Heuristic Optimization Rules Applied for the Sustainable Design of Lightweight Engineering Structures Under Loads Subject to Random Changes
In engineering design, optimization is crucial for achieving sustainable goals. This involves creating environmentally responsible structures. Optimizing the design is the first step in reducing the environmental impact of construction. Topology optimization (TO) is one way to do this. TO is the pro...
Saved in:
| Published in | Sustainability Vol. 17; no. 15; p. 7011 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Basel
MDPI AG
01.08.2025
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | In engineering design, optimization is crucial for achieving sustainable goals. This involves creating environmentally responsible structures. Optimizing the design is the first step in reducing the environmental impact of construction. Topology optimization (TO) is one way to do this. TO is the process of designing the material layout in the design domain according to selected criteria. The criteria can be explicitly defined to promote sustainability. As a result, a new structure topology is proposed to make the structure both lightweight and durable, with the aim of improving its functionality and reducing its environmental impact. In optimal engineering design, it is particularly important to take into account the structure’s special operating conditions, e.g., loads subject to random changes. Predicting topologies under such conditions is important since random load changes can significantly affect the resulting topologies. In this paper, an easy to implement numerical method for this kind of problem is proposed. The basic idea is to transform a random loads case into the deterministic problem of multiple loads. A heuristic method of Cellular Automata is proposed as a numerical optimization tool. The examples of topology optimization have been performed to illustrate the concept, confirming the efficiency, versatility, and ease of its implementation. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | In engineering design, optimization is crucial for achieving sustainable goals. This involves creating environmentally responsible structures. Optimizing the design is the first step in reducing the environmental impact of construction. Topology optimization (TO) is one way to do this. TO is the process of designing the material layout in the design domain according to selected criteria. The criteria can be explicitly defined to promote sustainability. As a result, a new structure topology is proposed to make the structure both lightweight and durable, with the aim of improving its functionality and reducing its environmental impact. In optimal engineering design, it is particularly important to take into account the structure’s special operating conditions, e.g., loads subject to random changes. Predicting topologies under such conditions is important since random load changes can significantly affect the resulting topologies. In this paper, an easy to implement numerical method for this kind of problem is proposed. The basic idea is to transform a random loads case into the deterministic problem of multiple loads. A heuristic method of Cellular Automata is proposed as a numerical optimization tool. The examples of topology optimization have been performed to illustrate the concept, confirming the efficiency, versatility, and ease of its implementation. |
| Author | Bochenek, Bogdan Tajs-Zielińska, Katarzyna |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Katarzyna orcidid: 0000-0002-2052-6718 surname: Tajs-Zielińska fullname: Tajs-Zielińska, Katarzyna – sequence: 2 givenname: Bogdan orcidid: 0000-0002-4506-0862 surname: Bochenek fullname: Bochenek, Bogdan |
