A Postmortem Case Report involving Fentanyl, Desalkylgidazepam and Bromazolam
The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the number of new chemically diverse substances in the global illicit drug market have significantly increased over the last few years. Designer benzodiazepines are some of the most misused NPS worldwide, contributing to both nonfatal and fatal...
Saved in:
| Published in | Journal of analytical toxicology |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
05.07.2024
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the number of new chemically diverse substances in the global illicit drug market have significantly increased over the last few years. Designer benzodiazepines are some of the most misused NPS worldwide, contributing to both nonfatal and fatal drug overdose cases. The use of desalkylgidazepam and bromazolam has recently emerged, and their prevalence has been internationally reported. In this study, we quantified desalkylgidazepam and bromazolam using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the postmortem specimens of a subject found deceased due to suspected drug overdose. A 24-year-old white male with a history of drug use was found unresponsive and not breathing in his home with drug paraphernalia nearby. A yellow powdery substance and prescription tablets were also found at the scene. The GC-MS analysis of the postmortem blood and urine samples confirmed the presence of fentanyl, desalkylgidazepam, and bromazolam. The desalkylgidazepam concentration was 1100 ng/mL in the blood, which was higher than previous reports in the literature, and estimated to be 89 ng/mL in the urine. The bromazolam concentration was 352 ng/mL in the blood and estimated to be 398 ng/mL in the urine. Additionally, fentanyl was detected in the blood (11 ng/mL) and fentanyl, norfentanyl, and gabapentin were detected in the urine. The present study aims to provide the toxicological community with information regarding a fit-for-purpose analysis of two NPS benzodiazepines. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Abstract The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the number of new chemically diverse substances in the global illicit drug market have significantly increased over the last few years. Designer benzodiazepines are some of the most misused NPS worldwide, contributing to both nonfatal and fatal drug overdose cases. The use of desalkylgidazepam and bromazolam has recently emerged, and their prevalence has been internationally reported. In this study, we quantified desalkylgidazepam and bromazolam using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in the postmortem specimens of a subject found deceased due to suspected drug overdose. A 24-year-old white male with a history of drug use was found unresponsive and not breathing in his home with drug paraphernalia nearby. A yellow powdery substance and prescription tablets were also found at the scene. The GC–MS analysis of the postmortem blood and urine samples confirmed the presence of fentanyl, desalkylgidazepam, and bromazolam. The desalkylgidazepam concentration was 1100 ng/mL in the blood, which was higher than previous reports in the literature, and estimated to be 89 ng/mL in the urine. The bromazolam concentration was 352 ng/mL in the blood and estimated to be 398 ng/mL in the urine. Additionally, fentanyl was detected in the blood (11 ng/mL), and fentanyl, norfentanyl, and gabapentin were detected in the urine. The present study aims to provide the toxicological community with information regarding a fit-for-purpose analysis of two NPS benzodiazepines. The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the number of new chemically diverse substances in the global illicit drug market have significantly increased over the last few years. Designer benzodiazepines are some of the most misused NPS worldwide, contributing to both nonfatal and fatal drug overdose cases. The use of desalkylgidazepam and bromazolam has recently emerged, and their prevalence has been internationally reported. In this study, we quantified desalkylgidazepam and bromazolam using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the postmortem specimens of a subject found deceased due to suspected drug overdose. A 24-year-old white male with a history of drug use was found unresponsive and