Conditions of Employment and Livelihood Security of Informal Workers: A Study of Four Villages in Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal
The article analyses the conditions of employment of informal workers in four different villages with varying livelihood opportunities. Based on the secondary database, it argues that the labor market is characterized by widespread unemployment, and there has been an increase in the share of margina...
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Published in | Agrarian south : journal of political economy Vol. 8; no. 3; pp. 414 - 439 |
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Main Authors | , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
New Delhi, India
SAGE Publications
01.12.2019
Sage Publications Ltd |
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Abstract | The article analyses the conditions of employment of informal workers in four different villages with varying livelihood opportunities. Based on the secondary database, it argues that the labor market is characterized by widespread unemployment, and there has been an increase in the share of marginal workers over the years in the study villages, as well as in rural Jalpaiguri. The analysis of primary data reveals that tea cultivation and agriculture were main sources of employment of informal workers; however, these did not provide livelihood security. The wage rate was lower than the legally prescribed minimum wage in West Bengal. Also, the workers, most of whom were either Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, did not receive year-round employment in the study villages. In the absence of remittances from the migrant workers, a substantial number of households were poor. The research shows that informal wage work in the study area was insufficient for a decent level of living. The article argues that agrarian changes in the study area did not lead to desirable outcomes for substantial sections of the population. |
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AbstractList | The article analyses the conditions of employment of informal workers in four different villages with varying livelihood opportunities. Based on the secondary database, it argues that the labor market is characterized by widespread unemployment, and there has been an increase in the share of marginal workers over the years in the study villages, as well as in rural Jalpaiguri. The analysis of primary data reveals that tea cultivation and agriculture were main sources of employment of informal workers; however, these did not provide livelihood security. The wage rate was lower than the legally prescribed minimum wage in West Bengal. Also, the workers, most of whom were either Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, did not receive year-round employment in the study villages. In the absence of remittances from the migrant workers, a substantial number of households were poor. The research shows that informal wage work in the study area was insufficient for a decent level of living. The article argues that agrarian changes in the study area did not lead to desirable outcomes for substantial sections of the population. |
Author | Bose, Mampi De Roy, Shantanu |
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Cites_doi | 10.4324/9781315620510-4 10.1177/0891243202016003002 10.1111/j.1471-0366.2006.00134.x 10.1057/9780230524217_4 10.1086/452518 10.1086/338744 |
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Keywords | informal employment Agrarian change livelihood security land use conditions of employment labor relations |
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References | Saha, Swaminathan 1994; 29 Sarkar 2008; 51 Beneria 1979; 3 De Roy 2016; 71 Mehta 2006; 49 Rawal 2001; 49 Banerjee, Gertler, Ghatak 2002; 110 Kantor 2002; 16 Rawal, Swaminathan 1998; 33 Rawal 2006; 6 Sanyal, Bhattacharya 2009; 44 Bhattacharyya, Bhattacharyya 2007; 42 bibr17-2277976019872869 Bhattacharyya M. (bibr7-2277976019872869) 2007; 42 Barrientos S. (bibr4-2277976019872869) 2004 bibr21-2277976019872869 Beneria L. (bibr6-2277976019872869) 1979; 3 Mehta N. (bibr18-2277976019872869) 2006; 49 bibr26-2277976019872869 bibr34-2277976019872869 Ramachandran V. K. (bibr23-2277976019872869) 1990 bibr13-2277976019872869 Patnaik P. (bibr20-2277976019872869) 2011 bibr8-2277976019872869 Sarkar K. (bibr31-2277976019872869) 2008; 51 Ramachandran V. K. (bibr24-2277976019872869) 2010 Sanyal K. (bibr32-2277976019872869) 2009; 44 NSSO (bibr19-2277976019872869) 2014 De Roy S. (bibr11-2277976019872869) 2016; 71 Cockburn C. (bibr10-2277976019872869) 1983 Saha A. (bibr30-2277976019872869) 1994; 29 Asopa V. N. (bibr1-2277976019872869) 2007 bibr22-2277976019872869 bibr9-2277976019872869 bibr14-2277976019872869 bibr27-2277976019872869 Banerjee N. (bibr2-2277976019872869) 1999 Dreze J. P. (bibr12-2277976019872869) 1990 Becker G. (bibr5-2277976019872869) 1981 Rasaily R. (bibr25-2277976019872869) 2013 UNDP (bibr35-2277976019872869) 2004 Srivastava R. (bibr33-2277976019872869) 2017 International Labour Organisation (bibr16-2277976019872869) 2013 bibr15-2277976019872869 bibr29-2277976019872869 Rawal V. (bibr28-2277976019872869) 1998; 33 bibr3-2277976019872869 |
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K. – volume: 44 start-page: 35 issue: 22 year: 2009 ident: bibr32-2277976019872869 publication-title: Economic & Political Weekly contributor: fullname: Sanyal K. – ident: bibr34-2277976019872869 doi: 10.4324/9781315620510-4 – ident: bibr17-2277976019872869 doi: 10.1177/0891243202016003002 – ident: bibr29-2277976019872869 – ident: bibr13-2277976019872869 – ident: bibr27-2277976019872869 doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0366.2006.00134.x – volume-title: Wage, labour and unfreedom in agriculture: An Indian case study year: 1990 ident: bibr23-2277976019872869 contributor: fullname: Ramachandran V. K. – ident: bibr15-2277976019872869 – volume-title: The gender dimensions of the globalization of production year: 2004 ident: bibr4-2277976019872869 contributor: fullname: Barrientos S. – ident: bibr14-2277976019872869 doi: 10.1057/9780230524217_4 – volume-title: A treatise on the family year: 1981 ident: bibr5-2277976019872869 contributor: fullname: Becker G. – volume: 42 start-page: 65 issue: 52 year: 2007 ident: bibr7-2277976019872869 publication-title: Economic & Political Weekly contributor: fullname: Bhattacharyya M. – volume: 33 start-page: 2595 issue: 40 year: 1998 ident: bibr28-2277976019872869 publication-title: Economic & Political Weekly contributor: fullname: Rawal V. – volume: 3 start-page: 203 issue: 3 year: 1979 ident: bibr6-2277976019872869 publication-title: Cambridge Journal of Economics contributor: fullname: Beneria L. – ident: bibr21-2277976019872869 – volume-title: Tea industry of India: The cup that cheers has tears year: 2007 ident: bibr1-2277976019872869 contributor: fullname: Asopa V. 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P. – start-page: 189 volume-title: Labour and development: Essays in honour of Prof. T.S. Papola year: 2017 ident: bibr33-2277976019872869 contributor: fullname: Srivastava R. |
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SubjectTerms | Employment Informal economy Labor market Migrant workers Minimum wage Remittances Rural areas Tribes and tribal systems Unemployment Villages |
Title | Conditions of Employment and Livelihood Security of Informal Workers: A Study of Four Villages in Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal |
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