| BookMark | eNpNkM9KAzEQxoNUsNZefIKAN6GabLq73WOp1QoLhdael2Qzu03ZJmv-IPoKvrQpFXQOM9_hm98w3zUaaKMBoVtKHhgryKMLNKdpTii9QMOE5HRCSUoG__QVGjt3ILEYowXNhuh7BcEq51WN171XR_XFvTIab0IHDs_7vlMgcWMs9nvA2-A8V5qLDvATONVqbBpcqnbvP-DU8VK3SgNYpVu89TbUPtgI2mkJFpeGSxch4gC1x97gDdfSHPFiz3UL7gZdNrxzMP6dI7R7Xr4tVpNy_fK6mJeTOv5HJ9lM8KLIBGuKQnBJC87klE8TyaGecmhEKmSaZzKlXCaSNrM8nTVc5CyFqOLeCN2dub017wGcrw4mWB1PViyJQRZJSrLouj-7amucs9BUvVVHbj8rSqpT3tVf3uwHJw92_g |
| Cites_doi | 10.1007/s00366-023-01823-w 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102940 10.3390/machines11121047 10.1007/s00170-015-7253-5 10.1007/978-3-031-16832-1 10.3390/su16135350 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102292 10.1002/nme.6503 10.1016/j.cma.2023.116710 10.1016/0045-7825(91)90046-9 10.1016/j.tcs.2016.11.002 10.1016/j.procir.2023.02.062 10.1007/s11831-024-10168-6 10.1007/s00158-024-03930-8 10.3390/math10111863 10.1007/s12289-023-01771-2 10.1007/s00158-023-03698-3 10.3390/app13052929 10.1007/s00158-023-03585-x 10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.110738 10.1016/j.compstruc.2012.10.011 10.1016/j.procir.2022.05.278 10.3390/met13030490 10.1007/s00170-017-0522-8 10.1007/s00158-021-03019-6 10.3390/su13148013 10.1016/j.cma.2021.114382 10.1080/15376494.2023.2214908 10.1007/s11012-022-01492-x 10.1007/s00170-017-1539-8 10.1115/1.4065788 10.1016/j.cma.2024.117237 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107003 10.1007/BF01650949 10.3390/ma18122819 10.1007/s00158-024-03882-z 10.20944/preprints202406.0077.v1 10.1109/IEEECONF53624.2021.9668031 10.3390/ma17225652 10.1007/s00158-013-0978-6 10.1115/1.4035052 10.12700/APH.20.1.2023.20.2 10.2749/manchester.2024.0738 10.1088/1757-899X/471/5/052010 10.29187/jscmt.2021.66 10.1021/acs.est.6b02059 10.1007/s11012-019-00954-z 10.1007/s00158-014-1119-6 10.3390/ma17235970 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION 4U- ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR CCPQU DWQXO PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PKEHL PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI |
| DOI | 10.3390/su17157011 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef University Readers ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Publicly Available Content ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database University Readers ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) |
| DatabaseTitleList | CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Economics Environmental Sciences |
| EISSN | 2071-1050 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_3390_su17157011 |
| GroupedDBID | 29Q 2WC 2XV 4P2 5VS 7XC 8FE 8FH A8Z AAHBH AAYXX ACHQT ADBBV ADMLS AENEX AFKRA AFMMW ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS BCNDV BENPR CCPQU CITATION E3Z ECGQY FRS GX1 IAO IEP ISR ITC KQ8 ML. MODMG M~E OK1 P2P PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PROAC TR2 4U- ABUWG AZQEC DWQXO PKEHL PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c1711-68ba996b3f99bad19a3d4a42daec4aefb5bd576d51ad2d1f8758fab735e7586b3 |
| IEDL.DBID | BENPR |
| ISSN | 2071-1050 |
| IngestDate | Wed Aug 13 23:45:50 EDT 2025 Wed Aug 06 19:29:44 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 15 |
| Language | English |
| License | https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c1711-68ba996b3f99bad19a3d4a42daec4aefb5bd576d51ad2d1f8758fab735e7586b3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2052-6718 0000-0002-4506-0862 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.proquest.com/docview/3239092506?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication% |
| PQID | 3239092506 |
| PQPubID | 2032327 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_journals_3239092506 crossref_primary_10_3390_su17157011 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2025-08-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2025-08-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 08 year: 2025 text: 2025-08-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Basel |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Basel |
| PublicationTitle | Sustainability |
