Observing changes in the present and paleo-glacial extents of major glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin of Central Himalaya
The erosional and depositional landforms modified by the glaciers can be used effectively to reconstruct the palaeo-glacial events along with dating techniques. In this study, a detailed reconstruction of the Satopanth Glacier (SPG), Bhagirath Kharak Glacier (BKG), and Bhagnyu Glacier (BG) in the Al...
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Published in | Geomorphology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Vol. 461; p. 109287 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Elsevier B.V
15.09.2024
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Abstract | The erosional and depositional landforms modified by the glaciers can be used effectively to reconstruct the palaeo-glacial events along with dating techniques. In this study, a detailed reconstruction of the Satopanth Glacier (SPG), Bhagirath Kharak Glacier (BKG), and Bhagnyu Glacier (BG) in the Alaknanda Basin of Central Himalaya is carried out using glacier morphological features identified from a comprehensive dataset that includes historic toposheets (1882–1962), satellite images (1968–2020), and field observations (2019 & 2020). We also compute paleo, contemporary ice thickness, and glacier volumes using the Glacier Reconstructio (GlaRe) and the Himalayan Glacier Thickness Mapper (HIGTHIM) tools, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the region has witnessed three major glacial advances: Stage I (oldest), Stage II, and Stage III glaciations. The SPG, BKG, and BG were tributaries of a primary primitive glacier that existed during the Stage I glaciation that extended to the Mana village. The Stage I glacial moraines are at a distance of 8.4 ± 1.1 km, 7.8 ± 1 km, and 8.4 ± 1.1 km from the present-day snout of SPG, BKG, BG, while the Stage II moraines are 5.1 ± 0.71 km, 4.2 ± 0.58 km, and 5 ± 0.7 km away, and Stage III moraines are 1.9 ± 0.26 km, 1.3 ± 0.18 km, and 2.8 ± 0.39 km away, respectively. The area of the primitive glacier reduced (Stage I to the recent period) from 78 ± 4.6 km2 to 60 ± 3.6 km2 with a volume reduction from 4.7 ± 0.94 km3 to 3.5 ± 0.63 km3. Most importantly, the rate of recession of the glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin is more in the last 5 decades ∼(8.4 ± 1.1 m a−1 (SPG), 7.2 ± 1 m a−1 (BKG), 10 ± 1.4 m a−1 (BG)) than that reported over the last 12,000 years, which is ∼0.42 m a−1 (SPG), 0.35 m a−1 (BKG), 0.42 m a−1 (BG). The present study provides a detailed characterization of the long-term evolution of glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin for the first time.
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•Paleoextent of 3 major glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin using satellite and field data•Paleo and contemporary ice thickness estimation using Laminar flow and GlaRe models•Observed 23 % volume and area reduction of glaciers between Stage I and III•Drastic glacier recession, ∼1.3 km to 2.8 km over the last 5 decades•Ice thickness stayed constant, 356–332 m, from Stage I to III. |
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AbstractList | The erosional and depositional landforms modified by the glaciers can be used effectively to reconstruct the palaeo-glacial events along with dating techniques. In this study, a detailed reconstruction of the Satopanth Glacier (SPG), Bhagirath Kharak Glacier (BKG), and Bhagnyu Glacier (BG) in the Alaknanda Basin of Central Himalaya is carried out using glacier morphological features identified from a comprehensive dataset that includes historic toposheets (1882–1962), satellite images (1968–2020), and field observations (2019 & 2020). We also compute paleo, contemporary ice thickness, and glacier volumes using the Glacier Reconstructio (GlaRe) and the Himalayan Glacier Thickness Mapper (HIGTHIM) tools, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the region has witnessed three major glacial advances: Stage I (oldest), Stage II, and Stage III glaciations. The SPG, BKG, and BG were tributaries of a primary primitive glacier that existed during the Stage I glaciation that extended to the Mana village. The Stage I glacial moraines are at a distance of 8.4 ± 1.1 km, 7.8 ± 1 km, and 8.4 ± 1.1 km from the present-day snout of SPG, BKG, BG, while the Stage II moraines are 5.1 ± 0.71 km, 4.2 ± 0.58 km, and 5 ± 0.7 km away, and Stage III moraines are 1.9 ± 0.26 km, 1.3 ± 0.18 km, and 2.8 ± 0.39 km away, respectively. The area of the primitive glacier reduced (Stage I to the recent period) from 78 ± 4.6 km2 to 60 ± 3.6 km2 with a volume reduction from 4.7 ± 0.94 km3 to 3.5 ± 0.63 km3. Most importantly, the rate of recession of the glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin is more in the last 5 decades ∼(8.4 ± 1.1 m a−1 (SPG), 7.2 ± 1 m a−1 (BKG), 10 ± 1.4 m a−1 (BG)) than that reported over the last 12,000 years, which is ∼0.42 m a−1 (SPG), 0.35 m a−1 (BKG), 0.42 m a−1 (BG). The present study provides a detailed characterization of the long-term evolution of glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin for the first time.
[Display omitted]
•Paleoextent of 3 major glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin using satellite and field data•Paleo and contemporary ice thickness estimation using Laminar flow and GlaRe models•Observed 23 % volume and area reduction of glaciers between Stage I and III•Drastic glacier recession, ∼1.3 km to 2.8 km over the last 5 decades•Ice thickness stayed constant, 356–332 m, from Stage I to III. |
ArticleNumber | 109287 |
Author | Kulkarni, Anil V. Nainwal, H.C. Remya, S.N. Mishra, Aditya Syed, Tajdarul Hassan Raj K., Babu Govindha |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: S.N. surname: Remya fullname: Remya, S.N. organization: School for Sustainable Futures, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kerala, India – sequence: 2 givenname: Tajdarul Hassan surname: Syed fullname: Syed, Tajdarul Hassan email: tsyed@iitk.ac.in organization: Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India – sequence: 3 givenname: Anil V. surname: Kulkarni fullname: Kulkarni, Anil V. organization: DST Centre for Excellence in Climate Change, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, IISc, Bangalore, India – sequence: 4 givenname: H.C. surname: Nainwal fullname: Nainwal, H.C. organization: Department of Geology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Uttarakhand, India – sequence: 5 givenname: Aditya surname: Mishra fullname: Mishra, Aditya organization: Department of Geology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Uttarakhand, India – sequence: 6 givenname: Babu Govindha surname: Raj K. fullname: Raj K., Babu Govindha organization: Indian Space Research Organization Headquarters (ISRO HQ), Antariksh Bhavan, Bangalore, India |
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SubjectTerms | Alaknanda Basin Geomorphology Glacier Reconstruction Glacier volume Paleo-glaciation |
Title | Observing changes in the present and paleo-glacial extents of major glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin of Central Himalaya |
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