The role of gut microbiota in intestinal immune tolerance

The intestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to foreign substances and thus owns several lines of defense machinery, including epithelial barrier and secretory IgA to prevent the invasion of pathogens. Meanwhile, the intestinal immune system elicits immune tolerance to food antigens and commensal bac...

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Published inDrug Delivery System Vol. 37; no. 2; pp. 159 - 167
Main Authors Hase, Koji, Shiratori, Hiroaki
Format Journal Article
LanguageJapanese
Published Kawasaki THE JAPAN SOCIETY OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM 25.03.2022
Japan Science and Technology Agency
Subjects
Allergies
Antigens
Autoimmune diseases
Bacteria
Commensal bacteria
Digestive system
Gastrointestinal tract
Homeostasis
Immune response
Immune system
Immune Tolerance
Immunoglobulin A
Immunological tolerance
Immunoregulation
Inflammatory bowel diseases
Inflammatory diseases
Intestinal microflora
Intestine
Lamina propria
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T
Metabolites
Microbiota
Probiotics
Respiratory system
Short-chain fatty acid
Transplantation
Treg
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN0913-5006
1881-2732
DOI10.2745/dds.37.159

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Abstract The intestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to foreign substances and thus owns several lines of defense machinery, including epithelial barrier and secretory IgA to prevent the invasion of pathogens. Meanwhile, the intestinal immune system elicits immune tolerance to food antigens and commensal bacteria. Dysregulation of the intestinal immunity often causes severe inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T（Treg） cells, one of the major T cell subsets in the intestine, play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis. Compelling evidence has demonstrated that commensal bacteria in the intestine are essential for the expansion of Treg cells in the intestinal lamina propria. This effect is at least partly mediated by metabolites like butyrate produced by commensal bacteria. Bacterial metabolites are transported to the bloodstream to affect the immune response in local and systemic tissues, especially in the respiratory system. Thus, the regulation of immune response by gut microbiota and its pathological relevance has drawn much attention. Furthermore, the development of therapies targeting the gut microbiota by fecal transplantation and probiotic administration is underway. This article will review the latest findings on the immune regulation by commensal bacteria and discuss therapeutic intervention strategies targeting the intestinal microbiota.
AbstractList The intestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to foreign substances and thus owns several lines of defense machinery, including epithelial barrier and secretory IgA to prevent the invasion of pathogens. Meanwhile, the intestinal immune system elicits immune tolerance to food antigens and commensal bacteria. Dysregulation of the intestinal immunity often causes severe inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T（Treg） cells, one of the major T cell subsets in the intestine, play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis. Compelling evidence has demonstrated that commensal bacteria in the intestine are essential for the expansion of Treg cells in the intestinal lamina propria. This effect is at least partly mediated by metabolites like butyrate produced by commensal bacteria. Bacterial metabolites are transported to the bloodstream to affect the immune response in local and systemic tissues, especially in the respiratory system. Thus, the regulation of immune response by gut microbiota and its pathological relevance has drawn much attention. Furthermore, the development of therapies targeting the gut microbiota by fecal transplantation and probiotic administration is underway. This article will review the latest findings on the immune regulation by commensal bacteria and discuss therapeutic intervention strategies targeting the intestinal microbiota.
Author Hase, Koji
Shiratori, Hiroaki
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– reference: 24）Arthur, M., et al., Science., 343, 1439-1440 （2014）
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– reference: 28）Smith, P.M., et al., Science., 341, 569-573 （2013）
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– reference: 7）McDole, J.R., et al., Nature, 483, 345-349 （2012）
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– reference: 53）Dominguez-Bello, M.G., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107, 11971-11975 （2010）
– reference: 51）Stefka, A.T., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111, 13145-13150 （2014）
– reference: 37）Borody, T.J., et al., J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 37, 42-47 （2003）
– reference: 31）Kostic, A.D., et al., Gastroenterology, 146, 1489-1499 （2014）
– reference: 10）M, R., et al., Nat. Immunol., 2, 361-367 （2001）
– reference: 42）Fachi, J.L., et al., Cell Rep., 27, 750-761.e7 （2019）
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– reference: 9）Shan, M., et al., Science., 342, 447-453 （2013）
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– reference: 4）Del Rio, M.L., et al., Immunol. Rev., 234, 268-281 （2010）
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– reference: 14）Nakamura, Y., et al., Mucosal Immunol., 13, 679-690 （2020）
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Snippet The intestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to foreign substances and thus owns several lines of defense machinery, including epithelial barrier and secretory...
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StartPage 159
SubjectTerms Allergies
Antigens
Autoimmune diseases
Bacteria
Commensal bacteria
Digestive system
Gastrointestinal tract
Homeostasis
Immune response
Immune system
Immune Tolerance
Immunoglobulin A
Immunological tolerance
Immunoregulation
Inflammatory bowel diseases
Inflammatory diseases
Intestinal microflora
Intestine
Lamina propria
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T
Metabolites
Microbiota
Probiotics
Respiratory system
Short-chain fatty acid
Transplantation
Treg
Title The role of gut microbiota in intestinal immune tolerance
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