| PublicationYear | 2025 |
| Publisher | MDPI AG |
| Publisher_xml | – name: MDPI AG |
| References | Cui (ref_29) 2022; 68 Ogunnowo (ref_45) 2024; 7 He (ref_8) 2015; 81 ref_58 Fairclough (ref_12) 2023; 66 ref_56 Bochenek (ref_23) 2019; 471 ref_10 Zhou (ref_52) 1991; 89 ref_53 Kundu (ref_25) 2025; 68 Stoiber (ref_27) 2021; 64 Zhang (ref_6) 2018; 95 ref_19 ref_17 ref_16 Wang (ref_36) 2020; 121 Houssein (ref_33) 2024; 31 Masoero (ref_49) 2022; 57 ref_24 Zhao (ref_26) 2023; 76 ref_22 ref_21 Rong (ref_14) 2022; 389 Borda (ref_20) 2023; 16 Oliviera (ref_50) 2019; 54 Gresia (ref_35) 2024; 67 Liu (ref_39) 2017; 139 Logo (ref_46) 2020; 27 Inou (ref_54) 1998; 145 (ref_15) 2024; 40 Lee (ref_7) 2023; 116 Zhan (ref_32) 2025; 169 Fassi (ref_40) 2023; 14 Wang (ref_18) 2024; 67 ref_34 ref_31 ref_30 Amir (ref_28) 2013; 114 Zhang (ref_9) 2021; 44 ref_38 Bochenek (ref_55) 2021; 69 Zhang (ref_43) 2024; 146 Kumar (ref_37) 2023; 31 Lu (ref_4) 2017; 94 Zhao (ref_60) 2024; 50 Zhang (ref_11) 2024; 431 Senatore (ref_13) 2024; 422 Bochenek (ref_59) 2023; 20 Duriez (ref_5) 2022; 109 Mathur (ref_1) 2021; 6 ref_44 ref_42 Zaitsev (ref_57) 2017; 666 ref_41 Kim (ref_3) 2016; 50 Sigmund (ref_47) 2013; 48 Hanifa (ref_2) 2023; 67 (ref_51) 1989; 1 ref_48 |
| References_xml | – volume: 40 start-page: 21 year: 2024 ident: ref_15 article-title: Adaptive density-based robust topology optimization under uncertain loads using parallel computing publication-title: Eng. Comput. doi: 10.1007/s00366-023-01823-w – volume: 44 start-page: 102940 year: 2021 ident: ref_9 article-title: Sustainable design of reinforced concrete structural members using embodied carbon emission and cost optimization publication-title: J. Build. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102940 – ident: ref_17 doi: 10.3390/machines11121047 – volume: 145 start-page: 1115 year: 1998 ident: ref_54 article-title: Self-organization of mechanical structure by cellular automata publication-title: Key Eng. Mater. – volume: 81 start-page: 863 year: 2015 ident: ref_8 article-title: Low-carbon conceptual design based on product life cycle assessment publication-title: Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. doi: 10.1007/s00170-015-7253-5 – ident: ref_34 doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-16832-1 – ident: ref_21 doi: 10.3390/su16135350 – volume: 67 start-page: 102292 year: 2023 ident: ref_2 article-title: A review on CO2 capture and sequestration in the construction industry: Emerging approaches and commercialised technologies publication-title: J. CO2 Util. doi: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102292 – ident: ref_58 – volume: 121 start-page: 4944 year: 2020 ident: ref_36 article-title: Robust topology optimization under multiple independent uncertainties of loading positions publication-title: Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng. doi: 10.1002/nme.6503 – volume: 422 start-page: 116710 year: 2024 ident: ref_13 article-title: Topology Optimization of Adaptive Structures: New Limits of Material Economy publication-title: Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2023.116710 – volume: 89 start-page: 309 year: 1991 ident: ref_52 article-title: The COC algorithm, Part II: Topological, geometrical and generalized shape optimization publication-title: Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. doi: 10.1016/0045-7825(91)90046-9 – volume: 666 start-page: 21 year: 2017 ident: ref_57 article-title: A generalized neighborhood for cellular automata publication-title: Theor. Comput. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.tcs.2016.11.002 – volume: 116 start-page: 366 year: 2023 ident: ref_7 article-title: Beyond light weighting, adapting topology optimisation to support ecodesign publication-title: Procedia CRIP doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2023.02.062 – ident: ref_10 – volume: 69 start-page: e138813 year: 2021 ident: ref_55 article-title: Topology algorithm built as an automaton with flexible rules publication-title: Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci. – volume: 68 start-page: 523 year: 2022 ident: ref_29 article-title: Conceptual design of reinforced concrete structures using truss-like topology optimization publication-title: Arch. Civ. Eng. – volume: 31 start-page: 4485 year: 2024 ident: ref_33 article-title: Metaheuristics for Solving Global and Engineering Optimization Problems: Review, Applications, Open Issues and Challenges publication-title: Arch. Comput. Methods Eng. doi: 10.1007/s11831-024-10168-6 – volume: 68 start-page: 17 year: 2025 ident: ref_25 article-title: Sustainability-oriented multimaterial topology optimization: Designing efficient structures incorporating environmental effects publication-title: Struct. Multidisc. Optim. doi: 10.1007/s00158-024-03930-8 – ident: ref_42 doi: 10.3390/math10111863 – volume: 27 start-page: 97 year: 2020 ident: ref_46 article-title: Milestones in the 150-Year History of Topology Optimization: A Review publication-title: Eng. Opt. – ident: ref_41 – volume: 16 start-page: 48 year: 2023 ident: ref_20 article-title: Environmental impact of process constrained topology optimization design on automotive component’ life publication-title: Int. J. Mater. Form. doi: 10.1007/s12289-023-01771-2 – volume: 14 start-page: 109 year: 2023 ident: ref_40 article-title: Towards an Optimal Motor Mounting Bracket Using Topology Optimization Combined with Sustainability and Manufacturing Cost Analysis publication-title: MPER – volume: 67 start-page: 5 year: 2024 ident: ref_18 article-title: Topology optimization of multi-material active structures to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint publication-title: Struct. Multidisc. Optim. doi: 10.1007/s00158-023-03698-3 – ident: ref_56 doi: 10.3390/app13052929 – volume: 66 start-page: 148 year: 2023 ident: ref_12 article-title: Adaptive topology optimization of fail-safe truss structures publication-title: Struct. Multidisc. Optim. doi: 10.1007/s00158-023-03585-x – volume: 169 start-page: 110738 year: 2025 ident: ref_32 article-title: Optimizing PID control for multi-model adaptive high-speed rail platform door systems with an improved metaheuristic approach publication-title: Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.110738 – volume: 114 start-page: 46 year: 2013 ident: ref_28 article-title: A topology optimization procedure for reinforced concrete structures publication-title: Comput. Struct. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2012.10.011 – volume: 109 start-page: 454 year: 2022 ident: ref_5 article-title: Ecodesign with topology optimization publication-title: Procedia CRIP doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2022.05.278 – ident: ref_53 – ident: ref_22 doi: 10.3390/met13030490 – volume: 94 start-page: 3359 year: 2017 ident: ref_4 article-title: A selection methodology of key parts based on the characteristic of carbon emissions for low-carbon design publication-title: Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. doi: 10.1007/s00170-017-0522-8 – volume: 64 start-page: 1725 year: 2021 ident: ref_27 article-title: Topology optimization in concrete construction: A systematic review on numerical and experimental investigations publication-title: Struct. Multidisc. Optim. doi: 10.1007/s00158-021-03019-6 – ident: ref_19 doi: 10.3390/su13148013 – volume: 389 start-page: 114382 year: 2022 ident: ref_14 article-title: Structural topology optimization with an adaptive design domain publication-title: Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2021.114382 – volume: 31 start-page: 5276 year: 2023 ident: ref_37 article-title: Parametric topology optimization approach for sustainable development of customized orthotic appliances using additive manufacturing publication-title: Mech. Adv. Mat. Struct. doi: 10.1080/15376494.2023.2214908 – volume: 57 start-page: 1213 year: 2022 ident: ref_49 article-title: Topology optimization using the discrete element method. Part 1: Methodology, validation, and geometric nonlinearity publication-title: Meccanica doi: 10.1007/s11012-022-01492-x – volume: 95 start-page: 4547 year: 2018 ident: ref_6 article-title: Low-carbon design of structural components by integrating material and structural optimization publication-title: Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. doi: 10.1007/s00170-017-1539-8 – volume: 146 start-page: 122001 year: 2024 ident: ref_43 article-title: From Material Selection to Structural Topology Optimization: Sustainable Product Design Based on Carbon Footprint Allocation publication-title: J. Mech. Des. doi: 10.1115/1.4065788 – volume: 431 start-page: 117237 year: 2024 ident: ref_11 article-title: Adaptive topology optimization for enhancing resistance to brittle fracture using the phase field model publication-title: Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2024.117237 – volume: 76 start-page: 107003 year: 2023 ident: ref_26 article-title: Experimental study on seismic performance of super highrise building with topology optimized diagonal mega frame publication-title: J. Build. Eng. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107003 – volume: 1 start-page: 193 year: 1989 ident: ref_51 article-title: Optimal shape design as a material distribution problem publication-title: Struct. Optim. doi: 10.1007/BF01650949 – ident: ref_31 doi: 10.3390/ma18122819 – volume: 67 start-page: 179 year: 2024 ident: ref_35 article-title: Topology optimization with continuously varying load magnitude and direction for compliance minimization publication-title: Struct. Multidisc. Optim. doi: 10.1007/s00158-024-03882-z – ident: ref_44 – ident: ref_16 doi: 10.20944/preprints202406.0077.v1 – ident: ref_24 doi: 10.1109/IEEECONF53624.2021.9668031 – volume: 7 start-page: 1705977 year: 2024 ident: ref_45 article-title: Conceptual Model for Topology Optimization in Mechanical Engineering to Enhance Structural Efficiency and Material Utilization publication-title: IRE – ident: ref_30 doi: 10.3390/ma17225652 – volume: 48 start-page: 1031 year: 2013 ident: ref_47 article-title: Topology optimization approaches: A comparative review publication-title: Struct. Multidisc. Optim. doi: 10.1007/s00158-013-0978-6 – volume: 139 start-page: 011403 year: 2017 ident: ref_39 article-title: Sustainable Design-Oriented Level Set Topology Optimization publication-title: J. Mech. Des. doi: 10.1115/1.4035052 – volume: 20 start-page: 9 year: 2023 ident: ref_59 article-title: An easy way for the generation of structural topologies under random loads using cellular automata publication-title: Acta Polytech. Hung. doi: 10.12700/APH.20.1.2023.20.2 – ident: ref_38 doi: 10.2749/manchester.2024.0738 – volume: 471 start-page: 052010 year: 2019 ident: ref_23 article-title: Novel topology optimization techniques adapted to strengthening of civil structures suffering from the effects of material degradation publication-title: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/471/5/052010 – volume: 6 start-page: 101 year: 2021 ident: ref_1 article-title: The carbon footprint of construction industry: A review of direct and indirect emission publication-title: J. Sustain. Constr. Mater. Technol. doi: 10.29187/jscmt.2021.66 – volume: 50 start-page: 11226 year: 2016 ident: ref_3 article-title: Life Cycle Assessment of Vehicle Lightweighting: A Physics-Based Model To Estimate Use-Phase Fuel Consumption of Electrified Vehicles publication-title: Environ. Sci. Technol. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02059 – volume: 54 start-page: 549 year: 2019 ident: ref_50 article-title: Boundary element method applied to topology optimization using the level set method and an alternative velocity regularization publication-title: Meccanica doi: 10.1007/s11012-019-00954-z – volume: 50 start-page: 517 year: 2024 ident: ref_60 article-title: Robust structural topology optimization under random field loading uncertainty publication-title: Struct. Multidisc. Optim. doi: 10.1007/s00158-014-1119-6 – ident: ref_48 doi: 10.3390/ma17235970 |