not breathing in his home with drug paraphernalia nearby. A yellow powdery substance and prescription tablets were also found at the scene. The GC-MS analysis of the postmortem blood and urine samples confirmed the presence of fentanyl, desalkylgidazepam, and bromazolam. The desalkylgidazepam concentration was 1100 ng/mL in the blood, which was higher than previous reports in the literature, and estimated to be 89 ng/mL in the urine. The bromazolam concentration was 352 ng/mL in the blood and estimated to be 398 ng/mL in the urine. Additionally, fentanyl was detected in the blood (11 ng/mL) and fentanyl, norfentanyl, and gabapentin were detected in the urine. The present study aims to provide the toxicological community with information regarding a fit-for-purpose analysis of two NPS benzodiazepines.The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the number of new chemically diverse substances in the global illicit drug market have significantly increased over the last few years. Designer benzodiazepines are some of the most misused NPS worldwide, contributing to both nonfatal and fatal drug overdose cases. The use of desalkylgidazepam and bromazolam has recently emerged, and their prevalence has been internationally reported. In this study, we quantified desalkylgidazepam and bromazolam using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the postmortem specimens of a subject found deceased due to suspected drug overdose. A 24-year-old white male with a history of drug use was found unresponsive and not breathing in his home with drug paraphernalia nearby. A yellow powdery substance and prescription tablets were also found at the scene. The GC-MS analysis of the postmortem blood and urine samples confirmed the presence of fentanyl, desalkylgidazepam, and bromazolam. The desalkylgidazepam concentration was 1100 ng/mL in the blood, which was higher than previous reports in the literature, and estimated to be 89 ng/mL in the urine. The bromazolam concentration was 352 ng/mL in the blood and estimated to be 398 ng/mL in the urine. Additionally, fentanyl was detected in the blood (11 ng/mL) and fentanyl, norfentanyl, and gabapentin were detected in the urine. The present study aims to provide the toxicological community with information regarding a fit-for-purpose analysis of two NPS benzodiazepines. The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the number of new chemically diverse substances in the global illicit drug market have significantly increased over the last few years. Designer benzodiazepines are some of the most misused NPS worldwide, contributing to both nonfatal and fatal drug overdose cases. The use of desalkylgidazepam and bromazolam has recently emerged, and their prevalence has been internationally reported. In this study, we quantified desalkylgidazepam and bromazolam using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the postmortem specimens of a subject found deceased due to suspected drug overdose. A 24-year-old white male with a history of drug use was found unresponsive and not breathing in his home with drug paraphernalia nearby. A yellow powdery substance and prescription tablets were also found at the scene. The GC-MS analysis of the postmortem blood and urine samples confirmed the presence of fentanyl, desalkylgidazepam, and bromazolam. The desalkylgidazepam concentration was 1100 ng/mL in the blood, which was higher than previous reports in the literature, and estimated to be 89 ng/mL in the urine. The bromazolam concentration was 352 ng/mL in the blood and estimated to be 398 ng/mL in the urine. Additionally, fentanyl was detected in the blood (11 ng/mL) and fentanyl, norfentanyl, and gabapentin were detected in the urine. The present study aims to provide the toxicological community with information regarding a fit-for-purpose analysis of two NPS benzodiazepines. |
