Restoration of tree lines in an agricultural landscape: their effectiveness as a conservation management tool
Summary As remnant vegetation covers <15% of the Australian sheep‐wheat belt, it is important to identify conservation strategies suitable for use in agricultural landscapes. Tree lines are widespread ecological structures in rural areas, and are now the subject of government subsidy schemes in N...
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| Published in | Ecological management & restoration Vol. 14; no. 1; pp. 32 - 40 |
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| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.01.2013
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Summary
As remnant vegetation covers <15% of the Australian sheep‐wheat belt, it is important to identify conservation strategies suitable for use in agricultural landscapes. Tree lines are widespread ecological structures in rural areas, and are now the subject of government subsidy schemes in New South Wales. However, the contribution of tree lines to biodiversity conservation is poorly understood. To identify the conservation value of tree lines, the bird communities in 36 tree lines in Cowra Shire, New South Wales, were surveyed 4 times each. The results demonstrated that tree lines were used by a large number of species, six of which were threatened. Different taxa were associated with different physical tree line attributes, with tree line age an important predictor of species occurrence. While mature tree lines tended to support more species, as was reflected in higher Shannon Diversity Index scores, they also harboured relatively more introduced species and nest predators, while young tree lines provided the best habitat for threatened species. However, these tree lines will mature, and as they do so they will provide increasingly suitable habitat for the hyperaggressive native honeyeater, the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala), and introduced species. Therefore, tree lines in agricultural landscapes may only be serving an important role for conservation on short time scales, and the suite of threatened species young tree lines currently support appear likely to decline further in the future. |
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| AbstractList | Summary
As remnant vegetation covers <15% of the Australian sheep‐wheat belt, it is important to identify conservation strategies suitable for use in agricultural landscapes. Tree lines are widespread ecological structures in rural areas, and are now the subject of government subsidy schemes in New South Wales. However, the contribution of tree lines to biodiversity conservation is poorly understood. To identify the conservation value of tree lines, the bird communities in 36 tree lines in Cowra Shire, New South Wales, were surveyed 4 times each. The results demonstrated that tree lines were used by a large number of species, six of which were threatened. Different taxa were associated with different physical tree line attributes, with tree line age an important predictor of species occurrence. While mature tree lines tended to support more species, as was reflected in higher Shannon Diversity Index scores, they also harboured relatively more introduced species and nest predators, while young tree lines provided the best habitat for threatened species. However, these tree lines will mature, and as they do so they will provide increasingly suitable habitat for the hyperaggressive native honeyeater, the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala), and introduced species. Therefore, tree lines in agricultural landscapes may only be serving an important role for conservation on short time scales, and the suite of threatened species young tree lines currently support appear likely to decline further in the future. As remnant vegetation covers <15% of the Australian sheep-wheat belt, it is important to identify conservation strategies suitable for use in agricultural landscapes. Tree lines are widespread ecological structures in rural areas, and are now the subject of government subsidy schemes in New South Wales. However, the contribution of tree lines to biodiversity conservation is poorly understood. To identify the conservation value of tree lines, the bird communities in 36 tree lines in Cowra Shire, New South Wales, were surveyed 4 times each. The results demonstrated that tree lines were used by a large number of species, six of which were threatened. Different taxa were associated with different physical tree line attributes, with tree line age an important predictor of species occurrence. While mature tree lines tended to support more species, as was reflected in higher Shannon Diversity Index scores, they also harboured relatively more introduced species and nest predators, while young tree lines provided the best habitat for threatened species. However, these tree lines will mature, and as they do so they will provide increasingly suitable habitat for the hyperaggressive native