| SSID | ssj0000331916 |
| Score | 2.3721256 |
| Snippet | In engineering design, optimization is crucial for achieving sustainable goals. This involves creating environmentally responsible structures. Optimizing the... |
| SourceID | proquest crossref |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database |
| StartPage | 7011 |
| SubjectTerms | Algorithms Carbon footprint Civil engineering Construction industry Emission standards Emissions Energy consumption Environmental impact Greenhouse gases Heuristic Load Mathematical programming Optimization techniques Product development Product life cycle Sustainability Sustainable design Trends |
| Title | Heuristic Optimization Rules Applied for the Sustainable Design of Lightweight Engineering Structures Under Loads Subject to Random Changes |
| URI | https://www.proquest.com/docview/3239092506 |
| Volume | 17 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwfV3NT8IwFG8EDnoxihJRJC_R6-K6rdt6Mn6AxCAakITb0q7dSRhmEP8I_2lftyJy8bZkaw_v-_f2Pgi59kOWopmLncj1pBNkInAEc5XDtBdxmSo346bf-WUUDqbB84zNbMKtsGWVG5tYGmqVpyZHfuN7iM45OuzwdvnpmK1R5u-qXaFRIw00wTGCr8Z9b_Q2_s2yuD6KGA2ruaQ-3oD8pRFlkUvprifaNcSld-kfkUMbFsJdxcdjsqcXTbK_6RoumqTV23ak4YdWJYsT8j3Q62raMryi-s9tXyWM1x-6ABtkAoamgKEeTLb9UvBYFm9AnsHQIPSvMkkKfwYUwqQcLrtGRA7lfiQY5kIVeIk02RtY5TAWC5XPoepRKE7JtN97fxg4dsOCkyIVqBPGUiDgkX7GuRSKcuGrQASeEjoNhM4kkwoBiWJUKE_RDMFNnAkZ-UzjE55rkfoiX-gzAnHqCaZQJCIzczBUXASIXXgYsDjVruRtcrWhdrKsBmkkCEAMT5ItT9qks2FEYpWpSLasP___9QU58Mx63rI-r0PqSCR9iTHDSnatYHRJ7WlGfwCoB8cy |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1LT9wwEB7BcoALojzEq-1IwDEiduwkPqCqLYuWsmyrBSRuwY6dE2yAsEL8Bv5Lf2PHeXTLpTdukZI4kefL-JuJvxmA_SiWObm5NEhCbgJRaBFoGdpAOp4ok9uwUF7vfD6KB1fix7W8noPfnRbGb6vsfGLtqG2Z-xz5YcQpOle0YMdf7h8C3zXK_13tWmg0sDhzL88UslVHp8dk3wPOT_qX3wdB21UgyFnCWBCnRhPJN1GhlNGWKR1ZoQW32uVCu8JIY4mEW8m05ZYVROjTQpskko6O6D4adx4WREShTA8WvvVHv8Z_szphRJBmcVMHNaI3JjzRU2USMvZ25Xvr-OvV7GQFllsail8b3HyAOTdZhcVOpVytwkZ_poCjC1sXUK3B68BNm-rO-JPczV2r48Tx9NZV2JJaJCqMRC3xYqbPwuN6swiWBQ59RuC5TsriPwUR8aIuZjt9pIHqfkw4LLWtaBDjs0X4VOJYT2x5h40molqHq3eZ-w3oTcqJ2wRMc66lJQgmvsZhbJUWFCupWMg0d6FRW7DXzXZ23xTuyCjg8TbJZjbZgt3OEFn78VbZDGrb_z_9GRYHl-fDbHg6OtuBJe5bA9d7A3ehRxPmPhJfeTKfWpAg3Lw3Lv8AfZcEyw |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1LT9tAEB5BkKCXquUhoLQdCThaeNde23tAqCWJQgkBBZC4mV3v-kRiiokQv6H_qL-OWT9IufTGzZLttbXzeeab8TwA9oJIZKTmEi_2ufbCXIWeEr7xhOWx1Jnxc-nqnc9G0eA6_HUjbhbgb1sL49IqW51YKWpTZC5GfhBw8s4lGezoIG_SIi66_aP7356bIOX-tLbjNGqInNrnJ3LfysOTLsl6n_N-7-p44DUTBryMxYx5UaIVEX4d5FJqZZhUgQlVyI2yWahsroU2RMiNYMpww3Ii90mudBwIS0d0H627CEsxeUV-B5Z-9kYX49cIjx8QvFlU90QN6O0JW_RUEfuMvbWCb41AZdn6n-BjQ0nxR42hz7Bgp6uw0lYsl6uw0ZtXw9GFjToo1-DPwM7qTs94Tqpn0tR04nh2Z0tsCC4SLUaimXg5r9XCbpU4gkWOQxcdeKoCtPhPc0S8rBrbzh5ooWo2Ew4LZUpaRLvIET4WOFZTU0ywro8o1-H6XfZ-AzrTYmo3AZOMK2EIjrHrdxgZqULym2QUiiSzvpZbsNvudnpfN_FIyflxMknnMtmCnVYQafMhl-kcdtv_P_0dlgmP6fBkdPoFPnA3JbhKE9yBDu2X_UrU5VF_azCCcPvesHwBAOsJAA |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Heuristic+Optimization+Rules+Applied+for+the+Sustainable+Design+of+Lightweight+Engineering+Structures+Under+Loads+Subject+to+Random+Changes&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.au=Tajs-Zieli%C5%84ska+Katarzyna&rft.au=Bochenek+Bogdan&rft.date=2025-08-01&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.eissn=2071-1050&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=15&rft.spage=7011&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fsu17157011&rft.externalDBID=HAS_PDF_LINK |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2071-1050&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2071-1050&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2071-1050&client=summon |