Attitude Research of White Collar workers in Industry
As the importance of “white-collar” workers is gaining recognition, increasingly greater number of studies are made on this subject. However, it appears that most of those studies have been done exclusively from the highly macroscopic standpoint with specific approach. According to this approach, wh...
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| Published in | Japanese Sociological Review Vol. 8; no. 2; pp. 34 - 60 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English Japanese |
| Published |
The Japan Sociological Society
1958
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0021-5414 1884-2755 |
| DOI | 10.4057/jsr.8.2_34 |
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| Abstract | As the importance of “white-collar” workers is gaining recognition, increasingly greater number of studies are made on this subject. However, it appears that most of those studies have been done exclusively from the highly macroscopic standpoint with specific approach. According to this approach, white-collar workers are put directly within the mass society and bureaucracy, and are regarded as alienated from the modern society. In contrast to this approach, it seems necessary to pay attention to the behavior of white-collar workers in their offices and to specify more microscopic social-psychological factors which determine their behavior in their daily life. We have been suggested a great deal by “The American Soldier” by A. S. Stouffer et al. and by the theoretical analysis of it made by R. K. Merton. Theoretically, those factors could be formulated from the theory of attitude, the accompanying theory of reference group and the prospect of promotion. Concretely, we measured white-collar workers' attitude in their offices with the satisfaction-scale and the conformism-scale, and their attitude toward the whole society with the politico-economic scale and the class identification. Then we examined the correlation among those factors and interrelated them to the prospect of promotion and also to their identification with their superiors. Those scales are constructed on the basis of the method of scalogram analysis, each respondent's score having been calculated. We have taken the cases of two companies-one on a large scale, another on a small scale. To sum up, the findings are as follows. (1) The higher the level of education and the longer the length of service, the higher is the degree of satisfaction. On the other hand, the prospect of promotion is the variable which is most closely connected with the level of education and the length of service. Therefore the degree of satisfaction can be regarded as related to the prospect of promotion. (2) The degree of satisfaction has a definite relation with the degree of conformity. Most of the factors which influence the degree of satisfaction are also related to the degree of conformity. (3) Reference group is related to the prospect of promotion, and those people whose prospect of promotion is bright tend to identify themselves with their superiors. Therefore reference group also has an indirect relation with the other factors. (4) At the same time, the factors in the offices have a correlation to the class identification and the orientation toward the whole society. Especially, in combination with the prospect of promotion, the degree of satisfaction strongly influences the politico-economic attitude and the class identification. |