| Author | Hoyer, Jennifer L Dhoble, Leena R Kinsey, Amy M Ballotari, Marco Truver, Michael T Chronister, Chris W Goldberger, Bruce A |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Marco orcidid: 0000-0003-2176-650X surname: Ballotari fullname: Ballotari, Marco organization: Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Michael T orcidid: 0000-0003-3747-5379 surname: Truver fullname: Truver, Michael T organization: Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Leena R surname: Dhoble fullname: Dhoble, Leena R organization: Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Amy M surname: Kinsey fullname: Kinsey, Amy M organization: Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Jennifer L surname: Hoyer fullname: Hoyer, Jennifer L organization: Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Chris W surname: Chronister fullname: Chronister, Chris W organization: Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Bruce A surname: Goldberger fullname: Goldberger, Bruce A organization: Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38966933$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNo9kEtLw0AUhQep2Ieu3EuWgsbOZNJ5LGu1KlQU6T7cJDclbWYmZtJC--uNtLo6HPg4cL4h6VlnkZBrRh8Y1Xy8hnacbgDpRJ-RAdPxJIxiyntkQFkswlgK2idD79eUMqEEvyB9rrQQmvMBeZ8Gn863xjUtmmAGHoMvrLsWlHbnql1pV8EcbQt2X90HT-ih2uyrVZnDAWswAdg8eGycgYOrwFyS8wIqj1enHJHl_Hk5ew0XHy9vs-kizJiUbci0VAXPVab0REIGPFVCgRZRmsdpHEWMMYlMpxjFaQFcywKBKgkRpbnWlI_I7XG2btz3Fn2bmNJnWFVg0W19wmn3uYNZ1KF3RzRrnPcNFkndlAaafcJo8qsv6fQlJ30dfXMa3qYG83_2zxf_AVqXbgU |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108061 10.1093/jat/bkad072 10.1111/1556-4029.15295 10.1177/0269881119901096 10.1002/dta.3630 10.1093/jat/bkad005 10.3399/bjgp16X684253 10.1093/jat/bkad004 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103169 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111891 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.02.015 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124257 10.15585/mmwr.mm725253a5 10.1016/S0091-3057(99)00076-3 10.1021/jm00197a021 10.2174/1570159X18666200110121333 10.1093/jat/bkaa161 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site–for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site–for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. |
| DBID | NPM AAYXX CITATION 7X8 |
| DOI | 10.1093/jat/bkae059 |
| DatabaseName | PubMed CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | PubMed CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic PubMed |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Public Health |
| EISSN | 1945-2403 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1093_jat_bkae059 38966933 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GroupedDBID | --- .2P .I3 .ZR 0R~ 29J 4.4 48X 5GY 5WD AABZA AACZT AAIMJ AAJKP AAKDD AAMDB AAMVS AAOGV AAPQZ AAPXW AARHZ AAUAY AAVAP AAVLN ABEUO ABIXL ABJNI ABKDP ABMNT ABNHQ ABNKS ABOCM ABPTD ABQLI ABWST ABXVV ABZBJ ACGFO ACGFS ACIPV ACUFI ACUTO ADBBV ADEYI ADFTL ADGKP ADGZP ADHKW ADHZD ADIPN ADJQC ADOCK ADQBN ADRIX ADRTK ADVEK ADYVW ADZTZ ADZXQ AEGPL AEGXH AEJOX AEKSI AELWJ AEMDU AENEX AENZO AEPUE AETBJ AEWNT AFFZL AFGWE AFIYH AFOFC AFXEN AGINJ AGQXC AGSYK AHXPO AIAGR AJEEA AKWXX ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALUQC APIBT ARIXL ATGXG AXUDD AYOIW BAYMD BCRHZ BEYMZ BHONS BQDIO BSWAC BTRTY BVRKM C45 CDBKE DAKXR DILTD DU5 D~K EBS EE~ F5P F9B FHSFR FLUFQ FOEOM FOTVD FQBLK GAUVT GJXCC H5~ HAR HW0 HZ~ J21 KOP KQ8 KSI KSN NGC NLBLG NOMLY NOYVH NPM O9- OAWHX OBOKY OCZFY ODMLO OJQWA OJZSN OK1 OPAEJ OVD OWPYF P2P PAFKI PEELM Q1. Q5Y RHF ROX RUSNO RW1 RXO TEORI TJX TLC TN5 YAE YAYTL YKOAZ YXANX AASNB AAYXX CITATION 7X8 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c177t-1978f3d8c8957aca3b868a962bd4b4221117e19be24bfa397fea087a200d9903 |
| ISSN | 0146-4760 1945-2403 |
| IngestDate | Sat Oct 26 04:52:20 EDT 2024 Thu Sep 12 20:47:01 EDT 2024 Thu Oct 24 09:46:19 EDT 2024 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | Designer Benzodiazepines Desalkylgidazepam New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) Bromazolam GC–MS analysis |
| Language | English |
| License | The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site–for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c177t-1978f3d8c8957aca3b868a962bd4b4221117e19be24bfa397fea087a200d9903 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-2176-650X 0000-0003-3747-5379 0000-0002-5799-1787 0000-0003-0995-7987 |
| PMID | 38966933 |
| PQID | 3076020012 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_3076020012 crossref_primary_10_1093_jat_bkae059 pubmed_primary_38966933 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2024-Jul-05 2024-07-05 20240705 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2024-07-05 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 07 year: 2024 text: 2024-Jul-05 day: 05 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England |
