1307
  year: 2001
  end-page: 1310
  ident: bb0665
  article-title: Determination of trace impurities in high purity gallium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
  publication-title: Chin. J. Anal. Chem.
– volume: 12
  start-page: 2549
  year: 2019
  ident: bb0230
  article-title: Preparation of 6n, 7n high-purity gallium by crystallization: process optimization
  publication-title: Materials
– volume: 299
  start-page: 388
  year: 2015
  end-page: 394
  ident: bb0670
  article-title: Novel recycle technology for recovering rare metals (ga, in) from waste light-emitting diodes
  publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater.
– volume: 10
  year: 2022
  ident: bb0300
  article-title: Evolution of the anthropogenic gallium cycle in China from 2005 to 2020
  publication-title: Front. Energy
– volume: 560-561
  start-page: 474
  year: 2012
  end-page: 481
  ident: bb0015
  article-title: Separation of gallium from aluminum in fly ash digested solution by soda-lime sintering process
  publication-title: Mater. Sci. Technol.
– volume: 16
  start-page: 23
  year: 2022
  end-page: 48
  ident: bb0630
  article-title: Perspective on gallium-based room temperature liquid metal batteries
  publication-title: Front. Energy
– year: 1987
  ident: bb0320
  article-title: Method of Recovering Gallium from Scrap Containing Gallium
– volume: 10
  start-page: 17448
  year: 2018
  end-page: 17454
  ident: bb0315
  article-title: Cytotoxicity of gallium-indium liquid metal in an aqueous environment
  publication-title: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
– volume: 34
  year: 2024
  ident: bb0480
  article-title: Silver
  publication-title: Adv. Funct. Mater.
– volume: 6
  year: 2023
  ident: bb0145
  article-title: Integration of ion exchange resins and membrane technology for purification of boron from seawater desalination brines
  publication-title: Sci. Talks
– volume: 84
  start-page: 3605
  year: 1962
  end-page: 3610
  ident: bb0125
  article-title: Organometallic compounds of group iii. I. The preparation of gallium and indium alkyls from organoaluminum compounds
  publication-title: J. Am. Chem. Soc.
– volume: 138
  start-page: 58
  year: 2015
  end-page: 71
  ident: bb0520
  article-title: Evaluating the availability of gallium, indium, and tellurium from recycled photovoltaic modules
  publication-title: Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
– volume: 47
  start-page: 4073
  year: 2018
  end-page: 4111
  ident: bb0085
  article-title: Liquid metals: fundamentals and applications in chemistry
  publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev.
– year: 2024
  ident: bb0460
  article-title: Quantifying potential effects of china’s gallium and germanium export restrictions on the us economy
  publication-title: US Geological Survey
– volume: 142
  start-page: 22
  year: 2023
  end-page: 33
  ident: bb0160
  article-title: Gallium-based liquid metal micro/nanoparticles for photothermal cancer therapy
  publication-title: J. Mater. Res. Technol.
– volume: 9
  start-page: 379
  year: 2014
  end-page: 397
  ident: bb0430
  article-title: Promises and failures of gallium as an antibacterial agent
  publication-title: Future Microbiol.
– volume: 8
  year: 2017
  ident: bb0045
  article-title: Light-driven liquid metal nanotransformers for biomedical theranostics
  publication-title: Nat. Commun.
– reference: Ma R, Zhou Y-X, Liu J. Erasing and correction of liquid metal printed electronics made of gallium alloy ink from the substrate. arXiv: Applied Physics 2017. doi:
– volume: 7
  start-page: 4710
  year: 2017
  end-page: 4723
  ident: bb0535
  article-title: Catalytic performance of gallium oxide based-catalysts for the propane dehydrogenation reaction: effects of support and loading amount
  publication-title: RSC Adv.
– volume: 202
  year: 2024
  ident: bb0210
  article-title: Tracking two decades of global gallium stocks and flows: a dynamic material flow analysis
  publication-title: Resour. Conserv. Recycl.
– volume: 27
  start-page: 333
  year: 2009
  end-page: 343
  ident: bb0695
  article-title: Concentration of gallium in the permo-carboniferous coals of China
  publication-title: Energy Explor. Exploit.
– volume: 51
  start-page: 2243
  year: 2006
  end-page: 2252
  ident: bb0095
  article-title: Discovery of the superlarge gallium ore deposit in jungar, Inner mongolia, North China
  publication-title: Chin. Sci. Bull.
– volume: 57
  start-page: 367
  year: 2013
  end-page: 371
  ident: bb0470
  article-title: Status and prospects of world gallium production and the gallium market
  publication-title: Metallurgist
– volume: 5
  start-page: 8824
  year: 2015
  ident: bb0455
  article-title: Prolonged-acting, multi-targeting gallium nanoparticles potently inhibit growth of both hiv and mycobacteria in co-infected human macrophages
  publication-title: Sci. Rep.
– volume: 424
  year: 2022
  ident: bb0285
  article-title: A clean process for phosphorus recovery and gallium enrichment from phosphorus flue dust by sodium carbonate roasting
  publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater.
– volume: 49
  start-page: 5704
  year: 2015
  end-page: 5712
  ident: bb0390
  article-title: The global anthropogenic gallium system: determinants of demand, supply and efficiency improvements
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Technol.
– volume: 36
  start-page: 1048
  year: 2018
  end-page: 1062
  ident: bb0500
  article-title: Bio-recycling of metals: recycling of technical products using biological applications
  publication-title: Biotechnol. Adv.
– volume: 12
  start-page: 2061
  year: 2022
  ident: bb0270
  article-title: Gallium oxide nanostructures: a review of synthesis, properties and applications
  publication-title: Nanomaterials
– volume: 195
  start-page: 7859
  year: 2023
  end-page: 7888
  ident: bb0440
  article-title: A critical review on the recovery of base and critical elements from electronic waste-contaminated streams using microbial biotechnology
  publication-title: Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.
– volume: 34
  year: 2023
  ident: bb0720
  article-title: Lignin-based encapsulation of liquid metal particles for flexible and high-efficiently recyclable electronics
  publication-title: Adv. Funct. Mater.
– volume: 61
  start-page: 2161
  year: 2014
  end-page: 2166
  ident: bb0605
  article-title: Liquid metal angiography for mega contrast x-ray visualization of vascular network in reconstructing in-vitro organ anatomy
  publication-title: IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.
