Improving Ballistic Resistance of Armor Steel by FCAW with Hardfacing Alloys of Fe–Mo–Mn–B–C System

Armor steels can be strengthened against modern ballistic threats through surface hardfacing with advanced Fe-based alloys. This study develops a series of flux-cored arc welded (FCAW) hardfacing alloys in the Fe–Mo–Mn–B–C system to enhance the ballistic resistance of Armox® 440T steel. Single-layer...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inManagement systems in production engineering Vol. 33; no. 3; pp. 380 - 387
Main Authors Prysyazhnyuk, Pavlo, Biały, Witold, Bembenek, Michał, Panchuk, Vitalii, Medvid, Iuliia, Duriagina, Zoia, Romanyshyn, Taras, Vytvytskyi, Vasyl
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Gliwice Sciendo 01.09.2025
De Gruyter Poland
Subjects
Alloy solidification
Armor
Armox 440T
austenitic manganese steel
ballistic resistance
boride reinforcement
flux-cored arc welding
hardfacing
Steel
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2450-5781
2299-0461
2450-5781
DOI10.2478/mspe-2025-0036

Cover

Abstract Armor steels can be strengthened against modern ballistic threats through surface hardfacing with advanced Fe-based alloys. This study develops a series of flux-cored arc welded (FCAW) hardfacing alloys in the Fe–Mo–Mn–B–C system to enhance the ballistic resistance of Armox® 440T steel. Single-layer (~3 mm) hardfacings were deposited on 6 mm armor plates using an automated hardfacing device, and subsequently characterized with respect to their microstructure, phase composition, and ballistic performance. Thermodynamic calculations and microscopy revealed an austenitic matrix reinforced by hard boride inclusions. By increasing the Mo and B concentrations, the alloy solidification shifted from a primary austenite + austenite boride mixture to a primary boride + austenite boride mixture structure. The compositions with high Mo:B ratio yielded a ~25% volume fraction of Mo2(Fe,Mn)B2 borides. Ballistic tests using 7.62 mm steel-core bullets (~830 m/s) showed that uncoated Armox 440T was completely perforated, whereas all hardfaced plates prevented penetration. Notably, coatings with higher boride content eliminated rear-side spalling, indicating superior energy absorption and projectile fragmentation. These findings demonstrate that FCAW-applied hypereutectic Fe–Mo–Mn–B–C hardfacing alloys can significantly improve the ballistic performance of armor plates.
AbstractList Armor steels can be strengthened against modern ballistic threats through surface hardfacing with advanced Fe-based alloys. This study develops a series of flux-cored arc welded (FCAW) hardfacing alloys in the Fe–Mo–Mn–B–C system to enhance the ballistic resistance of Armox® 440T steel. Single-layer (~3 mm) hardfacings were deposited on 6 mm armor plates using an automated hardfacing device, and subsequently characterized with respect to their microstructure, phase composition, and ballistic performance. Thermodynamic calculations and microscopy revealed an austenitic matrix reinforced by hard boride inclusions. By increasing the Mo and B concentrations, the alloy solidification shifted from a primary austenite + austenite boride mixture to a primary boride + austenite boride mixture structure. The compositions with high Mo:B ratio yielded a ~25% volume fraction of Mo2(Fe,Mn)B2 borides. Ballistic tests using 7.62 mm steel-core bullets (~830 m/s) showed that uncoated Armox 440T was completely perforated, whereas all hardfaced plates prevented penetration. Notably, coatings with higher boride content eliminated rear-side spalling, indicating superior energy absorption and projectile fragmentation. These findings demonstrate that FCAW-applied hypereutectic Fe–Mo–Mn–B–C hardfacing alloys can significantly improve the ballistic performance of armor plates.
