Changes in energy compensation are driven by the intermeal interval and preload texture

• Published in: Appetite Vol. 59; no. 2; p. 619
• Main Authors: Almiron-roig, E., Vint, N., Guest, K., Ricchiuti, C., B. Ellahi, A. Drewnowski, S.A. Jebb
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.10.2012
• Subjects: beverages; energy density; energy intake; ingestion; obesity; regression analysis; satiety; systematic review; texture; variance
• ISSN: 0195-6663; 1095-8304
• DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.05.038

Inadequate energy compensation, or the failure to adjust energy intake after ingestion of a given stimulus has been associated with positive energy balance, and in the long-term, with obesity. Experimental studies based on the preload paradigm (where energy compensation is measured after an intermeal interval following consumption of a preload) have used heterogeneous methodology making the prediction of energy compensation changes difficult. The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the relative contribution of the intermeal interval (IMI) and the preload texture, in addition to other food attributes, to changes in energy compensation under controlled conditions. Energy compensation data were extracted from 48 independent publications and entered into a database (final n=256 food/beverage interventions). Interventions included 124 liquid, 69 semisolid, 20 solid and 43 composite meal preloads. IMIs ranged between 5–240 min; % energy compensation from −379% to 450%; weight, energy and energy density (ED) from 24 to 1225 g, 37–1175 kcal and 0.18–3.02 kcal/g, respectively. Multiple regression analyses revealed that both the IMI (β=−0.377) and preload texture (β=0.374; β=0.229 for semisolid and solid texture resp.) were the strongest contributors to energy compensation changes (p< 0.001). Preload weight, energy content and ED had a weaker impact (β=−0.179 to 0.122, p=0.007 to 0.059). When combined, IMI, texture and preload attributes together explained up to 32% of the variance in %EC (transformed variable). These findings will allow a clearer understanding of the relative efficacy of new interventions to enhance short-term satiety and energy compensation.