– volume: 47
  start-page: 2518
  year: 2018
  end-page: 2533
  ident: bb0650
  article-title: Advances in liquid metals for biomedical applications
  publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev.
– volume: 18
  year: 2022
  ident: bb0215
  article-title: Healable, recyclable, and multifunctional soft electronics based on biopolymer hydrogel and patterned liquid metal
  publication-title: Small
– volume: 61
  start-page: 945
  year: 2013
  end-page: 951
  ident: bb0110
  article-title: Development of gallium-nitride-based light-emitting diodes (leds) and laser diodes for energy-efficient lighting and displays
  publication-title: Acta Mater.
– reference: Li F, Liu F, Huang K, Yang S. Advancement of gallium and gallium-based compounds as antimicrobial agents. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2022; 10: 827960. doi:110.3389/fbioe.2022.827960.
– reference: Hu D, Ma BZ, Li X, Lv YW, Zhang WJ, Chen YQ, et al. Efficient separation and recovery of gallium and indium in spent cigs materials. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022; 282: Part B. doi:
– start-page: 103
  year: 2013
  ident: bb0385
  article-title: Development of three-dimension microelectrode array for bioelectric measurement using the liquidmetal-micromolding technique
  publication-title: Appl. Phys. Lett.
– reference: Gao W, Wang Y, Wang Q, Ma G, Liu J. Liquid metal biomaterials for biomedical imaging. J. Mater. Chem. B 2022; 10: 829–842. doi:110.1039/D1TB02399C.
– volume: 50
  start-page: 2596
  year: 2015
  end-page: 2605
  ident: bb0490
  article-title: Recovery of gallium and aluminum from electrofilter dust of alumina calcination plant in bayer process
  publication-title: Sep. Sci. Technol.
– volume: 113
  year: 2025
  ident: bb0735
  article-title: Liquid metal-based conductive nerve guidance conduit combined with electrical stimulation boosts peripheral nerve repair
  publication-title: J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A
– volume: 6
  year: 2015
  ident: bb0405
  publication-title: Transformable liquid-metal nanomedicine. Nat. Commun.
– volume: 216
  year: 2022
  ident: bb0560
  article-title: Towards an artificial peripheral nerve: liquid metal-based fluidic cuff electrodes for long-term nerve stimulation and recording
  publication-title: Biosens. Bioelectron.
– volume: 10
  start-page: 1
  year: 2024
  end-page: 12
  ident: bb0625
  article-title: Basic study on the synergistic extraction of v and ga from bayer mother liquor of alumina production
  publication-title: J. Sust. Metall.
– reference: Yoon J, Yang J. Study of refining and purification processing of gallium metal as a raw materials for compound semiconductor. ECS Meeting Abstracts. The Electrochemical Society, Inc., 2020, pp. 1799-1799.
– volume: 41
  start-page: 187
  year: 1996
  end-page: 200
  ident: bb0140
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from coal fly ash
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
– volume: 400
  year: 2020
  ident: bb0275
  article-title: A new method of recycling gallium from yellow phosphorus flue dust by vacuum thermal reduction process
  publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater.
– volume: 311
  start-page: 1521
  year: 2009
  end-page: 1528
  ident: bb0185
  article-title: Numerical study and experimental investigation of zone refining in ultra-high purification of gallium and its use in the growth of gaas epitaxial layers
  publication-title: J. Cryst. Growth
– volume: 175
  start-page: 124
  year: 2018
  end-page: 132
  ident: bb0395
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from bayer red mud through acidic-leaching-ion-exchange process under normal atmospheric pressure
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
– volume: 91
  start-page: 471
  year: 1988
  end-page: 480
  ident: bb0485
  article-title: Elementary process of the thermal decomposition of alkyl gallium
  publication-title: J. Cryst. Growth
– volume: 2022
  start-page: 1
  year: 2022
  end-page: 7
  ident: bb0515
  article-title: Review and evaluation of power devices and semiconductor materials based on si, sic, and ga-n
  publication-title: J. Nanomater.
– volume: 47
  start-page: 38
  year: 2016
  end-page: 50
  ident: bb0155
  article-title: On the current and future availability of gallium
  publication-title: Res. Policy
– volume: 109
  start-page: 2079
  year: 2014
  end-page: 2101
  ident: bb0445
  article-title: Constraints on water depth of massive sulfide formation: evidence from modern seafloor hydrothermal systems in arc-related settings
  publication-title: Econ. Geol.
– volume: 1
  start-page: 384
  year: 2007
  end-page: 402
  ident: bb0410
  article-title: Liquid metal cooling in thermal management of computer chips
  publication-title: Front. Energy Power Eng. China
– reference: Butcher T, Brown T. Gallium. In: Gunn G, editor. Critical metals handbook, 2014, pp. 150–176.
– volume: 11
  year: 2023
  ident: bb0260
  article-title: The production of high-purity gallium from waste leds by combining sulfuric acid digestion, cation-exchange and electrowinning
  publication-title: J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
– volume: 59
  year: 2024
  ident: bb0180
  article-title: A review on the zone refining process technology toward ultra-purification of gallium for gaas/Gan-based optoelectronic device applications
  publication-title: Cryst. Res. Technol.
– volume: 112
  start-page: 485
  year: 2008
  end-page: 489
  ident: bb0510
  article-title: Purification of gallium from indian raw material sources from 4n/5n to 6n5 purity
  publication-title: Mater. Chem. Phys.
– volume: 27
  start-page: 2648
  year: 2015
  end-page: 2655
  ident: bb0680
  article-title: Self-fueled biomimetic liquid metal mollusk
  publication-title: Adv. Mater.
– volume: 265
  year: 2021
  ident: bb0705
  article-title: A stepwise separation process for selective recovery of gallium from hydrochloric acid leach liquor of coal fly ash
  publication-title: Sep. Purif. Technol.
– volume: 15
  start-page: 371
  year: 2016
  end-page: 382
  ident: bb0205
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from coal fly ash by a dual reactive extraction process
  publication-title: Waste Manag. Res.
– volume: 205
  year: 2021
  ident: bb0685
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from leach solutions of zinc refinery residues by stepwise solvent extraction with n235 and cyanex 272
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
– volume: 191
  year: 2020
  ident: bb0425
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from waste leds by oxidation and subsequent leaching
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
– volume: 13
  start-page: 290
  year: 2018
  ident: bb0645
  article-title: An overview of the ultrawide bandgap ga(2)o(3) semiconductor-based schottky barrier diode for power electronics application
  publication-title: Nanoscale Res. Lett.