Author Vytvytskyi, Vasyl
Panchuk, Vitalii
Prysyazhnyuk, Pavlo
Bembenek, Michał
Romanyshyn, Taras
Biały, Witold
Medvid, Iuliia
Duriagina, Zoia
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Pavlo
  orcidid: 0000-0002-8325-3745
  surname: Prysyazhnyuk
  fullname: Prysyazhnyuk, Pavlo
  email: pavlo1752010@gmail.com
  organization: Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Witold
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2313-0230
  surname: Biały
  fullname: Biały, Witold
  email: wbialy@komag.eu
  organization: KOMAG Institute of Mining Technology
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Michał
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7665-8058
  surname: Bembenek
  fullname: Bembenek, Michał
  email: bembenek@agh.edu.pl
  organization: AGH University of Krakow
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Vitalii
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2246-280X
  surname: Panchuk
  fullname: Panchuk, Vitalii
  email: vitalii.panchuk@nung.edu.ua
  organization: Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Iuliia
  orcidid: 0000-0001-7613-9189
  surname: Medvid
  fullname: Medvid, Iuliia
  email: yuliia.medvid@nung.edu.ua
  organization: Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Zoia
  orcidid: 0000-0002-2585-3849
  surname: Duriagina
  fullname: Duriagina, Zoia
  email: zduriagina@gmail.com
  organization: Lviv Polytechnic National University
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Taras
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0856-1537
  surname: Romanyshyn
  fullname: Romanyshyn, Taras
  email: taras.romanyshyn@nung.edu.ua
  organization: Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Vasyl
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3682-1612
  surname: Vytvytskyi
  fullname: Vytvytskyi, Vasyl
  email: vytvytskyi.v.s@gmail.com
  organization: Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas
BookMark eNp1UU1P3DAUtCoqFShXzpY4h9ovdj4kLsuKLStRIRUQR8txnpdsk3hrZ0G58R_4h_wSnC4qvdTSex5ZM-NnzwHZ612PhBxzdgoiL751YYMJMJAJY2n2ieyDkCyRecH3_sFfyFEIa8YYLyQHUe6TX8tu491j06_ouW7bJgyNoT8xRKB7g9RZOvOd8_RmQGxpNdLFfHZPn5rhgV5qX1ttJu2sbd0YJvYCX59ffrip9bGdx5rTmzEM2H0ln61uAx6974fkbnFxO79Mrq6_L-ezq8QAZCwpS8RKikpgXfEqt6LMkZsqT6VhpZXapqhNAWBFZbnRAo01zGJa5EZAKXl6SJY739rptdr4ptN-VE436s-B8yulfXxniyrLhOW2hqjiwlhbCjCiMIBCAxeZjF4nO6_4S7-3GAa1dlvfx_FVCmkGPC8ZRNbpjmW8C8Gj_XsrZ2rKR035qCkfNeUTBWc7wZNuB_Q1rvx2jODD_T_CuAqWvgFoHpwR
Cites_doi 10.3390/ma14195789
10.1016/j.calphad.2016.11.006
10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.021
10.29137/umagd.488104
10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110461
10.1007/s11223-009-9166-8
10.15407/ufm.24.02.319
10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25199
10.3390/ma15145074
10.1016/S0966-9795(03)00174-2
10.1007/s11003-006-0006-8
10.1134/S0021894411030175
10.1039/D3MA00313B
10.1016/j.dt.2023.04.013
10.3390/met12020241
10.2478/scjme-2019-0009
10.1007/s10778-024-01271-z
10.15587/1729-4061.2020.194164
10.3390/applmech6010001
10.1007/s10958-017-3570-6
10.1515/jmbm-2022-0002
10.1007/s11003-005-0149-z
10.30765/er.39.2.8
10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.138.303
10.3390/ma15062064
10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.312
10.3390/ceramics6030115
10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107733
10.1038/s41598-024-62482-5
10.2478/mspe-2020-0026
10.3390/ma15082707
10.1515/mt-2020-0084
10.1155/2023/4140583
10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.254
10.1680/jemmr.18.00120
10.21595/vp.2024.24567
10.1155/2017/3253095
10.1016/j.prostr.2022.01.014
10.1007/s11223-014-9556-4
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2025. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Copyright_xml – notice: 2025. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BENPR
CCPQU
DWQXO
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PKEHL
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
DOA
DOI 10.2478/mspe-2025-0036
DatabaseName CrossRef
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central Korea
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central Korea
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central (New)
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
DatabaseTitleList Publicly Available Content Database

CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: BENPR
  name: ProQuest Central
  url: https://www.proquest.com/central
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
EISSN 2450-5781
EndPage 387
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_664f1fd251314cff942c48c2e4a21465
10_2478_mspe_2025_0036
10_2478_mspe_2025_0036333380
GroupedDBID 5VS
9WM
ABFKT
ADBBV
ADBLJ
ADMLS
AFKRA
AHGSO
AHQJS
AKVCP
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
BCNDV
BENPR
CCPQU
EBS
EOJEC
GROUPED_DOAJ
KQ8
OBODZ
OK1
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PUEGO
QD8
SLJYH
TH9
AAYXX
CITATION
ABUWG
AZQEC
DWQXO
PKEHL
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c2260-99eeb54b4edb1b7f497e1cb735c09f5af3eac822f4bf1ca4ecfc0fe387c429513
IEDL.DBID BENPR
ISSN 2450-5781
2299-0461
IngestDate Wed Aug 27 01:31:52 EDT 2025
Mon Aug 04 17:40:37 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 07 06:30:53 EDT 2025
Sat Sep 06 17:00:02 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 3
Language English
License This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c2260-99eeb54b4edb1b7f497e1cb735c09f5af3eac822f4bf1ca4ecfc0fe387c429513
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ORCID 0000-0002-8325-3745
0000-0003-2313-0230
0000-0002-7665-8058
0000-0001-7613-9189
0000-0003-3682-1612
0000-0002-2585-3849
0000-0002-0856-1537
0000-0002-2246-280X
OpenAccessLink https://www.proquest.com/docview/3236217902?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication%
PQID 3236217902
PQPubID 6762849
PageCount 8
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_664f1fd251314cff942c48c2e4a21465
proquest_journals_3236217902
crossref_primary_10_2478_mspe_2025_0036
walterdegruyter_journals_10_2478_mspe_2025_0036333380
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2025-09-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2025-09-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 09
  year: 2025
  text: 2025-09-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Gliwice
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Gliwice
PublicationTitle Management systems in production engineering
PublicationYear 2025
Publisher Sciendo
De Gruyter Poland
Publisher_xml – name: Sciendo
– name: De Gruyter Poland