honeyeater, the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala), and introduced species. Therefore, tree lines in agricultural landscapes may only be serving an important role for conservation on short time scales, and the suite of threatened species young tree lines currently support appear likely to decline further in the future. As remnant vegetation covers <15% of the A ustralian sheep‐wheat belt, it is important to identify conservation strategies suitable for use in agricultural landscapes. Tree lines are widespread ecological structures in rural areas, and are now the subject of government subsidy schemes in N ew S outh W ales. However, the contribution of tree lines to biodiversity conservation is poorly understood. To identify the conservation value of tree lines, the bird communities in 36 tree lines in Cowra Shire, New South Wales, were surveyed 4 times each. The results demonstrated that tree lines were used by a large number of species, six of which were threatened. Different taxa were associated with different physical tree line attributes, with tree line age an important predictor of species occurrence. While mature tree lines tended to support more species, as was reflected in higher Shannon Diversity Index scores, they also harboured relatively more introduced species and nest predators, while young tree lines provided the best habitat for threatened species. However, these tree lines will mature, and as they do so they will provide increasingly suitable habitat for the hyperaggressive native honeyeater, the N oisy M iner ( M anorina melanocephala ), and introduced species. Therefore, tree lines in agricultural landscapes may only be serving an important role for conservation on short time scales, and the suite of threatened species young tree lines currently support appear likely to decline further in the future. |
| Author | Cottee-Jones, H. Eden W. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: H. Eden W. surname: Cottee-Jones fullname: Cottee-Jones, H. Eden W. email: henry.cottee-jones@seh.ox.ac.uk organization: E-mail: henry.cottee-jones@seh.ox.ac.uk |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.02.002 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00624.x 10.1071/PC940245 10.1046/j.1442-9993.1999.00971.x 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01450.x 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98081.x 10.1071/WR06134 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12292.x 10.1207/s15327906mbr2603_7 10.1016/0169-5347(92)90010-9 10.1073/pnas.0806080105 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.06040493.x 10.1111/j.1442-8903.2008.00385.x 10.1890/080170 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01146.x 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.98036.x 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00213.x 10.1007/s10980-011-9665-4 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01948.x 10.1073/pnas.0812016105 10.1071/PC030095 10.1071/9780643095601 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01931.x 10.1046/j.1442-8903.2002.00114.x 10.2193/2007-294 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.610146.x |
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| References | Oldland J. M., Taylor R. S. and Clarke M. F. (2009) Habitat preferences of the noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala) -a propensity for prime real estate? Australian Ecology 34, 306-316. Donald P. F. and Evans A. D. (2006) Habitat connectivity and matrix restoration: The wider implications of agri-environment schemes. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 209-218. Beier P. and Noss R. F. (1998) Do habitat corridors provide connectivity? Conservation Biology 12, 1241-1252. Green S. B. (1991) How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis? Multivariate Behavioural Research 26, 499-510. Pizzey G. and Knight F. (2003) Graham Pizzey & Frank Knight: The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, HarperCollins, Sydney, NSW. Seddon J. A., Briggs S. V. and Doyle S. J. (2003) Relationships between bird species and characteristics of woodland remnants in central New South Wales. Pacific Conservation Biology 9, 95-119. Piper S. D. and Catterall C. P. (2003) A particular case and a general pattern: Hyperaggressive behaviour by one species may mediate avifaunal decreases in fragmented Australian forests. Oikos 101, 602-614. Higgins P. J., Peter J. M. and Steele W. K. (eds) (2001) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5: Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Vic. Cohen J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York. Higgins P. J., Peter J. M. and Cowling S. J. (2006) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 7: Boatbill to Starlings, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Vic. Gilbert-Norton L., Wilson R., Stevens J. R. and Beard K. H. (2010) A meta-analytic review of corridor effectiveness. Conservation Biology 24, 660-668. MacArthur R. H. and Wilson E. O. (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. Hanspach J., Fischer J., Stott J. and Stagoll K. (2011) Conservation management of eastern Australian farmland birds in relation to landscape gradients. Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 523-531. Spooner P. G. and Briggs S. V. (2008) Woodlands on farms in southern New South Wales: a longer-term assessment of vegetation changes after fencing. Ecological Management and Restoration 9, 33-41. Prugh L. R., Hodges K. E., Sinclair A. R. E. and Brashares J. S. (2008) Effect of habitat area and isolation on fragmented animal populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, 20770-20775. Lindenmayer D. B., Hulvey K. B., Hobbs R. J. et al. (2012) Avoiding bio-perversity from carbon sequestration solutions. Conservation Letters 5, 28-36. Clarke M. F. and Oldland J. M. (2007) Penetration of remnant edges by Noisy Miners (Manorina melanocephala) and implications for habitat restoration. Wildlife Research 34, 253-261. Sherren K., Fischer J. and Price R. (2010) Using photography to elicit grazier values and management practices relating to tree survival and recruitment. Land Use Policy 27, 1056-1067. Simberloff D., Farr J. A., Cox J. and Mehlman D. W. (1992) Movement corridors -conservation bargains or poor investments? Conservation Biology 6, 493-504. Martin T. G. and McIntyre S. (2007) Impacts of livestock grazing and tree clearing on birds of woodland and riparian habitats. Conservation Biology 21, 504-514. Miles J. N. and Shevlin M. (2001) Applying Regression and Correlation: A Guide for Students and Researchers. Sage, London. Hobbs R. J. (1992) The role of corridors in conservation - solution or bandwagon? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7, 389-392. McIntyre S. and Barrett G. W. (1992) Habitat variegation, an alternative to fragmentation. Conservation Biology 6, 146-147. Montague-Drake R. M., Lindenmayer D. B., Cunningham R. B. and Stein J. A. (2011) A reverse keystone species affects the landscape distribution of woodland avifauna: a case study using the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala) and other Australian birds. Landscape Ecology 26, 1383-1394. Barrett G. W., Ford H. A. and Recher H. F. (1994) Conservation of woodland birds in a fragmented rural landscape. Pacific Conservation Biology 1, 245-256. Cunningham R. B., Lindenmayer D. B., Nix H. A. and Lindenmayer B. D. (1999) Quantifying observer heterogeneity in bird counts. Australian Journal of Ecology 24, 270-277. Higgins P. J. and Peter J. M. (eds) (2002) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 6: Pardalotes to shrike-thrushes, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Vic. Johnson D. H. (2008) In defense of indices: the case of bird surveys. Journal of Wildlife Management 72, 857-868. Christidis L. and Boles W. (2008) Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Vic. Debinski D. M. and Holt R. D. (2000) A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments. Conservation Biology 14, 342-355. Gibbons P. and Boak M. (2002) The value of paddock trees for regional conservation in an agricultural landscape. Ecological Management and Restoration 3, 205-210. Fischer J., Sherren K., Stott J., Zerger A., Warren G. and Stein J. (2010) Towards landscape-wide conservation outcomes in Australia's temperate grazing region. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8, 69-74. Franklin J. F. and Lindenmayer D. B. (2009) Importance of matrix habitats in maintaining biological diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 349-350. New South Wales (1995) Threatened Species Conservation Act. 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| References_xml | – reference: MacArthur R. H. and Wilson E. O. (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. – reference: Gilbert-Norton L., Wilson R., Stevens J. R. and Beard K. H. (2010) A meta-analytic review of corridor effectiveness. Conservation Biology 24, 660-668. – reference: Oldland J. M., Taylor R. S. and Clarke M. F. (2009) Habitat preferences of the noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala) -a propensity for prime real estate? Australian Ecology 34, 306-316. – reference: Hanspach J., Fischer J., Stott J. and Stagoll K. (2011) Conservation management of eastern Australian farmland birds in relation to landscape gradients. Journal of Applied Ecology 48, 523-531. – reference: New South Wales (1995) Threatened Species Conservation Act. Parliamentary Counsel's Office, Sydney, NSW. – reference: Lindenmayer D. B., Hulvey K. B., Hobbs R. J. et al. (2012) Avoiding bio-perversity from carbon sequestration solutions. Conservation Letters 5, 28-36. – reference: Gibbons P. and Boak M. (2002) The value of paddock trees for regional conservation in an agricultural landscape. Ecological Management and Restoration 3, 205-210. – reference: Green S. B. (1991) How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis? Multivariate Behavioural Research 26, 499-510. – reference: Johnson D. H. (2008) In defense of indices: the case of bird surveys. Journal of