A Flame‐Retardant Epoxy Resin Containing P/N/S With Comparable Transparency and Mechanical Performance
A flame retardant (MBATP) with exceptional performance, incorporating three flame‐retardant elements (P/N/S), was synthesized using 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole, 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxo‐10‐phosphophenanthrene‐10‐oxide, and 4‐methylsulphonyl benzaldehyde as raw materials, along with a curing agent to produce...
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| Published in | Journal of applied polymer science Vol. 142; no. 28 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
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20.07.2025
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| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0021-8995 1097-4628 |
| DOI | 10.1002/app.57141 |
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| Abstract | A flame retardant (MBATP) with exceptional performance, incorporating three flame‐retardant elements (P/N/S), was synthesized using 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole, 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxo‐10‐phosphophenanthrene‐10‐oxide, and 4‐methylsulphonyl benzaldehyde as raw materials, along with a curing agent to produce flame‐retardant epoxy resins (FREPs). The chemical structure of MBATP was confirmed through FT‐IR, 1 H NMR, and 31 P NMR characterization. The study investigated the effects of different contents of MBATP on the curing behavior, flame‐retardant effect, thermal stability, combustion characteristics, mechanical properties, and transparency of FREPs. The study revealed that the introduction of MBATP led to a decrease in the maximum decomposition rate while simultaneously facilitating the early decomposition of epoxy resin (EP). The FREP‐4 (4 wt% MBATP) attained a V‐0 rating through the UL‐94 standard, accompanied by an oxygen index of 33.5%. Furthermore, total smoke, the peak heat release rate, and total heat release emission of FREP‐4 were diminished by 26.1%, 67.4%, and 25.5%, respectively, compared with EP. Residual carbon and volatile gas emissions tests showed that MBATP effectively contributed to flame retardancy in both the condensed phase and gas phase. The FREPs exhibit a significant degree of transparency, and their mechanical properties have been slightly enhanced. This study has promising applications in advanced optical technologies. |
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| AbstractList | A flame retardant (MBATP) with exceptional performance, incorporating three flame‐retardant elements (P/N/S), was synthesized using 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole, 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxo‐10‐phosphophenanthrene‐10‐oxide, and 4‐methylsulphonyl benzaldehyde as raw materials, along with a curing agent to produce flame‐retardant epoxy resins (FREPs). The chemical structure of MBATP was confirmed through FT‐IR, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR characterization. The study investigated the effects of different contents of MBATP on the curing behavior, flame‐retardant effect, thermal stability, combustion characteristics, mechanical properties, and transparency of FREPs. The study revealed that the introduction of MBATP led to a decrease in the maximum decomposition rate while simultaneously facilitating the early decomposition of epoxy resin (EP). The FREP‐4 (4 wt% MBATP) attained a V‐0 rating through the UL‐94 standard, accompanied by an oxygen index of 33.5%. Furthermore, total smoke, the peak heat release rate, and total heat release emission of FREP‐4 were diminished by 26.1%, 67.4%, and 25.5%, respectively, compared with EP. Residual carbon and volatile gas emissions tests showed that MBATP effectively contributed to flame retardancy in both the condensed phase and gas phase. The FREPs exhibit a significant degree of transparency, and their mechanical properties have been slightly enhanced. This study has promising applications in advanced optical technologies. A flame retardant (MBATP) with exceptional performance, incorporating three flame‐retardant elements (P/N/S), was synthesized using 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole, 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxo‐10‐phosphophenanthrene‐10‐oxide, and 4‐methylsulphonyl benzaldehyde as raw materials, along with a curing agent to produce flame‐retardant epoxy resins (FREPs). The chemical structure of MBATP was confirmed through FT‐IR, 1 H NMR, and 31 P NMR characterization. The study investigated the effects of different contents of MBATP on the curing behavior, flame‐retardant effect, thermal stability, combustion characteristics, mechanical properties, and transparency of FREPs. The study revealed that the introduction of MBATP led to a decrease in the maximum decomposition rate while simultaneously facilitating the early decomposition of epoxy resin (EP). The FREP‐4 (4 wt% MBATP) attained a V‐0 rating through the UL‐94 standard, accompanied by an oxygen index of 33.5%. Furthermore, total smoke, the peak heat release rate, and total heat release emission of FREP‐4 were diminished by 26.1%, 67.4%, and 25.5%, respectively, compared with EP. Residual carbon and volatile gas emissions tests showed that MBATP effectively contributed to flame retardancy in both the condensed phase and gas phase. The FREPs exhibit a significant degree of transparency, and their mechanical properties have been slightly enhanced. This study has promising applications in advanced optical technologies. |
| Author | Gu, Limin Chen, Chen Shi, Yue Zhu, Fang Zhang, Yue Wu, Yongkun Yan, Shenghu |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yue orcidid: 0009-0002-9586-4321 surname: Shi fullname: Shi, Yue organization: Engineering Laboratory of Battery Safety and Accident Control of Petroleum and Chemical Industry Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu province China, School of Safety Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu province China – sequence: 2 givenname: Limin surname: Gu fullname: Gu, Limin organization: School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China – sequence: 3 givenname: Chen surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Chen organization: School of Safety Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu province China – sequence: 4 givenname: Fang surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Fang organization: School of Safety Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu province China – sequence: 5 givenname: Yongkun surname: Wu fullname: Wu, Yongkun organization: China National Fiberglass Product Quality Inspection & Testing Center CTC Nanjing, Guocai Testing co., Ltd Nanking Jiangsu province China – sequence: 6 givenname: Shenghu surname: Yan fullname: Yan, Shenghu organization: Institute of Chemical Intrinsic Safety Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu province China – sequence: 7 givenname: Yue surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Yue organization: Institute of Chemical Intrinsic Safety Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu province China |
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| Cites_doi | 10.6028/jres.057.026 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.08.007 10.1021/ie0492348 10.1002/pc.26460 10.3390/ma13092145 10.1002/fam.953 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109698 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02140 10.1002/app.21522 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109390 10.1002/pc.25361 10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.12.001 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109613 10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103472 10.1021/ac60131a045 10.1002/anie.201711735 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105375 10.1016/0040‐6031(92)85192‐X 10.1039/C5RA12859E 10.1039/D1RA06116J 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110020 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109840 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109715 10.1016/j.jaap.2019.01.015 10.1002/fam.3228 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101366 10.1002/vnl.21890 10.1016/j.jlp.2015.11.009 10.1002/pat.4872 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107481 10.1016/S0040-6031(03)00144-8 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108228 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110237 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.05.007 10.1007/s12221‐020‐1353‐z 10.1002/app.50165 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107961 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109151 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.020 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132704 10.1007/s10118-022-2655-y 10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109088 10.1016/j.tca.2021.179112 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109426 10.1002/app.49090 10.1002/mame.202200565 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.021 |
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| Snippet | A flame retardant (MBATP) with exceptional performance, incorporating three flame‐retardant elements (P/N/S), was synthesized using 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Benzaldehyde Curing agents Decomposition Emissions Enthalpy Epoxy resins Flame retardants Heat release rate Mechanical properties NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Raw materials Thermal stability Thiadiazoles Vapor phases |
| Title | A Flame‐Retardant Epoxy Resin Containing P/N/S With Comparable Transparency and Mechanical Performance |
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