References 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_014
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_036
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_013
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_035
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_012
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_034
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_011
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_033
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_010
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_032
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_031
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_030
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_019
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_018
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_017
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_039
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_016
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_038
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_015
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_037
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_003
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_025
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_002
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_024
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_001
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_023
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_022
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_021
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_020
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_042
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_041
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_040
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_009
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_008
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_007
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_029
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_006
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_028
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_005
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_027
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_004
2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_026
References_xml – ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_027
  doi: 10.3390/ma14195789
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_040
  doi: 10.1016/j.calphad.2016.11.006
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_003
  doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.021
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_028
  doi: 10.29137/umagd.488104
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_035
  doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110461
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_020
  doi: 10.1007/s11223-009-9166-8
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_005
  doi: 10.15407/ufm.24.02.319
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_007
  doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25199
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_031
  doi: 10.3390/ma15145074
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_041
  doi: 10.1016/S0966-9795(03)00174-2
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_018
  doi: 10.1007/s11003-006-0006-8
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_021
  doi: 10.1134/S0021894411030175
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_039
  doi: 10.1039/D3MA00313B
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_002
  doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2023.04.013
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_001
  doi: 10.3390/met12020241
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_014
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_032
  doi: 10.2478/scjme-2019-0009
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_006
  doi: 10.15407/ufm.24.02.319
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_022
  doi: 10.1007/s10778-024-01271-z
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_033
  doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2020.194164
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_025
  doi: 10.3390/applmech6010001
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_037
  doi: 10.1007/s10958-017-3570-6
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_029
  doi: 10.1515/jmbm-2022-0002
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_017
  doi: 10.1007/s11003-005-0149-z
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_016
  doi: 10.30765/er.39.2.8
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_042
  doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.138.303
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_023
  doi: 10.3390/ma15062064
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_011
  doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.312
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_004
  doi: 10.3390/ceramics6030115
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_013
  doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.107733
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_034
  doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62482-5
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_008
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_030
  doi: 10.2478/mspe-2020-0026
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_010
  doi: 10.3390/ma15082707
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_012
  doi: 10.1515/mt-2020-0084
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_024
  doi: 10.1155/2023/4140583
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_026
  doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.254
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_015
  doi: 10.1680/jemmr.18.00120
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_036
  doi: 10.21595/vp.2024.24567
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_038
  doi: 10.1155/2017/3253095
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_009
  doi: 10.1016/j.prostr.2022.01.014
– ident: 2025080420095314458_j_mspe-2025-0036_ref_019
  doi: 10.1007/s11223-014-9556-4
SSID ssj0001851249
ssib044752341
Score 2.3020587
Snippet Armor steels can be strengthened against modern ballistic threats through surface hardfacing with advanced Fe-based alloys. This study develops a series of...