| PublicationTitle | Journal of analytical toxicology |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | J Anal Toxicol |
| PublicationYear | 2024 |
| References | Mérette (2024071913520266400_R18) 2023; 47 Laing (2024071913520266400_R8) 2021; 93 Song (2024071913520266400_R15) 2023; 255 McHugh (2024071913520266400_R6) 2020; 117 Truver (2024071913520266400_R19) 2023; 68 Kalinina (2024071913520266400_R11) 1999; 64 Hikin (2024071913520266400_R7) 2024; 354 Ehlers (2024071913520266400_R16) 2024; 72 Zawilska (2024071913520266400_R4) 2019; 73 UNODC (2024071913520266400_R1) 2013 Brew (2024071913520266400_R2) 2016; 66 The Center for Forensic Science Research & Education (2024071913520266400_R9) Orsolini (2024071913520266400_R14) 2020; 18 Maskell (2024071913520266400_R10) 2023; 47 Mérette (2024071913520266400_R12) 2023; 47 Hester (2024071913520266400_R13) 1979; 22 Miskulin (2024071913520266400_R3) 2023 El Balkhi (2024071913520266400_R5) 2020; 34 Wagmann (2024071913520266400_R17) 2021; 45 |
| References_xml | – volume: 117 year: 2020 ident: 2024071913520266400_R6 article-title: Benzodiazepine misuse in adults with alcohol use disorder: prevalence, motives and patterns of use publication-title: J Subst Abuse Treat doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108061 contributor: fullname: McHugh – volume: 47 start-page: 858 year: 2023 ident: 2024071913520266400_R12 article-title: Desalkylgidazepam blood concentrations in 63 forensic investigation cases publication-title: J Anal Toxicol doi: 10.1093/jat/bkad072 contributor: fullname: Mérette – volume: 68 start-page: 1419 year: 2023 ident: 2024071913520266400_R19 article-title: Fatal intoxication involving 2-methyl AP-237 publication-title: J Forensic Sci doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.15295 contributor: fullname: Truver – volume: 34 start-page: 1021 year: 2020 ident: 2024071913520266400_R5 article-title: Designer benzodiazepines’ pharmacological effects and potencies: how to find the information publication-title: J Psychopharmacol (Oxf England) doi: 10.1177/0269881119901096 contributor: fullname: El Balkhi – volume-title: Drug Testing and Analysis year: 2023 ident: 2024071913520266400_R3 article-title: A strategy for the detection of benzodiazepine drugs using low-resolution paper-spray mass spectrometry for harm reduction drug checking doi: 10.1002/dta.3630 contributor: fullname: Miskulin – volume: 47 start-page: 385 year: 2023 ident: 2024071913520266400_R18 article-title: Bromazolam blood concentrations in postmortem cases - a British Columbia perspective publication-title: J Anal Toxicol doi: 10.1093/jat/bkad005 contributor: fullname: Mérette – volume: 66 year: 2016 ident: 2024071913520266400_R2 article-title: Novel psychoactive substances publication-title: Br J Gen Pract doi: 10.3399/bjgp16X684253 contributor: fullname: Brew – volume: 47 start-page: 324 year: 2023 ident: 2024071913520266400_R10 article-title: Designer benzodiazepines gidazepam and desalkygidazepam (bromonordiazepam): what do we know? publication-title: J Anal Toxicol doi: 10.1093/jat/bkad004 contributor: fullname: Maskell – volume: 93 year: 2021 ident: 2024071913520266400_R8 article-title: An outbreak of novel psychoactive substance benzodiazepines in the unregulated drug supply: preliminary results from a community drug checking program using point-of-care and confirmatory methods publication-title: Int J Drug Policy doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103169 contributor: fullname: Laing – volume: 354 year: 2024 ident: 2024071913520266400_R7 article-title: Post mortem blood bromazolam concentrations and co-findings in 96 coronial cases within England and Wales publication-title: Forensic Sci Int doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111891 contributor: fullname: Hikin – volume: 73 start-page: 8 year: 2019 ident: 2024071913520266400_R4 article-title: An expanding world of new psychoactive substances—designer benzodiazepines publication-title: NeuroToxicology doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.02.015 contributor: fullname: Zawilska – ident: 2024071913520266400_R9 article-title: Trend Reports-NPS Benzodiazepines in the United States contributor: fullname: The Center for Forensic Science Research & Education – volume: 