– volume: 17
  year: 2018
  ident: bb0380
  article-title: Liquid metal biomaterials
– volume: 748
  year: 2020
  ident: bb0130
  article-title: Environmental impact of desalination technologies: a review
  publication-title: Sci. Total Environ.
– volume: 241
  year: 2022
  ident: bb0370
  article-title: High-yield recycling and recovery of copper, indium, and gallium from waste copper indium gallium selenide thin-film solar panels
  publication-title: Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
– volume: 361
  start-page: 252
  year: 2007
  end-page: 256
  ident: bb0415
  article-title: Nano liquid-metal fluid as ultimate coolant
  publication-title: Phys. Lett. A
– volume: 9
  start-page: 1251
  year: 2019
  ident: bb0255
  article-title: Investigation on the effect of roasting and leaching parameters on recovery of gallium from solid waste coal fly ash
  publication-title: Metals
– volume: 216
  year: 2022
  ident: bb0565
  article-title: Towards an artificial peripheral nerve: liquid metal-based fluidic cuff electrodes for long-term nerve stimulation and recording
  publication-title: Biosens. Bioelectron.
– volume: 104
  year: 2008
  ident: bb0190
  article-title: A modeling approach for the purification of group iii metals (ga and in) by zone refining
  publication-title: J. Appl. Phys.
– volume: 9
  start-page: 10953
  year: 2021
  end-page: 10965
  ident: bb0050
  article-title: Recyclable, weldable, mechanically durable, and programmable liquid metal-elastomer composites
  publication-title: J. Mater. Chem. A
– volume: 40
  start-page: 1
  year: 2019
  end-page: 12
  ident: bb0600
  article-title: Gallium: from the backbone of electronic industry to full blooming
  publication-title: Chin. J. Chem. Educ.
– volume: 7
  start-page: 921
  year: 2019
  ident: bb0070
  article-title: A process for the recovery of gallium from gallium arsenide scrap
  publication-title: Processes
– reference: Chirila A, Reinhard P, Pianezzi F, Bloesch P, Uhl AR, Fella C, et al. Potassium-induced surface modification of cu(in,ga)se-2 thin films for high-efficiency solar cells. Nat. Mater. 2013; 12: 1107–1111. doi:
– volume: 169
  start-page: 564
  year: 2017
  end-page: 570
  ident: bb0365
  article-title: Recovery and separation of gallium(iii) and germanium(iv) from zinc refinery residues: part i: leaching and iron(iii) removal
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
– volume: 51
  start-page: 580
  year: 2017
  end-page: 586
  ident: bb0545
  article-title: Electrolytic recovery of gallium from alkali aluminate bayer process solutions
  publication-title: Theor. Found. Chem. Eng.
– volume: 127
  start-page: 140
  year: 2021
  ident: bb0505
  article-title: Bilayer cigs-based solar cell device for enhanced performance: a numerical approach
  publication-title: Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process.
– volume: 102
  start-page: 403
  year: 2020
  end-page: 415
  ident: bb0240
  article-title: Soft liquid metal nanoparticles achieve reduced crystal nucleation and ultrarapid rewarming for human bone marrow stromal cell and blood vessel cryopreservation
  publication-title: Acta Biomater.
– volume: 70
  start-page: 175
  year: 2016
  end-page: 187
  ident: bb0495
  article-title: News from the seabed – geological characteristics and resource potential of deep-sea mineral resources
  publication-title: Mar. Policy
– volume: 347
  year: 2023
  ident: bb0715
  article-title: Recovery technologies for indium, gallium, and germanium from end-of-life products (electronic waste) - a review
  publication-title: J. Environ. Manag.
– volume: 29
  year: 2019
  ident: bb0615
  article-title: Printed conformable liquid metal e-skin-enabled spatiotemporally controlled bioelectromagnetics for wireless multisite tumor therapy
  publication-title: Adv. Funct. Mater.
– volume: 216
  start-page: 329
  year: 2021
  end-page: 337
  ident: bb0020
  article-title: Influence of back surface field layer on enhancing the efficiency of cigs solar cell
  publication-title: Sol. Energy
– volume: 146
  start-page: 366
  year: 2019
  end-page: 372
  ident: bb0725
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from waste light emitting diodes by oxalic acidic leaching
  publication-title: Resour. Conserv. Recycl.
– volume: 362
  start-page: 467
  year: 2019
  end-page: 481
  ident: bb0265
  article-title: Biotechnological strategies for the recovery of valuable and critical raw materials from waste electrical and electronic equipment (weee) – a review
  publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater.
– volume: 8
  start-page: 2874
  year: 2020
  end-page: 2882
  ident: bb0675
  article-title: Novel recycle technology for recovering gallium arsenide from scraped integrated circuits
  publication-title: ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng.
– volume: 35
  year: 2023
  ident: bb0595
  article-title: Liquid metal combinatorics toward materials discovery
  publication-title: Adv. Mater.
– volume: 86
  start-page: 172
  year: 2007
  end-page: 177
  ident: bb0640
  article-title: Study on the recovery of gallium from phosphorus flue dust by leaching with spent sulfuric acid solution and precipitation
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
– volume: 317
  year: 2022
  ident: bb0525
  article-title: Selective removal and recovery of gallium and germanium from synthetic zinc refinery residues using biosorption and bioprecipitation
  publication-title: J. Environ. Manag.
– reference: Survey USG. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024. Mineral Commodity Summaries. National Minerals Information Center, Reston, VA, 2024, pp. 212 p.
– volume: 381
  year: 2020
  ident: bb0710
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from sulfuric acid leach liquor of coal fly ash by stepwise separation using p507 and cyanex 272
  publication-title: Chem. Eng. J.
– volume: 689
  start-page: 332
  year: 2019
  end-page: 340
  ident: bb0120
  article-title: Forecasting the temporal stock generation and recycling potential of metals towards a sustainable future: the case of gallium in China
  publication-title: Sci. Total Environ.
– start-page: 1
  year: 2013
  end-page: 26
  ident: bb0195
  article-title: Gallium and gallium compounds
  publication-title: Kirk-othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology
– volume: 125
  start-page: 115
  year: 2012
  end-page: 124
  ident: bb0700
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from bayer liquor: a review
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
– reference: .
– volume: 60
  start-page: 534
  year: 2017
  end-page: 545
  ident: bb0585
  article-title: Challenges for critical raw material recovery from weee - the case study of gallium
  publication-title: Waste Manag. Res.