Wildlife Management 72, 857-868. – reference: Martin T. G. and McIntyre S. (2007) Impacts of livestock grazing and tree clearing on birds of woodland and riparian habitats. Conservation Biology 21, 504-514. – reference: Higgins P. J. and Peter J. M. (eds) (2002) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 6: Pardalotes to shrike-thrushes, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Vic. – reference: Spooner P. G. and Briggs S. V. (2008) Woodlands on farms in southern New South Wales: a longer-term assessment of vegetation changes after fencing. Ecological Management and Restoration 9, 33-41. – reference: Higgins P. J., Peter J. M. and Cowling S. J. (2006) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 7: Boatbill to Starlings, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Vic. – reference: Christidis L. and Boles W. (2008) Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Vic. – reference: Higgins P. J., Peter J. M. and Steele W. K. (eds) (2001) Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5: Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Vic. – reference: Miles J. N. and Shevlin M. (2001) Applying Regression and Correlation: A Guide for Students and Researchers. Sage, London. – reference: Simberloff D., Farr J. A., Cox J. and Mehlman D. W. (1992) Movement corridors -conservation bargains or poor investments? Conservation Biology 6, 493-504. – reference: Cohen J. (1988) Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York. – reference: Donald P. F. and Evans A. D. (2006) Habitat connectivity and matrix restoration: The wider implications of agri-environment schemes. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 209-218. – reference: McIntyre S. and Barrett G. W. (1992) Habitat variegation, an alternative to fragmentation. Conservation Biology 6, 146-147. – reference: Cunningham R. B., Lindenmayer D. B., Nix H. A. and Lindenmayer B. D. (1999) Quantifying observer heterogeneity in bird counts. Australian Journal of Ecology 24, 270-277. – reference: Fischer J., Sherren K., Stott J., Zerger A., Warren G. and Stein J. (2010) Towards landscape-wide conservation outcomes in Australia's temperate grazing region. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8, 69-74. – reference: Sherren K., Fischer J. and Price R. (2010) Using photography to elicit grazier values and management practices relating to tree survival and recruitment. Land Use Policy 27, 1056-1067. – reference: Seddon J. A., Briggs S. V. and Doyle S. J. (2003) Relationships between bird species and characteristics of woodland remnants in central New South Wales. Pacific Conservation Biology 9, 95-119. – reference: Prugh L. R., Hodges K. E., Sinclair A. R. E. and Brashares J. S. (2008) Effect of habitat area and isolation on fragmented animal populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, 20770-20775. – reference: Pizzey G. and Knight F. (2003) Graham Pizzey & Frank Knight: The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, HarperCollins, Sydney, NSW. – reference: Clarke M. F. and Oldland J. M. (2007) Penetration of remnant edges by Noisy Miners (Manorina melanocephala) and implications for habitat restoration. Wildlife Research 34, 253-261. – reference: Franklin J. F. and Lindenmayer D. B. (2009) Importance of matrix habitats in maintaining biological diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 349-350. – reference: Montague-Drake R. M., Lindenmayer D. B., Cunningham R. B. and Stein J. A. (2011) A reverse keystone species affects the landscape distribution of woodland avifauna: a case study using the Noisy Miner (Manorina melanocephala) and other Australian birds. Landscape Ecology 26, 1383-1394. – reference: Piper S. D. and Catterall C. P. (2003) A particular case and a general pattern: Hyperaggressive behaviour by one species may mediate avifaunal decreases in fragmented Australian forests. Oikos 101, 602-614. – reference: Debinski D. M. and Holt R. D. (2000) A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments. Conservation Biology 14, 342-355. – reference: Barrett G. W., Ford H. A. and Recher H. F. (1994) Conservation of woodland birds in a fragmented rural landscape. 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As remnant vegetation covers <15% of the Australian sheep‐wheat belt, it is important to identify conservation strategies suitable for use in... As remnant vegetation covers <15% of the A ustralian sheep‐wheat belt, it is important to identify conservation strategies suitable for use in agricultural... As remnant vegetation covers <15% of the Australian sheep-wheat belt, it is important to identify conservation strategies suitable for use in agricultural... |
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| SubjectTerms | agri-environment schemes bird conservation countryside biogeography Manorina melanocephala threatened species tree lines |
| Title | Restoration of tree lines in an agricultural landscape: their effectiveness as a conservation management tool |
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