SourceID doaj
proquest
crossref
walterdegruyter
SourceType Open Website
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 380
SubjectTerms Alloy solidification
Armor
Armox 440T
austenitic manganese steel
ballistic resistance
boride reinforcement
flux-cored arc welding
hardfacing
Steel
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  dbid: DOA
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV3BatwwEBUlp_YQ2rSl26RBh0JPJrY1tuzj7tIlBNJD29DcjCTP9FBnHXY3lL31H_qH-ZLMyLvppgR6qcESmBGIebLnjSQ_KfW-rsDkRJCUvnAJBE9JFTKXWAdlGcCUGP-QO_9Unl7A2WVxuXPUl-wJG-SBB8edlCVQRi2HYZNBIKohD1CFHMHJmdRRvTSt051kKs6uMJHgxGJQaczBVidXy2vkIZEXiUiwPIhCUaz_AcPc_xnXqlv8vrhZr7ZrozHkzJ6r_Q1X1OOhjy_UE5wfqGc7CoIv1Y_7SQE9cV0XVZf1Z1wKK2Q4dU_c_Kpf6C8rxE77tZ5Nx9-0zL5qWbQnF6TtuOv69VKsZ3j76_d5L8WciwnfUz3Imr9SF7OPX6enyeb8hCQwqUqTukb0BXjA1mfeEtQWs-CtKUJaU-HI8FeXCQKBpyw4wEAhJTSVDRyl2OGv1d68n-MbpTmpMiFr2bAASF3wwDWD72xNtkU7Uh-2_myuB5mMhtML8Xwjnm_E86JDWo7URNx9byXy1vEBg95sQG_-BfpIHW3Bajbv3LIxOQdjERzLR6r4C8A_Vo_3yvBVpW__R98O1dNhmMk-tCO1t1rc4DsmLit_HMfoHalX7tE
  priority: 102
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
Title Improving Ballistic Resistance of Armor Steel by FCAW with Hardfacing Alloys of Fe–Mo–Mn–B–C System
URI https://www.degruyter.com/doi/10.2478/mspe-2025-0036
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3236217902
https://doaj.org/article/664f1fd251314cff942c48c2e4a21465
Volume 33
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3NbtQwELage4FDxa9YKCsfkDhF3djj_JzQ7rKrCrEVaqnoLbIdu4emm2WzFdoL4h14Q56EGSdpKUJEiiNF4ygaj2c-j-3PjL3JM5DCe4gSo3QE1vgos7GOUg1JYkEmLuyQWx4nR2fw4Vyddwm3pltW2fvE4KjL2lKO_FAKdLVEJyXerb9GdGoUza52R2jcZwN0wRna-WA6P_500lsUsdkJ2QX8kHVBgCECJhaCtt9DErdMjgLS7PCqWTs0G6Eiomm5E6kCof8dFLr_Lcxnl-5ic73b9vOnISwtHrH9Dk_ySWsAj9k9t3rCHv7BMviUXd4kDvhUV1VgZuYnriHkiE3Oa4_Vr-oNP906V3Gz44vZ5AunDC2niX2vLdWdVFW9a0h64X79-LmsqVhhMcV7xlvq82fsbDH_PDuKujMWIovAaxzluXNGgQFXmtikHvLUxdakUtlx7pX2Ej0zgggPxsdWg7Pejr2TWWoxkqlYPmd7q3rlXjCOAy9p4xIFFcBYWwP4RAPRae7T0qVD9rbXZ7FuqTQKHIKQ5gvSfEGaJ67SZMimpO4bKaLADi_qzUXR9agiScDHvkR8JmOw3ucgLGRWONB0WLkasoO-sYquXzbFrRUNmfqrAW-l_v1XEq9s_PL_n33FHrQGRKvQDtjednPtXiNs2ZoRG0zeLz-ejjobHYXhP5bL7_PfMPzxew
linkProvider ProQuest