– volume: 355
  start-page: 48
  year: 2023
  end-page: 61
  ident: bb0135
  article-title: A first look at the gallium-aluminium systematics of early earth’s seawater: evidence from neoarchean banded iron formation
  publication-title: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
– year: 2023
  ident: bb0435
  article-title: National mineral resources reserves statistics table 2022 (china)
– volume: 2
  start-page: 1446
  year: 2020
  end-page: 1480
  ident: bb0055
  publication-title: Liquid metal composites. Matter
– reference: Xu H, Lu J, Xi Y, Wang X, Liu J. Liquid metal biomaterials: translational medicines, challenges and perspectives. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2024; 11: nwad302.
– volume: 31
  start-page: 3
  year: 2013
  end-page: 16
  ident: bb0040
  article-title: Data availability and the need for research to localize, quantify and recycle critical metals in information technology, telecommunication and consumer equipment
  publication-title: Waste Manag. Res.
– volume: 311
  year: 2023
  ident: bb0295
  article-title: Gallium and other valuable components recovery from phosphorus flue dust by a novel process combining vacuum chlorination and water leaching
  publication-title: Sep. Purif. Technol.
– volume: 7
  year: 2018
  ident: bb0620
  article-title: Soft and moldable mg-doped liquid metal for conformable skin tumor photothermal therapy
  publication-title: Adv. Healthc. Mater.
– volume: 239
  start-page: 17
  year: 2018
  end-page: 48
  ident: bb0030
  article-title: The chemical composition of carbonaceous chondrites: implications for volatile element depletion, complementarity and alteration
  publication-title: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
– volume: 174
  start-page: 105
  year: 2017
  end-page: 115
  ident: bb0400
  article-title: Resources and extraction of gallium: a review
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
– year: 2017
  ident: bb0150
  article-title: Gallium
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0465
– volume: 42
  start-page: 1712
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0250
  article-title: Exploring a promising technology for the extraction of gallium from coal fly ash
  publication-title: Int. J. Coal Prep. Util.
  doi: 10.1080/19392699.2020.1755662
– volume: 195
  start-page: 7859
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0440
  article-title: A critical review on the recovery of base and critical elements from electronic waste-contaminated streams using microbial biotechnology
  publication-title: Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.
  doi: 10.1007/s12010-023-04440-x
– volume: 27
  start-page: 215
  year: 2007
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0115
  article-title: Chemical analysis of iron meteorites by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
  publication-title: Geostand. Newslett.
  doi: 10.1111/j.1751-908X.2003.tb00723.x
– volume: 5
  start-page: 67
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0005
  article-title: Photovoltaic solar cells: a review
  publication-title: Appl. Syst. Innov.
  doi: 10.3390/asi5040067
– volume: 424
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0285
  article-title: A clean process for phosphorus recovery and gallium enrichment from phosphorus flue dust by sodium carbonate roasting
  publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127580
– volume: 16
  start-page: 921
  year: 2003
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0450
  article-title: Gallium: the backbone of the electronics industry
  publication-title: Miner. Eng.
  doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2003.08.003
– volume: 216
  start-page: 329
  year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0020
  article-title: Influence of back surface field layer on enhancing the efficiency of cigs solar cell
  publication-title: Sol. Energy
  doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2021.01.032
– volume: 202
  year: 2024
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0210
  article-title: Tracking two decades of global gallium stocks and flows: a dynamic material flow analysis
  publication-title: Resour. Conserv. Recycl.
  doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107391
– volume: 10
  start-page: 22889
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0060
  article-title: Self-growing and serpentine locomotion of liquid metal induced by copper ions
  publication-title: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
  doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b07649
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0220
  doi: 10.1201/9781315380476
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0245
  doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120087
– volume: 49
  start-page: 125
  year: 1998
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0335
  article-title: A study on the extraction of gallium from gallium arsenide scrap
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
  doi: 10.1016/S0304-386X(98)00016-4
– volume: 113
  year: 2025
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0735
  article-title: Liquid metal-based conductive nerve guidance conduit combined with electrical stimulation boosts peripheral nerve repair
  publication-title: J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A
  doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.37880
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0435
– volume: 50
  start-page: 2596
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0490
  article-title: Recovery of gallium and aluminum from electrofilter dust of alumina calcination plant in bayer process
  publication-title: Sep. Sci. Technol.
– volume: 7
  start-page: 14111
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0690
  article-title: Decomposition of packaging materials and recycling gaas from waste ics by hydrothermal treatment
  publication-title: ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng.
  doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02724
– volume: 7
  start-page: 921
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0070
  article-title: A process for the recovery of gallium from gallium arsenide scrap
  publication-title: Processes
  doi: 10.3390/pr7120921
– volume: 18
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0215
  article-title: Healable, recyclable, and multifunctional soft electronics based on biopolymer hydrogel and patterned liquid metal
  publication-title: Small
  doi: 10.1002/smll.202201643
– volume: 8
  start-page: 2874
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0675
  article-title: Novel recycle technology for recovering gallium arsenide from scraped integrated circuits
  publication-title: ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng.
  doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b07006
– volume: 142
  start-page: 22
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0160
  article-title: Gallium-based liquid metal micro/nanoparticles for photothermal cancer therapy
  publication-title: J. Mater. Res. Technol.
– volume: 51
  start-page: 381
  year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0570
  article-title: Gallium liquid metal: the devil’s elixir
  publication-title: Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.
  doi: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-080819-125403
– volume: 8
  start-page: 2173
  year: 2016
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0730
  article-title: An integrated liquid cooling system based on galinstan liquid metal droplets
  publication-title: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
  doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b10769
– volume: 748
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0130
  article-title: Environmental impact of desalination technologies: a review
  publication-title: Sci. Total Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528
– volume: 29
  start-page: 1307
  year: 2001
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0665
  article-title: Determination of trace impurities in high purity gallium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
  publication-title: Chin. J. Anal. Chem.
