Observing changes in the present and paleo-glacial extents of major glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin of Central Himalaya

The erosional and depositional landforms modified by the glaciers can be used effectively to reconstruct the palaeo-glacial events along with dating techniques. In this study, a detailed reconstruction of the Satopanth Glacier (SPG), Bhagirath Kharak Glacier (BKG), and Bhagnyu Glacier (BG) in the Al...

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Published inGeomorphology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Vol. 461; p. 109287
Main Authors Remya, S.N., Syed, Tajdarul Hassan, Kulkarni, Anil V., Nainwal, H.C., Mishra, Aditya, Raj K., Babu Govindha
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier B.V 15.09.2024
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Abstract The erosional and depositional landforms modified by the glaciers can be used effectively to reconstruct the palaeo-glacial events along with dating techniques. In this study, a detailed reconstruction of the Satopanth Glacier (SPG), Bhagirath Kharak Glacier (BKG), and Bhagnyu Glacier (BG) in the Alaknanda Basin of Central Himalaya is carried out using glacier morphological features identified from a comprehensive dataset that includes historic toposheets (1882–1962), satellite images (1968–2020), and field observations (2019 & 2020). We also compute paleo, contemporary ice thickness, and glacier volumes using the Glacier Reconstructio (GlaRe) and the Himalayan Glacier Thickness Mapper (HIGTHIM) tools, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the region has witnessed three major glacial advances: Stage I (oldest), Stage II, and Stage III glaciations. The SPG, BKG, and BG were tributaries of a primary primitive glacier that existed during the Stage I glaciation that extended to the Mana village. The Stage I glacial moraines are at a distance of 8.4 ± 1.1 km, 7.8 ± 1 km, and 8.4 ± 1.1 km from the present-day snout of SPG, BKG, BG, while the Stage II moraines are 5.1 ± 0.71 km, 4.2 ± 0.58 km, and 5 ± 0.7 km away, and Stage III moraines are 1.9 ± 0.26 km, 1.3 ± 0.18 km, and 2.8 ± 0.39 km away, respectively. The area of the primitive glacier reduced (Stage I to the recent period) from 78 ± 4.6 km2 to 60 ± 3.6 km2 with a volume reduction from 4.7 ± 0.94 km3 to 3.5 ± 0.63 km3. Most importantly, the rate of recession of the glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin is more in the last 5 decades ∼(8.4 ± 1.1 m a−1 (SPG), 7.2 ± 1 m a−1 (BKG), 10 ± 1.4 m a−1 (BG)) than that reported over the last 12,000 years, which is ∼0.42 m a−1 (SPG), 0.35 m a−1 (BKG), 0.42 m a−1 (BG). The present study provides a detailed characterization of the long-term evolution of glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin for the first time. [Display omitted] •Paleoextent of 3 major glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin using satellite and field data•Paleo and contemporary ice thickness estimation using Laminar flow and GlaRe models•Observed 23 % volume and area reduction of glaciers between Stage I and III•Drastic glacier recession, ∼1.3 km to 2.8 km over the last 5 decades•Ice thickness stayed constant, 356–332 m, from Stage I to III.
AbstractList The erosional and depositional landforms modified by the glaciers can be used effectively to reconstruct the palaeo-glacial events along with dating techniques. In this study, a detailed reconstruction of the Satopanth Glacier (SPG), Bhagirath Kharak Glacier (BKG), and Bhagnyu Glacier (BG) in the Alaknanda Basin of Central Himalaya is carried out using glacier morphological features identified from a comprehensive dataset that includes historic toposheets (1882–1962), satellite images (1968–2020), and field observations (2019 & 2020). We also compute paleo, contemporary ice thickness, and glacier volumes using the Glacier Reconstructio (GlaRe) and the Himalayan Glacier Thickness Mapper (HIGTHIM) tools, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the region has witnessed three major glacial advances: Stage I (oldest), Stage II, and Stage III glaciations. The SPG, BKG, and BG were tributaries of a primary primitive glacier that existed during the Stage I glaciation that extended to the Mana village. The Stage I glacial moraines are at a distance of 8.4 ± 1.1 km, 7.8 ± 1 km, and 8.4 ± 1.1 km from the present-day snout of SPG, BKG, BG, while the Stage II moraines are 5.1 ± 0.71 km, 4.2 ± 0.58 km, and 5 ± 0.7 km away, and Stage III moraines are 1.9 ± 0.26 km, 1.3 ± 0.18 km, and 2.8 ± 0.39 km away, respectively. The area of the primitive glacier reduced (Stage I to the recent period) from 78 ± 4.6 km2 to 60 ± 3.6 km2 with a volume reduction from 4.7 ± 0.94 km3 to 3.5 ± 0.63 km3. Most importantly, the rate of recession of the glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin is more in the last 5 decades ∼(8.4 ± 1.1 m a−1 (SPG), 7.2 ± 1 m a−1 (BKG), 10 ± 1.4 m a−1 (BG)) than that reported over the last 12,000 years, which is ∼0.42 m a−1 (SPG), 0.35 m a−1 (BKG), 0.42 m a−1 (BG). The present study provides a detailed characterization of the long-term evolution of glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin for the first time. [Display omitted] •Paleoextent of 3 major glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin using satellite and field data•Paleo and contemporary ice thickness estimation using Laminar flow and GlaRe models•Observed 23 % volume and area reduction of glaciers between Stage I and III•Drastic glacier recession, ∼1.3 km to 2.8 km over the last 5 decades•Ice thickness stayed constant, 356–332 m, from Stage I to III.
ArticleNumber 109287
Author Kulkarni, Anil V.
Nainwal, H.C.
Remya, S.N.
Mishra, Aditya
Syed, Tajdarul Hassan
Raj K., Babu Govindha
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  surname: Remya
  fullname: Remya, S.N.
  organization: School for Sustainable Futures, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kerala, India
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  givenname: Tajdarul Hassan
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  fullname: Syed, Tajdarul Hassan
  email: tsyed@iitk.ac.in
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  givenname: Anil V.
  surname: Kulkarni
  fullname: Kulkarni, Anil V.
  organization: DST Centre for Excellence in Climate Change, Divecha Centre for Climate Change, IISc, Bangalore, India
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  surname: Nainwal
  fullname: Nainwal, H.C.
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  givenname: Babu Govindha
  surname: Raj K.
  fullname: Raj K., Babu Govindha
  organization: Indian Space Research Organization Headquarters (ISRO HQ), Antariksh Bhavan, Bangalore, India
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Geomorphology
Alaknanda Basin
Paleo-glaciation
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Snippet The erosional and depositional landforms modified by the glaciers can be used effectively to reconstruct the palaeo-glacial events along with dating...
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StartPage 109287
SubjectTerms Alaknanda Basin
Geomorphology
Glacier Reconstruction
Glacier volume
Paleo-glaciation
Title Observing changes in the present and paleo-glacial extents of major glaciers in the Alaknanda Basin of Central Himalaya
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109287
Volume 461
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