255 year: 2023 ident: 2024071913520266400_R15 article-title: New trends of new psychoactive substances (NPS)-infused chocolate: identification and quantification of trace level of NPS in complex matrix by GC–MS and NMR publication-title: Talanta doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124257 contributor: fullname: Song – volume: 72 start-page: 1392 year: 2024 ident: 2024071913520266400_R16 article-title: Notes from the field: seizures, hyperthermia, and myocardial injury in three young adults who consumed bromazolam disguised as alprazolam — Chicago, Illinois, February 2023 publication-title: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm725253a5 contributor: fullname: Ehlers – volume-title: United Nations Publication year: 2013 ident: 2024071913520266400_R1 article-title: The challenge of new psychoactive substances contributor: fullname: UNODC – volume: 64 start-page: 397 year: 1999 ident: 2024071913520266400_R11 article-title: Discriminative effects of phenazepam and gidazepam in rats: comparison with other GABA-related drugs publication-title: Pharmacol Biochem Behav doi: 10.1016/S0091-3057(99)00076-3 contributor: fullname: Kalinina – volume: 22 start-page: 1390 year: 1979 ident: 2024071913520266400_R13 article-title: 6-Aryl-4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepines. influence of 1-substitution on pharmacological activity publication-title: J Med Chem doi: 10.1021/jm00197a021 contributor: fullname: Hester – volume: 18 start-page: 809 year: 2020 ident: 2024071913520266400_R14 article-title: ‘New/designer benzodiazepines’: an analysis of the literature and psychonauts’ trip reports publication-title: Curr Neuropharmacol doi: 10.2174/1570159X18666200110121333 contributor: fullname: Orsolini – volume: 45 start-page: 1014 year: 2021 ident: 2024071913520266400_R17 article-title: Flubromazolam-derived designer benzodiazepines: toxicokinetics and analytical toxicology of clobromazolam and bromazolam publication-title: J Anal Toxicol doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa161 contributor: fullname: Wagmann |
| SSID | ssj0016863 |
| Score | 2.4390721 |
| Snippet | The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the number of new chemically diverse substances in the global illicit drug market have significantly... Abstract The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and the number of new chemically diverse substances in the global illicit drug market have... |
| SourceID | proquest crossref pubmed |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database |
| Title | A Postmortem Case Report involving Fentanyl, Desalkylgidazepam and Bromazolam |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38966933 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3076020012 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3da9swEBdb9zIYpd1Xs65Dg76lbm35S37MPkrZWGGQQd_MSZa2rLVdEgeW_PU7WbJNthS6vRhjOCfoztLd7353R8gxl0zrlEVeqAPuRSB9TwQZeAyY9JVItC5atsVlcvEt-nQVXw3jUtvqkkacyvXWupL_0So-Q72aKtl_0Gz_UnyA96hfvKKG8XovHU_Gt_WiKVu-7FjieeRSAONZhbtOCxVoww2vVi3QW6gF3Fyvbr7PCljjMVR21E0xr0tYY5Bb3uGrgmldYlHvpv41kxtY_DuTu2_Alqx_wQ-n7uGA-dIRRB07f6Bkf_hhBtm0qABG0jDwFj_PKpfLmpQrh9U6VAJ1bRDPeAOoTLwotbMCTpXdXLMoNtmccOvWbdta_QQ8e87FNSjfdQrfaJH9x9HVEwptKj3MUTx3wg_JI2a655tE_dchs5RwO12v-3-uZhOFz1D4zAlveil3hB6tCzLdI7tOH3RiDWGfPFDVU_LEAq_U1pM9I5cTOhgFNUZBrVHQ3ihoZxQn9C-TOKFoEHQwiOdkev5x-v7Cc0MzPBmkaeMFWcp1WHDJszgFCaHgCYcsYaKIRMQw3g9SFWRCsUhoQG9UK_B5CvhdFeiZhC_ITlVX6oBQAIwlfa10nKQmmy78gqH3J1mBLn_AYUSOuzXKb21rlHyLHkbkbbd-OW5dJh8FlaqXizw0WWHD6WMj8tIubP8i9KOTJAvDV_f7kUPyeLDC12SnmS_VEXqLjXjTqv83Y6FvOA |
| link.rule.ids | 315,786,790,27946,27947 |
| linkProvider | Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+postmortem+case+report+involving+fentanyl%2C+desalkylgidazepam%2C+and+bromazolam&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+analytical+toxicology&rft.au=Ballotari%2C+Marco&rft.au=Truver%2C+Michael+T&rft.au=Dhoble%2C+Leena+R&rft.au=Kinsey%2C+Amy+M&rft.date=2024-07-05&rft.issn=0146-4760&rft.eissn=1945-2403&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fjat%2Fbkae059&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1093_jat_bkae059 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0146-4760&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0146-4760&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0146-4760&client=summon |