– volume: 6
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0145
  article-title: Integration of ion exchange resins and membrane technology for purification of boron from seawater desalination brines
  publication-title: Sci. Talks
  doi: 10.1016/j.sctalk.2023.100221
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0345
  doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.827960
– volume: 9
  start-page: 5908
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0170
  article-title: Microchannel structural design for a room-temperature liquid metal based super-stretchable sensor
  publication-title: Sci. Rep.
  doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42457-7
– volume: 138
  start-page: 58
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0520
  article-title: Evaluating the availability of gallium, indium, and tellurium from recycled photovoltaic modules
  publication-title: Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
  doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2015.02.027
– volume: 61
  start-page: 945
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0110
  article-title: Development of gallium-nitride-based light-emitting diodes (leds) and laser diodes for energy-efficient lighting and displays
  publication-title: Acta Mater.
  doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.042
– volume: 191
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0425
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from waste leds by oxidation and subsequent leaching
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
  doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105230
– volume: 8
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0045
  article-title: Light-driven liquid metal nanotransformers for biomedical theranostics
  publication-title: Nat. Commun.
  doi: 10.1038/ncomms15432
– volume: 8
  start-page: 861
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0065
  article-title: Recycling the Gan waste from led industry by pressurized leaching method
  publication-title: Metals
  doi: 10.3390/met8100861
– volume: 41
  start-page: 187
  year: 1996
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0140
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from coal fly ash
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
  doi: 10.1016/0304-386X(95)00055-L
– volume: 475
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0280
  article-title: A novel approach for recovering multiple valuable metals from gallium-rich residues of phosphorus flue dust by two-stage vacuum reduction
  publication-title: Chem. Eng. J.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.146151
– volume: 205
  year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0685
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from leach solutions of zinc refinery residues by stepwise solvent extraction with n235 and cyanex 272
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
  doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105722
– year: 2017
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0150
– volume: 49
  start-page: 201
  year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0165
  article-title: Additive manufacture of low melting point metal porous materials: capabilities, potential applications and challenges
  publication-title: Mater. Today
  doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2021.03.019
– volume: 61
  start-page: 939
  year: 2016
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0360
  article-title: Liquid metal as reconnection agent for peripheral nerve injury
  publication-title: Sci. Bull.
  doi: 10.1007/s11434-016-1090-2
– volume: 7
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0620
  article-title: Soft and moldable mg-doped liquid metal for conformable skin tumor photothermal therapy
  publication-title: Adv. Healthc. Mater.
  doi: 10.1002/adhm.201800318
– volume: 216
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0560
  article-title: Towards an artificial peripheral nerve: liquid metal-based fluidic cuff electrodes for long-term nerve stimulation and recording
  publication-title: Biosens. Bioelectron.
  doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114600
– volume: 689
  start-page: 332
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0120
  article-title: Forecasting the temporal stock generation and recycling potential of metals towards a sustainable future: the case of gallium in China
  publication-title: Sci. Total Environ.
  doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.413
– volume: 84
  start-page: 3605
  year: 1962
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0125
  article-title: Organometallic compounds of group iii. I. The preparation of gallium and indium alkyls from organoaluminum compounds
  publication-title: J. Am. Chem. Soc.
  doi: 10.1021/ja00878a001
– volume: 17
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0380
– volume: 1
  start-page: 384
  year: 2007
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0410
  article-title: Liquid metal cooling in thermal management of computer chips
  publication-title: Front. Energy Power Eng. China
  doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0057-3
– volume: 127
  start-page: 140
  year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0505
  article-title: Bilayer cigs-based solar cell device for enhanced performance: a numerical approach
  publication-title: Appl. Phys. A Mater. Sci. Process.
  doi: 10.1007/s00339-021-04298-y
– volume: 146
  start-page: 366
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0725
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from waste light emitting diodes by oxalic acidic leaching
  publication-title: Resour. Conserv. Recycl.
  doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.04.002
– volume: 11
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0260
  article-title: The production of high-purity gallium from waste leds by combining sulfuric acid digestion, cation-exchange and electrowinning
  publication-title: J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2023.110391
– start-page: 1
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0195
  article-title: Gallium and gallium compounds
  publication-title: Kirk-othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology
– volume: 311
  start-page: 1521
  year: 2009
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0185
  article-title: Numerical study and experimental investigation of zone refining in ultra-high purification of gallium and its use in the growth of gaas epitaxial layers
  publication-title: J. Cryst. Growth
  doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2009.01.102
– volume: 6
  start-page: 154
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0350
  article-title: Three-dimensional flexible electronics using solidified liquid metal with regulated plasticity
  publication-title: Nat. Electron.
  doi: 10.1038/s41928-022-00914-8
– volume: 58
  start-page: 853
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0575
  article-title: Germanium- and gallium-rich sphalerite in Mississippi valley–type deposits: the San Vicente district and the shalipayco deposit, Peru
  publication-title: Mineral. Deposita
  doi: 10.1007/s00126-023-01160-4
– volume: 347
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0715
  article-title: Recovery technologies for indium, gallium, and germanium from end-of-life products (electronic waste) - a review
  publication-title: J. Environ. Manag.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119043
– start-page: 13
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0080
  article-title: Genome mining to unravel potential metabolic pathways linked to gallium bioleaching ability of bacterial mine isolates
  publication-title: Front. Microbiol.
– volume: 16
  start-page: 23
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0630
  article-title: Perspective on gallium-based room temperature liquid metal batteries
  publication-title: Front. Energy
  doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0815-y
– volume: 52
  start-page: 534
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0225
  article-title: Harnessing the rheological properties of liquid metals to shape soft electronic conductors for wearable applications
  publication-title: Acc. Chem. Res.
  doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00489
– volume: 9
  start-page: 10953
  year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0050
  article-title: Recyclable, weldable, mechanically durable, and programmable liquid metal-elastomer composites
  publication-title: J. Mater. Chem. A
  doi: 10.1039/D0TA11403K
– volume: 1
  start-page: 269
  year: 1987
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0325
  article-title: Characterization of high-purity gallium
  publication-title: Mikrochim. Acta
  doi: 10.1007/BF01199502
– volume: 109
  start-page: 2079
  year: 2014
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0445
  article-title: Constraints on water depth of massive sulfide formation: evidence from modern seafloor hydrothermal systems in arc-related settings
  publication-title: Econ. Geol.
  doi: 10.2113/econgeo.109.8.2079
– volume: 9
  start-page: 1251
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0255
  article-title: Investigation on the effect of roasting and leaching parameters on recovery of gallium from solid waste coal fly ash
  publication-title: Metals
  doi: 10.3390/met9121251
– volume: 13
  start-page: 290
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0645
  article-title: An overview of the ultrawide bandgap ga(2)o(3) semiconductor-based schottky barrier diode for power electronics application
  publication-title: Nanoscale Res. Lett.
  doi: 10.1186/s11671-018-2712-1
– volume: 6
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0405
  publication-title: Transformable liquid-metal nanomedicine. Nat. Commun.
