How Efficient are LC3 and GGBFS-Contained Mortar Mixtures Submerged into Na2SO4 Solution against External Sulfate Attack at an early Age?
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is one of the most widely used construction materials in civil engineering infrastructure construction but it is susceptible to sulfate attack. One of the ways to improve the sulfate resistance of an OPC mortar/concrete is to replace a certain amount of OPC with differ...
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Published in | Key engineering materials Vol. 902; pp. 145 - 151 |
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Main Authors | , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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29.10.2021
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Abstract | Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is one of the most widely used construction materials in civil engineering infrastructure construction but it is susceptible to sulfate attack. One of the ways to improve the sulfate resistance of an OPC mortar/concrete is to replace a certain amount of OPC with different pozzolanic materials such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and metakaolin. The use of pozzolanic materials to mortar/concrete not only enhances durability but also reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) emission due to the less usage of OPC at the initial construction state. As considering these aspects, limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) has been developed in recent decades. However, the influence of LC3 on sulfate attack resistance has not been fully evaluated. Therefore, this study investigated the efficiency of LC3 mortar mixtures against sulfate attack at an early age (approximately 4.5 months) after two different curing periods, namely 1-day and 3-day curing, since the strength of the LC3 mixture is lower than OPC mixtures. To evaluate the synergistic effect of a combination of LC3 and GGBFS on the sulfate resistance, the LC3 and OPC mixtures containing 25% GGBFS were also assessed in terms of density, porosity, compressive strength, volumetric expansion, and weight changes. The experiment results show that the expansion of the LC3 mixture regardless of the addition of GGBFS and an initial curing strength made a plateau after a rapid increase up to 7 days, while the expansion of the OPC mixture kept increasing throughout the period. Furthermore, the addition of GGBFS to OPC or LC3 mixture provides the synergistic effect on reducing the expansion due to sulfate attack. Therefore, if LC3 mixture has high initial strength (min. 15 MPa) and dense microstructure to minimize the penetration of sulfate ion into the mixture, it is expected that LC3 mixture is more efficient than OPC mixture against the sulfate attack. |
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AbstractList | Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is one of the most widely used construction materials in civil engineering infrastructure construction but it is susceptible to sulfate attack. One of the ways to improve the sulfate resistance of an OPC mortar/concrete is to replace a certain amount of OPC with different pozzolanic materials such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and metakaolin. The use of pozzolanic materials to mortar/concrete not only enhances durability but also reduces carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emission due to the less usage of OPC at the initial construction state. As considering these aspects, limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) has been developed in recent decades. However, the influence of LC3 on sulfate attack resistance has not been fully evaluated. Therefore, this study investigated the efficiency of LC3 mortar mixtures against sulfate attack at an early age (approximately 4.5 months) after two different curing periods, namely 1-day and 3-day curing, since the strength of the LC3 mixture is lower than OPC mixtures. To evaluate the synergistic effect of a combination of LC3 and GGBFS on the sulfate resistance, the LC3 and OPC mixtures containing 25% GGBFS were also assessed in terms of density, porosity, compressive strength, volumetric expansion, and weight changes. The experiment results show that the expansion of the LC3 mixture regardless of the addition of GGBFS and an initial curing strength made a plateau after a rapid increase up to 7 days, while the expansion of the OPC mixture kept increasing throughout the period. Furthermore, the addition of GGBFS to OPC or LC3 mixture provides the synergistic effect on reducing the expansion due to sulfate attack. Therefore, if LC3 mixture has high initial strength (min. 15 MPa) and dense microstructure to minimize the penetration of sulfate ion into the mixture, it is expected that LC3 mixture is more efficient than OPC mixture against the sulfate attack. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is one of the most widely used construction materials in civil engineering infrastructure construction but it is susceptible to sulfate attack. One of the ways to improve the sulfate resistance of an OPC mortar/concrete is to replace a certain amount of OPC with different pozzolanic materials such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and metakaolin. The use of pozzolanic materials to mortar/concrete not only enhances durability but also reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) emission due to the less usage of OPC at the initial construction state. As considering these aspects, limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) has been developed in recent decades. However, the influence of LC3 on sulfate attack resistance has not been fully evaluated. Therefore, this study investigated the efficiency of LC3 mortar mixtures against sulfate attack at an early age (approximately 4.5 months) after two different curing periods, namely 1-day and 3-day curing, since the strength of the LC3 mixture is lower than OPC mixtures. To evaluate the synergistic effect of a combination of LC3 and GGBFS on the sulfate resistance, the LC3 and OPC mixtures containing 25% GGBFS were also assessed in terms of density, porosity, compressive strength, volumetric expansion, and weight changes. The experiment results show that the expansion of the LC3 mixture regardless of the addition of GGBFS and an initial curing strength made a plateau after a rapid increase up to 7 days, while the expansion of the OPC mixture kept increasing throughout the period. Furthermore, the addition of GGBFS to OPC or LC3 mixture provides the synergistic effect on reducing the expansion due to sulfate attack. Therefore, if LC3 mixture has high initial strength (min. 15 MPa) and dense microstructure to minimize the penetration of sulfate ion into the mixture, it is expected that LC3 mixture is more efficient than OPC mixture against the sulfate attack. |