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| AbstractList | As the importance of “white-collar” workers is gaining recognition, increasingly greater number of studies are made on this subject. However, it appears that most of those studies have been done exclusively from the highly macroscopic standpoint with specific approach. According to this approach, white-collar workers are put directly within the mass society and bureaucracy, and are regarded as alienated from the modern society. In contrast to this approach, it seems necessary to pay attention to the behavior of white-collar workers in their offices and to specify more microscopic social-psychological factors which determine their behavior in their daily life. We have been suggested a great deal by “The American Soldier” by A. S. Stouffer et al. and by the theoretical analysis of it made by R. K. Merton. Theoretically, those factors could be formulated from the theory of attitude, the accompanying theory of reference group and the prospect of promotion. Concretely, we measured white-collar workers' attitude in their offices with the satisfaction-scale and the conformism-scale, and their attitude toward the whole society with the politico-economic scale and the class identification. Then we examined the correlation among those factors and interrelated them to the prospect of promotion and also to their identification with their superiors. Those scales are constructed on the basis of the method of scalogram analysis, each respondent's score having been calculated. We have taken the cases of two companies-one on a large scale, another on a small scale. To sum up, the findings are as follows. (1) The higher the level of education and the longer the length of service, the higher is the degree of satisfaction. On the other hand, the prospect of promotion is the variable which is most closely connected with the level of education and the length of service. Therefore the degree of satisfaction can be regarded as related to the prospect of promotion. (2) The degree of satisfaction has a definite relation with the degree of conformity. Most of the factors which influence the degree of satisfaction are also related to the degree of conformity. (3) Reference group is related to the prospect of promotion, and those people whose prospect of promotion is bright tend to identify themselves with their superiors. Therefore reference group also has an indirect relation with the other factors. (4) At the same time, the factors in the offices have a correlation to the class identification and the orientation toward the whole society. Especially, in combination with the prospect of promotion, the degree of satisfaction strongly influences the politico-economic attitude and the class identification. As the importance of white-collar workers is gaining recognition, an increasingly greater number of studies have been made on the subject. However, it appears that most of these studies have been done from a highly macroscopic standpoint with a specific approach. According to this approach, whitecollar workers are put directly within mass society & bur'cy, & are considered alienated from modern society. However, it seems necessary to pay attention to the behavior of whitecollar workers in their offices & to specify more microscopic soc-psychol'al factors which determine their behavior in daily life, the approach used in THE AMERICAN SOLDIER by A. S. Stouffer et al & the theoretical analysis of it by R. K. Merton. Theoretically, these factors could be formulated from the theory of att, the accompanying theory of reference group, & the prospect of promotion. White-collar workers' att's in their offices were measured by satisfaction & conformism scales, & their attitude toward society by a politico-econ scale & degree of class identification. The r among these factors was examined & interrelated with the prospect of promotion & with their identification with their superiors. These scales were constructed on the basis of the method of scalogram analysis, each R's score having been calculated. 2 companies were studied: one small & one large scale. Findings are: (1) The higher the level of educ & the longer the length of service, the higher is the degree of satisfaction. On the other hand, the prospect of promotion is the variable most closely connected with the level of educ & length of service. Degree of satisfaction is therefore related to prospect of promotion. (2) The degree of satisfaction has a definite relation to the degree of conformity; most of the factors which influence the degree of satisfaction are also related to the degree of conformity. (3) Reference group is related to the prospect of promotion, & those people whose prospect of promotion is bright tend to identify themselves with their superiors. (4) Factors in the offices have a r with class identification & orientation toward society as a whole. Particularly in combination with the prospect of promotion, the degree of satisfaction strongly influences the politico-econ all & class identification. AA. |