– volume: 35
  start-page: 9789
  year: 2014
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0655
  article-title: Liquid-solid phase transition alloy as reversible and rapid molding bone cement
  publication-title: Biomaterials
  doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.048
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0355
  doi: 10.1039/D0TB00174K
– year: 2024
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0460
  article-title: Quantifying potential effects of china’s gallium and germanium export restrictions on the us economy
  publication-title: US Geological Survey
– year: 2017
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0580
– volume: 241
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0370
  article-title: High-yield recycling and recovery of copper, indium, and gallium from waste copper indium gallium selenide thin-film solar panels
  publication-title: Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
  doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2022.111691
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0420
– volume: 10
  start-page: 1
  year: 2024
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0625
  article-title: Basic study on the synergistic extraction of v and ga from bayer mother liquor of alumina production
  publication-title: J. Sust. Metall.
– volume: 169
  start-page: 564
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0365
  article-title: Recovery and separation of gallium(iii) and germanium(iv) from zinc refinery residues: part i: leaching and iron(iii) removal
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
  doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.03.006
– volume: 112
  start-page: 485
  year: 2008
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0510
  article-title: Purification of gallium from indian raw material sources from 4n/5n to 6n5 purity
  publication-title: Mater. Chem. Phys.
  doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.06.017
– volume: 265
  year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0705
  article-title: A stepwise separation process for selective recovery of gallium from hydrochloric acid leach liquor of coal fly ash
  publication-title: Sep. Purif. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118455
– volume: 167
  start-page: 503
  year: 1970
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0010
  article-title: Gallium, germanium, indium, and iridium in lunar samples
  publication-title: Science
  doi: 10.1126/science.167.3918.503
– volume: 12
  start-page: 2549
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0235
  article-title: Preparation of 6n,7n high-purity gallium by crystallization: process optimization
  publication-title: Materials
  doi: 10.3390/ma12162549
– volume: 86
  start-page: 172
  year: 2007
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0640
  article-title: Study on the recovery of gallium from phosphorus flue dust by leaching with spent sulfuric acid solution and precipitation
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
  doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.11.013
– volume: 560-561
  start-page: 474
  year: 2012
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0015
  article-title: Separation of gallium from aluminum in fly ash digested solution by soda-lime sintering process
  publication-title: Mater. Sci. Technol.
– volume: 2
  start-page: 1446
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0055
  publication-title: Liquid metal composites. Matter
– volume: 284
  year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0290
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from yellow phosphorus flue dust by vacuum carbothermal reduction
  publication-title: J. Clean. Prod.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124706
– volume: 361
  start-page: 252
  year: 2007
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0415
  article-title: Nano liquid-metal fluid as ultimate coolant
  publication-title: Phys. Lett. A
  doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2006.09.041
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0660
  doi: 10.1149/MA2020-02251799mtgabs
– volume: 311
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0295
  article-title: Gallium and other valuable components recovery from phosphorus flue dust by a novel process combining vacuum chlorination and water leaching
  publication-title: Sep. Purif. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123364
– volume: 10
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0300
  article-title: Evolution of the anthropogenic gallium cycle in China from 2005 to 2020
  publication-title: Front. Energy
– year: 2014
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0200
– volume: 146
  start-page: 156
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0550
  article-title: Amorphous liquid metal electrodes enabled conformable electrochemical therapy of tumors
  publication-title: Biomaterials
  doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.006
– volume: 17
  start-page: 125
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0330
  article-title: Gallium containing bioactive materials: a review of anticancer, antibacterial, and osteogenic properties
  publication-title: Bioact. Mater.
– volume: 29
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0615
  article-title: Printed conformable liquid metal e-skin-enabled spatiotemporally controlled bioelectromagnetics for wireless multisite tumor therapy
  publication-title: Adv. Funct. Mater.
  doi: 10.1002/adfm.201907063
– volume: 36
  start-page: 3530
  year: 2011
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0090
  article-title: Liquid metal based thermoelectric generation system for waste heat recovery
  publication-title: Renew. Energy
  doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.012
– volume: 47
  start-page: 38
  year: 2016
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0155
  article-title: On the current and future availability of gallium
  publication-title: Res. Policy
  doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2015.11.005
– volume: 40
  start-page: 278
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0475
  article-title: A review on separation of gallium and indium from leach liquors by solvent extraction and ion exchange
  publication-title: Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev.
  doi: 10.1080/08827508.2018.1538987
– volume: 51
  start-page: 580
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0545
  article-title: Electrolytic recovery of gallium from alkali aluminate bayer process solutions
  publication-title: Theor. Found. Chem. Eng.
  doi: 10.1134/S0040579517040133
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0555
– volume: 400
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0275
  article-title: A new method of recycling gallium from yellow phosphorus flue dust by vacuum thermal reduction process
  publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123234
– volume: 317
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0525
  article-title: Selective removal and recovery of gallium and germanium from synthetic zinc refinery residues using biosorption and bioprecipitation
  publication-title: J. Environ. Manag.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115396
– volume: 27
  start-page: 7109
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0610
  article-title: Fast fabrication of flexible functional circuits based on liquid metal dual-trans printing
  publication-title: Adv. Mater.
  doi: 10.1002/adma.201502200
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0375
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0075
  doi: 10.1038/nmat3789
– volume: 40
  start-page: 1
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0600
  article-title: Gallium: from the backbone of electronic industry to full blooming
  publication-title: Chin. J. Chem. Educ.
– volume: 31
  start-page: 3
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0040
  article-title: Data availability and the need for research to localize, quantify and recycle critical metals in information technology, telecommunication and consumer equipment
  publication-title: Waste Manag. Res.
  doi: 10.1177/0734242X13499814
– volume: 34
  year: 2024
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0480
  article-title: Silvergallium nano-amalgamated particles as a novel, biocompatible solution for antibacterial coatings
  publication-title: Adv. Funct. Mater.