Author | Shon, Chang Seon Orynbassarov, Islam Kim, Jong Ryeol Tugelbayev, Aidyn Bektimirova, Umut |
Author_xml | – givenname: Chang Seon surname: Shon fullname: Shon, Chang Seon email: chang.shon@nu.edu.kz organization: Nazarbayev University : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences – givenname: Aidyn surname: Tugelbayev fullname: Tugelbayev, Aidyn email: aidyn.tugelbayev@nu.edu.kz organization: Nazarbayev University : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences – givenname: Umut surname: Bektimirova fullname: Bektimirova, Umut email: ubakhbergenova@nu.edu.kz organization: Nazarbayev University : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences – givenname: Islam surname: Orynbassarov fullname: Orynbassarov, Islam email: islam.orynbassarov@nu.edu.kz organization: Nazarbayev University : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences – givenname: Jong Ryeol surname: Kim fullname: Kim, Jong Ryeol email: jong.kim@nu.edu.kz organization: Nazarbayev University : Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences |
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Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.017 10.1111/jace.12575 10.1680/jadcr.14.00089 10.1680/jgrma.18.00029 10.1520/c0305-13 10.1520/c0109_c0109m-13 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.026 10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.09.006 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119630 10.1080/2093761X.2016.1237393 10.1155/2017/5673985 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.005 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.06.006 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.041 10.3390/jmse8050301 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.11.003 10.1520/c1012-03 |
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Keywords | Sulfate Attack Eco-Efficient Cement Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) |
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References | Al-Akhras (4456372); 36 Scrivener (4456376); 7 Lv (4456371); 258 Shi (4456380); 116 Robledo-Gutiérrez (4456368) 2013; 96 4456382 4456383 4456373 4456384 Dhandapani (4456378); 107 Nguyen (4456377) 2020; 8 Scrivener (4456375); 114 Antoni (4456374); 42 Shon (4456370); 47 4456381 4456369 Shi (4456379); 88 |
References_xml | – volume: 114 start-page: 49 ident: 4456375 article-title: Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3) publication-title: Cement and Concrete Research doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.017 contributor: fullname: Scrivener – volume: 96 start-page: 3637 issue: 11 year: 2013 ident: 4456368 article-title: Mineralogical Composition of Clinker as an Indicator of Sulfate Resistance: A Rietveld XRD/Takashima Approach publication-title: Journal of the American Ceramic Society doi: 10.1111/jace.12575 contributor: fullname: Robledo-Gutiérrez – ident: 4456369 doi: 10.1680/jadcr.14.00089 – volume: 7 start-page: 3 issn: 2049-1239 issue: 1 ident: 4456376 article-title: Impacting factors and properties of limestone calcined clay cements (LC3) publication-title: Green Materials doi: 10.1680/jgrma.18.00029 contributor: fullname: Scrivener – ident: 4456381 doi: 10.1520/c0305-13 – ident: 4456382 doi: 10.1520/c0109_c0109m-13 – volume: 36 start-page: 1727 issue: 9 ident: 4456372 article-title: Durability of metakaolin concrete to sulfate attack publication-title: Cement and Concrete Research doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.026 contributor: fullname: Al-Akhras – volume: 42 start-page: 1579 issue: 12 ident: 4456374 article-title: Cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and limestone publication-title: Cement and Concrete Research doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.09.006 contributor: fullname: Antoni – volume: 258 start-page: 119630 ident: 4456371 article-title: Resistance improvement of cement mortar containing silica fume to external sulfate attacks at normal temperature publication-title: Construction and Building Materials doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119630 contributor: fullname: Lv – ident: 4456373 doi: 10.1080/2093761X.2016.1237393 – ident: 4456384 doi: 10.1155/2017/5673985 – volume: 107 start-page: 136 ident: 4456378 article-title: Mechanical properties and durability performance of concretes with Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) publication-title: Cement and Concrete Research doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.005 contributor: fullname: Dhandapani – volume: 88 start-page: 60 ident: 4456379 article-title: Experimental studies and thermodynamic modeling of the carbonation of Portland cement, metakaolin and limestone mortars publication-title: Cement and Concrete Research doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.06.006 contributor: fullname: Shi – volume: 47 start-page: 389 ident: 4456370 article-title: Evaluation of West Texas natural zeolite as an alternative of ASTM Class F fly ash publication-title: Construction and Building Materials doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.041 contributor: fullname: Shon – volume: 8 start-page: 301 issn: 2077-1312 issue: 5 year: 2020 ident: 4456377 article-title: Influence of Calcined Clay Reactivity on the Mechanical Properties and Chloride Diffusion Resistance of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Concrete publication-title: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering doi: 10.3390/jmse8050301 contributor: fullname: Nguyen – volume: 116 start-page: 238 ident: 4456380 article-title: Sulfate resistance of calcined clay – Limestone – Portland cements publication-title: Cement and Concrete Research doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.11.003 contributor: fullname: Shi – ident: 4456383 doi: 10.1520/c1012-03 |
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SubjectTerms | Carbon dioxide Cement Compressive strength Concrete Curing GGBS Limestone Metakaolin Mixtures Mortars (material) Portland cements Pozzolans Sulfate resistance Synergistic effect |
Title | How Efficient are LC3 and GGBFS-Contained Mortar Mixtures Submerged into Na2SO4 Solution against External Sulfate Attack at an early Age? |
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