Refined ISO model for wind-driven rain (WDR) on buildings: Machine learning-based approach

• Published in: Building and environment Vol. 285; p. 113522
• Main Authors: Gholamalipour, Payam, Stathopoulos, Ted, Ge, Hua
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.11.2025
• Subjects: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD); ISO semi-empirical method; Machine learning (Ml); Wall Factor, W [-]; Wind-driven rain (WDR); Wall Factor, W [-]; Machine learning (Ml); Wind-driven rain (WDR); ISO semi-empirical method; Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

•ISO model shows up to 2–4 times overpredicting Wind-Driven Rain loading on buildings.•Some Machine Learning models (e.g., ANN) outperform ISO in real-world WDR predictions.•ANN model reduces the average error of refined ISO Wall Factor by up to 53 %. Wind-Driven Rain (WDR) is a main source of moist...