– volume: 216
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0565
  article-title: Towards an artificial peripheral nerve: liquid metal-based fluidic cuff electrodes for long-term nerve stimulation and recording
  publication-title: Biosens. Bioelectron.
  doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114600
– volume: 15
  start-page: 371
  year: 2016
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0205
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from coal fly ash by a dual reactive extraction process
  publication-title: Waste Manag. Res.
  doi: 10.1177/0734242X9701500405
– volume: 47
  start-page: 2518
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0650
  article-title: Advances in liquid metals for biomedical applications
  publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev.
  doi: 10.1039/C7CS00309A
– volume: 9
  start-page: 379
  year: 2014
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0430
  article-title: Promises and failures of gallium as an antibacterial agent
  publication-title: Future Microbiol.
  doi: 10.2217/fmb.14.3
– volume: 60
  start-page: 534
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0585
  article-title: Challenges for critical raw material recovery from weee - the case study of gallium
  publication-title: Waste Manag. Res.
  doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.035
– volume: 10
  start-page: 17448
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0315
  article-title: Cytotoxicity of gallium-indium liquid metal in an aqueous environment
  publication-title: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
  doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b02320
– volume: 27
  start-page: 2648
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0680
  article-title: Self-fueled biomimetic liquid metal mollusk
  publication-title: Adv. Mater.
  doi: 10.1002/adma.201405438
– volume: 125
  start-page: 115
  year: 2012
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0700
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from bayer liquor: a review
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
  doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.06.002
– volume: 186
  start-page: 74
  year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0100
  article-title: Investigating extraterrestrial bodies as a source of critical minerals for renewable energy technology
  publication-title: Acta Astronaut.
  doi: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.05.021
– volume: 49
  start-page: 5704
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0390
  article-title: The global anthropogenic gallium system: determinants of demand, supply and efficiency improvements
  publication-title: Environ. Sci. Technol.
  doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00320
– volume: 175
  start-page: 124
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0395
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from bayer red mud through acidic-leaching-ion-exchange process under normal atmospheric pressure
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
  doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.10.032
– volume: 91
  start-page: 471
  year: 1988
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0485
  article-title: Elementary process of the thermal decomposition of alkyl gallium
  publication-title: J. Cryst. Growth
  doi: 10.1016/0022-0248(88)90114-5
– volume: 35
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0595
  article-title: Liquid metal combinatorics toward materials discovery
  publication-title: Adv. Mater.
  doi: 10.1002/adma.202370372
– year: 1987
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0320
– volume: 299
  start-page: 388
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0670
  article-title: Novel recycle technology for recovering rare metals (ga, in) from waste light-emitting diodes
  publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.029
– start-page: 103
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0385
  article-title: Development of three-dimension microelectrode array for bioelectric measurement using the liquidmetal-micromolding technique
  publication-title: Appl. Phys. Lett.
– volume: 174
  start-page: 105
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0400
  article-title: Resources and extraction of gallium: a review
  publication-title: Hydrometallurgy
  doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2017.10.010
– volume: 61
  start-page: 2161
  year: 2014
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0605
  article-title: Liquid metal angiography for mega contrast x-ray visualization of vascular network in reconstructing in-vitro organ anatomy
  publication-title: IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.
  doi: 10.1109/TBME.2014.2317554
– volume: 34
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0720
  article-title: Lignin-based encapsulation of liquid metal particles for flexible and high-efficiently recyclable electronics
  publication-title: Adv. Funct. Mater.
– volume: 145
  year: 2021
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0105
  article-title: A review of the current progress in recycling technologies for gallium and rare earth elements from light-emitting diodes
  publication-title: Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev.
  doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111090
– volume: 36
  start-page: 1048
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0500
  article-title: Bio-recycling of metals: recycling of technical products using biological applications
  publication-title: Biotechnol. Adv.
  doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.006
– volume: 70
  start-page: 175
  year: 2016
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0495
  article-title: News from the seabed – geological characteristics and resource potential of deep-sea mineral resources
  publication-title: Mar. Policy
  doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2016.03.012
– volume: 27
  start-page: 333
  year: 2009
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0695
  article-title: Concentration of gallium in the permo-carboniferous coals of China
  publication-title: Energy Explor. Exploit.
  doi: 10.1260/0144-5987.27.5.333
– volume: 59
  year: 2024
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0180
  article-title: A review on the zone refining process technology toward ultra-purification of gallium for gaas/Gan-based optoelectronic device applications
  publication-title: Cryst. Res. Technol.
  doi: 10.1002/crat.202300347
– volume: 12
  start-page: 2549
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0230
  article-title: Preparation of 6n, 7n high-purity gallium by crystallization: process optimization
  publication-title: Materials
  doi: 10.3390/ma12162549
– volume: 57
  start-page: 367
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0470
  article-title: Status and prospects of world gallium production and the gallium market
  publication-title: Metallurgist
  doi: 10.1007/s11015-013-9740-y
– volume: 61
  start-page: 87
  year: 1998
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0540
  article-title: Dissolved gallium in the Atlantic Ocean
  publication-title: Mar. Chem.
  doi: 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00009-7
– volume: 104
  year: 2008
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0190
  article-title: A modeling approach for the purification of group iii metals (ga and in) by zone refining
  publication-title: J. Appl. Phys.
  doi: 10.1063/1.2959832
– volume: 7
  start-page: 4710
  year: 2017
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0535
  article-title: Catalytic performance of gallium oxide based-catalysts for the propane dehydrogenation reaction: effects of support and loading amount
  publication-title: RSC Adv.
  doi: 10.1039/C6RA27204E
– volume: 99
  start-page: 1509
  year: 2004
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0310
  article-title: Textural, compositional, and sulfur isotope variations of sulfide minerals in the red dog zn-pb-ag deposits, brooks range, Alaska: implications for ore formation
  publication-title: Econ. Geol.
  doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1509
– volume: 2022
  start-page: 1
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0515
  article-title: Review and evaluation of power devices and semiconductor materials based on si, sic, and ga-n
  publication-title: J. Nanomater.
  doi: 10.1155/2022/8648284
– start-page: 2
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0590
  article-title: Deep-sea mineral deposits as a future source of critical metals, and environmental issues—a brief review
  publication-title: Miner. Miner. Mater
– volume: 239
  start-page: 17
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0030
  article-title: The chemical composition of carbonaceous chondrites: implications for volatile element depletion, complementarity and alteration
  publication-title: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
  doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2018.07.023
– volume: 3
  start-page: 3442
  year: 2013
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0305
  article-title: Injectable 3-d fabrication of medical electronics at the target biological tissues
  publication-title: Sci. Rep.
  doi: 10.1038/srep03442
– volume: 47
  start-page: 4073
  year: 2018
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0085
  article-title: Liquid metals: fundamentals and applications in chemistry
  publication-title: Chem. Soc. Rev.