linkToHtml http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3LbtQwFLXKdAEsKp5ioIAXIFZRE_vmtUBoZuhoSjsjVFrRXbAduwvSyTCZqpod_8B_8FF8Cffm0VKE2DVSEimyrej6-Pr4dS5jr9IEpHAOvEiHygOjnZeYQHmxgigyICNbn5CbzqLJMXw4CU822M_uLAxtq-x8Yu2o89LQHPmOFOhqSU5KvFt88yhqFK2udiE0Gljs2_UFDtmqt3vvsX5fCzHePRpNvDaqgGeQavhemlqrQ9Bgcx3o2EEa28DoWIbGT12onERfhN2mA-0Co8AaZ3xnZRIb9N1hILHcW2wT6ERrj20Od2cfDzsEk3qekC3BqGd5kNCImoMLQcf9IQoa5UgBcbJzVi0swlSEHsnCXOsZ6wAC11jv1kW9fp7b0-X5etWt19bd4Pge22r5Kx80gLvPNuz8Abv7h6rhQ_b1cqKCD1VR1ErQ_NBWxFQRYrx0mP2sXPJPK2sLrtd8PBp85jQjzGkjgVOG8g6KolxXlHpsf33_MS3pMcfHEO8Rb6TWH7HjG7H-Y9abl3P7hHEc6EkT5JgwBPCV0YBvBKSKUxfnNu6zN509s0Uj3ZHhkIcsn5HlM7I8aaNGfTYkc1-mIsnt-kO5PM3aFpxFEbjA5cgHZQDGuRSEgcQIC4qCo4d9tt1VVtb6gSq7Qm2fhX9V4FWqf_-VxCvxn_6_2Jfs9uRoepAd7M32n7E7DZhoB9w2662W5_Y5UqaVftHilLMvN900fgOhDyyn
linkToPdf http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3NbtQwELZgKyF6qPgVWwr4gMQpahKP4-S4u21YfloQpaI3y3bGPZBuVrtbob3xDrwhT8I4ybYU9USkJFI0I0Uztucbj_2ZsddFDiL1HqLMShOBsz7KXWIiZSDLHIgM2x1yR8fZ9BTen8mzPlEMe2Hacb9qq5X788q3S5VB5fsXyzmSR1MZBQaVu2xLySKWA7Y1mr49-XQ9q0IAghKKjp3xFsUb0acl6b-BLHd-tDXqCs8Xl-vVpibahpryAdvpMSIfdU59yO7g7BHb_os58DH7fjUZwMemrlu2Zf4FlwENkht540n9olnwkxVize2al5PRNx5mXXko1nvjgu6orpv1MkiX-Pvnr6MmPGb0GNM94R2d-RN2Wh5-nUyj_tyEyBGYiqOiQLQSLGBlE6s8FAoTZ5WQLi68NF7QaEvAwIP1iTOAzrvYo8iVo-gkE_GUDWbNDJ8xTsmUcElFghIgNs4CvcnpRhVeVaiG7M3Gnnre0WNoSiuC5XWwvA6WD_yj2ZCNg7mvpAKtdfuhWZzrvpfoLAOf-Iowl0jAeV9A6iB3KYIJB5DLIdvbOEv3fW2pRUpBOBCNpUMm_3HgtdTtfyXoyuPd_9R7xe59Pij1x3fHH56z-10jC6vP9thgtbjEFwRXVvZl30b_AOee6rU
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Improving+Ballistic+Resistance+of+Armor+Steel+by+FCAW+with+Hardfacing+Alloys+of+Fe%E2%80%93Mo%E2%80%93Mn%E2%80%93B%E2%80%93C+System&rft.jtitle=Management+systems+in+production+engineering&rft.au=Prysyazhnyuk%2C+Pavlo&rft.au=Bia%C5%82y%2C+Witold&rft.au=Bembenek%2C+Micha%C5%82&rft.au=Panchuk%2C+Vitalii&rft.date=2025-09-01&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Poland&rft.issn=2299-0461&rft.eissn=2450-5781&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=380&rft.epage=387&rft_id=info:doi/10.2478%2Fmspe-2025-0036
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2450-5781&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2450-5781&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2450-5781&client=summon