Heel pad’s hyperelastic properties and gait parameters reciprocal modelling by a Gaussian Mixture Model and Extreme Gradient Boosting framework

• Published in: Biomedical signal processing and control Vol. 107; p. 107818
• Main Authors: Quagliato, Luca, Kim, Sewon, Hassan, Olamide Robiat, Lee, Taeyong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2025
• Subjects: Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB); Gait analysis; Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM); Heel pad mechanical properties; Indentation; Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM); Indentation; Heel pad mechanical properties; Gait analysis; Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB)
• ISSN: 1746-8094
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2025.107818

•Quantitative modeling for heel pad mechanical properties with gait parameters.•Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) architecture.•Plantar foot indentation and gait experiments on 40 individuals in 20 ∼ 50 age range.•GMM-generated synthetic data allowed for low XGB deviations in the 5 %∼8 % range.•Plantar tissue properties and gait characteristics reciprocal model establishment. Gait analysis and heel pad mechanical properties have been largely studied by physicians and biomechanical engineers alike. However, only a few contributions deal with the intertwining relationship between these two essential aspects and no research seems to propose a modeling approach to quantitatively correlate them. To bridge this gap, indentation experiments on the heel pad and gait analysis through motion capture camera were carried out on a group composed of 40 male and female subjects in the 20′s to 50′s. To establish a robust correlation between these two sets of parameters, the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) features’ enhancement technique was employed and combined with the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) regressor. The hyperelastic constants from models, together with the gait parameters, were employed as both features and target variables in the GMM-XGB architecture showing the ambivalence of the solution and deviations between 5% and 8% in most cases. The results show the strong reciprocal correlation between the individual’s foot plantar soft tissue’s mechanical response and the gait parameters and pave the way for further investigations in the field of biomechanics.