  doi: 10.1039/C7CS00043J
– year: 2014
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0530
– volume: 55
  start-page: 23
  year: 2003
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0025
  article-title: Processing to obtain high-purity gallium
  publication-title: JOM
  doi: 10.1007/s11837-003-0155-2
– volume: 43
  start-page: 3195
  year: 2002
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0340
  article-title: Production of high-purity indium and gallium metals by vacuum refining
  publication-title: Mater. Trans.
  doi: 10.2320/matertrans.43.3195
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0175
  doi: 10.1039/D1TB02399C
– volume: 362
  start-page: 467
  year: 2019
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0265
  article-title: Biotechnological strategies for the recovery of valuable and critical raw materials from waste electrical and electronic equipment (weee) – a review
  publication-title: J. Hazard. Mater.
  doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.050
– volume: 102
  start-page: 403
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0240
  article-title: Soft liquid metal nanoparticles achieve reduced crystal nucleation and ultrarapid rewarming for human bone marrow stromal cell and blood vessel cryopreservation
  publication-title: Acta Biomater.
  doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.11.023
– volume: 355
  start-page: 48
  year: 2023
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0135
  article-title: A first look at the gallium-aluminium systematics of early earth’s seawater: evidence from neoarchean banded iron formation
  publication-title: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
  doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2023.06.019
– volume: 12
  start-page: 2061
  year: 2022
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0270
  article-title: Gallium oxide nanostructures: a review of synthesis, properties and applications
  publication-title: Nanomaterials
  doi: 10.3390/nano12122061
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0635
  doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwad302
– volume: 381
  year: 2020
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0710
  article-title: Recovery of gallium from sulfuric acid leach liquor of coal fly ash by stepwise separation using p507 and cyanex 272
  publication-title: Chem. Eng. J.
  doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.122699
– volume: 5
  start-page: 8824
  year: 2015
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0455
  article-title: Prolonged-acting, multi-targeting gallium nanoparticles potently inhibit growth of both hiv and mycobacteria in co-infected human macrophages
  publication-title: Sci. Rep.
  doi: 10.1038/srep08824
– ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0035
  doi: 10.1002/9781118755341.ch7
– volume: 51
  start-page: 2243
  year: 2006
  ident: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046_bb0095
  article-title: Discovery of the superlarge gallium ore deposit in jungar, Inner mongolia, North China
  publication-title: Chin. Sci. Bull.
  doi: 10.1007/s11434-006-2113-1
SSID ssj0000781
Score 2.4689708
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Gallium, an indispensable scattering element, is driving the development of an array of latest generation functional materials. Due to its exceptionally...
SourceID proquest
pubmed
crossref
elsevier
SourceType Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 179046
SubjectTerms Bauxite
Distribution
Gallium
Liquid metal
Recycling
Reserves
Title Production and recycling of the cutting edge material of gallium: A review
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179046
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40068420
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3176342211
Volume 971
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1LS8QwEB5EEQQRXV_riwheq22aZlNvy7Kyuigiit5Cmyaygl3RXcGLv92ZplUExYOn0neY5zfJzATgIE9FEpnQBnlOTbXRowSp5FGQuCjnKksKYyhQPL-QgxtxdpfczUCvqYWhtMra9nubXlnr-spRTc2jp9GIanyFSmXaQSceSlXtXCtEh6T88P0rzYOa2fhVZlRsfPpbjhd-dzJGbPqKgSJPDqlbFSHhnz3Ubwi08kQny7BUQ0jW9aNcgRlbtmDebyr51oL1_lftGj5WK-9LCxb9FB3zlUercHbpu70iZ1hWFgzp8EaFkvds7BjiQmamVVI0oyk3hsi2Ela6Sav1o-njMesyX_qyBjcn_eveIKi3VggMQqhJEKOah87kuSUEI13RcTxTpjCRkyZM0QwoERuLsVshE2djrpTDUKwopOXchiJeh9lyXNpNYJnlmeSZNbFLqW5VuSxSCAQ7xlAzMNGGsCGnfvIdNHSTWvagPzmgiQPac6ANxw3Z9Tdh0Gjn_355v2GURlWh9Y-stOPpi0aoJGPBMeRtw4bn4OeIBMmQ4OHWf369DQt0RilqPNmB2cnz1O4iZpnke5VQ7sFc93Q4uKDj8Op2-AGH-eyQ
linkProvider Elsevier
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1LT9wwEB7xEKISqugCZfsAV4Jj2MRxvA5SD6gFLU9xAImbSRwbLRJZxO6C9tI_1T_YmTgBIRVxQFzjPJx5fmPPjAE28lQkkQltkOfUVBs9SpBKHgWJi3KusqQwhgLF4xPZOxcHF8nFFPxtamEorbK2_d6mV9a6vtKpqdm57fepxleoVKZddOKhVFFzgvWhnTxg3Db8uf8bmbzJ-d7u2a9eUB8tEBiEEKMAo_gkdCbPLXlw6Yqu45kyhYmcNGGKaqBEbCzGLoVMnI25Ug5DkaKQlnMbihjfOw2zAs0FHZuw9ecpr4S65_htbbQkOL1nSWX4I6MBguF7jEx5skXtsQh6_98lvgR5K9e3twgfa8zKdjxZPsGULVsw50-xnLRgZfepWA5vq63FsAULfk2Q-VKnJTg49e1lURRYVhYMCT-hyswrNnAMgSgz4yoLm9EaH0MoXWkHDVJ6QH98s812mK-1WYbzdyH4CsyUg9KuAssszyTPrIldSoWyymWRQuTZNYa6j4k2hA059a1v2aGbXLZr_cgBTRzQngNt2G7Irp9Jn0bH8vrDPxpGadRN2nDJSjsYDzViMxkLjjF2Gz57Dj7OSJDQCh5-ecun12G-d3Z8pI_2Tw6_wgcaofw4nnyDmdHd2H5HwDTK1yoBZXD53hrxD0iQJlQ
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Production+and+recycling+of+the+cutting+edge+material+of+gallium%3A+A+review&rft.jtitle=The+Science+of+the+total+environment&rft.au=Guan%2C+Tangzhen&rft.au=Guo%2C+Minghui&rft.au=Wang%2C+Lei&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jing&rft.date=2025-03-25&rft.eissn=1879-1026&rft.volume=971&rft.spage=179046&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2025.179046&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F40068420&rft.externalDocID=40068420
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0048-9697&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0048-9697&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0048-9697&client=summon