| Author | Toiminaga, Ken'ichi Uzu, Eisuke Shioiri, Tsutomu |
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| References | (4) Samuel A. Stouffer, et al., American Soldier : Studies in Social Psychology in World War II. Vol. I. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1950. (2) F. J. Roethlisberger, Management and Morale.Cambridge Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1941; J. A. C. Brown, The Social Psychology of Industry : Human Relations in Factory. Penguin Books, 1954. (4) 尾高邦雄・西平重喜「わが国六大都市の社会的成層と移動」 (社会学評論第一二号) 一九五三、城戸・杉、前掲論文. 尾高・西平両氏の論文によれば六大都市の事務従事者の階級帰属の分布は、中間階級二〇・三%、労働者階級三・六%となっている. また城戸・杉両氏の論文によれば、東京都の場合は中間階級二三%、労働者階級七五%となっている. (5) Robert K. Merton and Paul F.Lazarsfeld (eds.), Studies in the Scope and Method of “the American Soldier” : Continuities in Social Research. Glencoe, Ill. : The Free Press, 1950; Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure. revised and enlarged ed., Glencoe, Ill. : the Free Press, 1957. (1) 昇進のアスピレーションをとる場合に、〈昇進見通し〉と〈昇進希望〉とが異るということは、しばしば問題となるところである. たとえばエムピーは、社会的成層における移動のアスピレーションにおいて、この両者のちがいを論証している. われわれの調査では、第22表にみるように、〈昇進見通し〉は〈昇進希望〉よりも一段ないしは二段下げる傾向があることが見出された. LaMar T. Empey, “Social Class and Occupational Aspiration : A Comparison of Absolute and Relative Measurement.” American Sociological Review, 1956, 21. (5) 調査時期、調査票の構成および質問の前後関係の問題があるので、簡単には比較できないのであるが、一応、都市社会のホワイト・カラーの中に本調査対象を位置づけるため、比較を行った. 都市社会における調査の質問は「自由経済でやった方が安くて良い品物が沢山出まわるから自由経済はよい」となっているが、われわれの調査の質問は「自由経済」が「資本主義経済」に変わっているだけである. 結果は、大都市では傾きの係数 (Coefficient of Imbalance) は(-)三六・二でわれわれの調査では(-)O・四である. また同じ調査の他の質問 (質問の内容は同じであるが表現が多少異っている) では、その係数はそれぞれ、(-)一八・〇、 (+) 三八である (城戸・杉、前掲論文) . また階級対立に関するわれわれの質問とにたものがSSM調査の中にみられる. SSMでは、ホワイト・カラーの七二%が資本家と労働者の利害は一致するとみなすのにたいして、われわれの調査では五七%がそうみなしている (日本社会学会調査委員会「社会的成層と移動」クロス集計表、一九五六) . (6) たとえば、John Haer, “Social Stratification in Relation to Attitude toward Sources of Power in Community, ” Social Forces, 1956, 35. (3) R, Centers, op. cit.; 城戸・杉、前掲論文. 城戸・杉両氏の論文によれば、政治経済的態度尺度で測定した管理、事務、職人、工員の平均値はそれぞれ一四・二一、一一・二三、一二・三三および九・九五となっている. (8) ホマンズは、規範への高い同調度が地位にたいする高い評価 (いいかえると高い威信) と相関することを主張している. しかしホマンズの場合の地位は、フォーマルな地位ではなくて、内部体系におけるインフォーマルな地位である. 会社組織のなかでこのようなインフォーマルな地位が問題となるのは、フォーマルな地位が等しい人々の集団の内部での相互行為を考える揚合に限られる. われわれの場合は、ホワイト・カラーの職場集団を全体としての会社を単位として設定しているのであるから、問題になるのは何よりもまずフォーマルな地位である. George C. Homans, The Human Group. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1950. (6) 従来の産業行動の研究は、いずれも「人々はかれらの要求を満足させるために働く」という命題を根本においている. ヘンリー・クレイ・スミスはこの観点からホーソン調査の結果を検討した. Henry Clay Smith, Psychology of Industrial Behavior. New York : Mc-Graw-Hill, 1955.ところで概念的には、満足というのは、対象への愛着にほかならない. ここでは、職揚における満足度を問題にしているのであるから、それは職揚における種々の物理的ならびに社会的対象への愛着の程度によって測定される、というのがわれわれの考えである. これらの議論については、Talcott Parsons and Edward A. Shils (eds.), Toward a General Theory of Action, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1951. (3) 尾高邦雄「日本光学における従業員帰属意識の調査について」 (日労研資料第三六五号) 一九五七、同『産業における人間関係の科学』有斐閣、一九五四. (1) このような考え方の原型は、ライト・ミルスやリースマンの著作のなかに見出されよう. C. Wright Mills, White Collar : The American Middle Classes New York : Oxford University Press. 1951 ; David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd : A Study of the Changing American Charactor. Yale University Press, 1953. (6) 日本社会学会調査委員会、前掲クロス集計表. (7) Talcott Parsons, The Social System.Glencoe, Ill. : The Free Press, 1951.なお、同調度に関する尺度の例としては、アメリカ軍隊の研究においてスタウファー等によってつくられたものがある. Cf. Stouffer, et al., op. cit., p. 263. (9) Bernard Barber, Social Stratification. New York : Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1957. バーバーはこのなかで、われわれが本文で記したと同じ見解をのべている. |
| References_xml | – reference: (8) ホマンズは、規範への高い同調度が地位にたいする高い評価 (いいかえると高い威信) と相関することを主張している. しかしホマンズの場合の地位は、フォーマルな地位ではなくて、内部体系におけるインフォーマルな地位である. 会社組織のなかでこのようなインフォーマルな地位が問題となるのは、フォーマルな地位が等しい人々の集団の内部での相互行為を考える揚合に限られる. われわれの場合は、ホワイト・カラーの職場集団を全体としての会社を単位として設定しているのであるから、問題になるのは何よりもまずフォーマルな地位である. George C. Homans, The Human Group. London : Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1950. – reference: (4) Samuel A. Stouffer, et al., American Soldier : Studies in Social Psychology in World War II. Vol. I. Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1950. – reference: (3) R, Centers, op. cit.; 城戸・杉、前掲論文. 城戸・杉両氏の論文によれば、政治経済的態度尺度で測定した管理、事務、職人、工員の平均値はそれぞれ一四・二一、一一・二三、一二・三三および九・九五となっている. – reference: (5) 調査時期、調査票の構成および質問の前後関係の問題があるので、簡単には比較できないのであるが、一応、都市社会のホワイト・カラーの中に本調査対象を位置づけるため、比較を行った. 都市社会における調査の質問は「自由経済でやった方が安くて良い品物が沢山出まわるから自由経済はよい」となっているが、われわれの調査の質問は「自由経済」が「資本主義経済」に変わっているだけである. 結果は、大都市では傾きの係数 (Coefficient of Imbalance) は(-)三六・二でわれわれの調査では(-)O・四である. また同じ調査の他の質問 (質問の内容は同じであるが表現が多少異っている) では、その係数はそれぞれ、(-)一八・〇、 (+) 三八である (城戸・杉、前掲論文) . また階級対立に関するわれわれの質問とにたものがSSM調査の中にみられる. SSMでは、ホワイト・カラーの七二%が資本家と労働者の利害は一致するとみなすのにたいして、われわれの調査では五七%がそうみなしている (日本社会学会調査委員会「社会的成層と移動」クロス集計表、一九五六) . – reference: (1) このような考え方の原型は、ライト・ミルスやリースマンの著作のなかに見出されよう. C. Wright Mills, White Collar : The American Middle Classes New York : Oxford University Press. 1951 ; David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd : A Study of the Changing American Charactor. Yale University Press, 1953. – reference: (6) たとえば、John Haer, “Social Stratification in Relation to Attitude toward Sources of Power in Community, ” Social Forces, 1956, 35. – reference: (4) 尾高邦雄・西平重喜「わが国六大都市の社会的成層と移動」 (社会学評論第一二号) 一九五三、城戸・杉、前掲論文. 尾高・西平両氏の論文によれば六大都市の事務従事者の階級帰属の分布は、中間階級二〇・三%、労働者階級三・六%となっている. また城戸・杉両氏の論文によれば、東京都の場合は中間階級二三%、労働者階級七五%となっている. – reference: (2) F. J. Roethlisberger, Management and Morale.Cambridge Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1941; J. A. C. Brown, The Social Psychology of Industry : Human Relations in Factory. Penguin Books, 1954. – reference: (7) Talcott Parsons, The Social System.Glencoe, Ill. : The Free Press, 1951.なお、同調度に関する尺度の例としては、アメリカ軍隊の研究においてスタウファー等によってつくられたものがある. Cf. Stouffer, et al., op. cit., p. 263. – reference: (9) Bernard Barber, Social Stratification. New York : Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1957. バーバーはこのなかで、われわれが本文で記したと同じ見解をのべている. – reference: (6) 日本社会学会調査委員会、前掲クロス集計表. – reference: (1) 昇進のアスピレーションをとる場合に、〈昇進見通し〉と〈昇進希望〉とが異るということは、しばしば問題となるところである. たとえばエムピーは、社会的成層における移動のアスピレーションにおいて、この両者のちがいを論証している. われわれの調査では、第22表にみるように、〈昇進見通し〉は〈昇進希望〉よりも一段ないしは二段下げる傾向があることが見出された. LaMar T. Empey, “Social Class and Occupational Aspiration : A Comparison of Absolute and Relative Measurement.” American Sociological Review, 1956, 21. – reference: (3) 尾高邦雄「日本光学における従業員帰属意識の調査について」 (日労研資料第三六五号) 一九五七、同『産業における人間関係の科学』有斐閣、一九五四. – reference: (6) 従来の産業行動の研究は、いずれも「人々はかれらの要求を満足させるために働く」という命題を根本においている. ヘンリー・クレイ・スミスはこの観点からホーソン調査の結果を検討した. Henry Clay Smith, Psychology of Industrial Behavior. New York : Mc-Graw-Hill, 1955.ところで概念的には、満足というのは、対象への愛着にほかならない. ここでは、職揚における満足度を問題にしているのであるから、それは職揚における種々の物理的ならびに社会的対象への愛着の程度によって測定される、というのがわれわれの考えである. これらの議論については、Talcott Parsons and Edward A. Shils (eds.), Toward a General Theory of Action, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1951. – reference: (5) Robert K. Merton and Paul F.Lazarsfeld (eds.), Studies in the Scope and Method of “the American Soldier” : Continuities in Social Research. Glencoe, Ill. : The Free Press, 1950; Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure. revised and enlarged ed., Glencoe, Ill. : the Free Press, 1957. |
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| Title | Attitude Research of White Collar workers in Industry |
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| ispartofPNX | Japanese Sociological Review, 1958/02/25, Vol.8(2), pp.34-60 |
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