Measurement bias in self-heating x-ray free electron laser experiments from diffraction studies of phase transformation in titanium
X-ray self-heating is a common by-product of X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) techniques that can affect targets, optics, and other irradiated materials. Diagnosis of heating and induced changes in samples may be performed using the x-ray beam itself as a probe. However, the relationship between con...
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Published in | Journal of applied physics Vol. 136; no. 11 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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Melville
American Institute of Physics
21.09.2024
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Abstract | X-ray self-heating is a common by-product of X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) techniques that can affect targets, optics, and other irradiated materials. Diagnosis of heating and induced changes in samples may be performed using the x-ray beam itself as a probe. However, the relationship between conditions created by and inferred from x-ray irradiation is unclear and may be highly dependent on the material system under consideration. Here, we report on a simple case study of a titanium foil irradiated, heated, and probed by a MHz XFEL pulse train at 18.1 keV delivered by the European XFEL using measured x-ray diffraction to determine temperature and finite element analysis to interpret the experimental data. We find a complex relationship between apparent temperatures and sample temperature distributions that must be accounted for to adequately interpret the data, including beam averaging effects, multivalued temperatures due to sample phase transitions, and jumps and gaps in the observable temperature near phase transformations. The results have implications for studies employing x-ray probing of systems with large temperature gradients, particularly where these gradients are produced by the beam itself. Finally, this study shows the potential complexity of studying nonlinear sample behavior, such as phase transformations, where biasing effects of temperature gradients can become paramount, precluding clear observation of true transformation conditions. |
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AbstractList | X-ray self-heating is a common by-product of X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) techniques that can affect targets, optics, and other irradiated materials. Diagnosis of heating and induced changes in samples may be performed using the x-ray beam itself as a probe. However, the relationship between conditions created by and inferred from x-ray irradiation is unclear and may be highly dependent on the material system under consideration. Here, we report on a simple case study of a titanium foil irradiated, heated, and probed by a MHz XFEL pulse train at 18.1 keV delivered by the European XFEL using measured x-ray diffraction to determine temperature and finite element analysis to interpret the experimental data. We find a complex relationship between apparent temperatures and sample temperature distributions that must be accounted for to adequately interpret the data, including beam averaging effects, multivalued temperatures due to sample phase transitions, and jumps and gaps in the observable temperature near phase transformations. The results have implications for studies employing x-ray probing of systems with large temperature gradients, particularly where these gradients are produced by the beam itself. Finally, this study shows the potential complexity of studying nonlinear sample behavior, such as phase transformations, where biasing effects of temperature gradients can become paramount, precluding clear observation of true transformation conditions. |
Author | Goncharov, A. F. Prescher, C. Graafsma, H. Marquardt, H. Velisavljevic, N. Sztuk-Dambietz, J. McWilliams, R. S. Huston, L. Q. Stern, S. Preston, T. R. Koemets, E. Konôpková, Z. Dwivedi, A. Cerantola, V. Coleman, A. L. Appel, K. Mondal, A. Laurus, T. Sturtevant, B. T. Jenei, Zs Kaa, J. McHardy, J. D. Cynn, H. McMahon, M. I. Husband, R. J. Li, X. Méndez, A. S. J. Kim, J.-Y. Merkel, S. Prakapenka, V. B. Speziale, S. Liermann, H. P. Ball, O. B. Hwang, H. Yoo, C.-S. Zastrau, U. Strohm, C. Morard, G. |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: O. B. surname: Ball fullname: Ball, O. B. organization: The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, and SUPA, University of Edinburgh – sequence: 2 givenname: R. J. surname: Husband fullname: Husband, R. J. organization: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY – sequence: 3 givenname: J. D. surname: McHardy fullname: McHardy, J. D. organization: The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, and SUPA, University of Edinburgh – sequence: 4 givenname: M. I. surname: McMahon fullname: McMahon, M. I. organization: The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, and SUPA, University of Edinburgh – sequence: 5 givenname: C. surname: Strohm fullname: Strohm, C. organization: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY – sequence: 6 givenname: Z. surname: Konôpková fullname: Konôpková, Z. organization: European XFEL – sequence: 7 givenname: K. surname: Appel fullname: Appel, K. organization: European XFEL – sequence: 8 givenname: V. surname: Cerantola fullname: Cerantola, V. organization: 21Department of Chemistry and Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: A. L. surname: Coleman fullname: Coleman, A. 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Q. organization: Los Alamos National Laboratory – sequence: 15 givenname: H. surname: Hwang fullname: Hwang, H. organization: 21Department of Chemistry and Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA – sequence: 16 givenname: J. surname: Kaa fullname: Kaa, J. organization: 21Department of Chemistry and Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA – sequence: 17 givenname: J.-Y. surname: Kim fullname: Kim, J.-Y. organization: Department of Physics, Research Institute for High Pressure, Hanyang University – sequence: 18 givenname: E. surname: Koemets fullname: Koemets, E. organization: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford – sequence: 19 givenname: T. surname: Laurus fullname: Laurus, T. organization: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY – sequence: 20 givenname: X. surname: Li fullname: Li, X. organization: 21Department of Chemistry and Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA – sequence: 21 givenname: H. surname: Marquardt fullname: Marquardt, H. organization: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford – sequence: 22 givenname: A. S. J. surname: Méndez fullname: Méndez, A. S. J. organization: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY – sequence: 23 givenname: S. surname: Merkel fullname: Merkel, S. organization: Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité Matériaux et Transformations – sequence: 24 givenname: A. surname: Mondal fullname: Mondal, A. organization: Institut für Mineralogie, Universität Münster – sequence: 25 givenname: G. surname: Morard fullname: Morard, G. organization: 21Department of Chemistry and Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA – sequence: 26 givenname: V. B. surname: Prakapenka fullname: Prakapenka, V. B. organization: Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago – sequence: 27 givenname: C. surname: Prescher fullname: Prescher, C. organization: 21Department of Chemistry and Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA – sequence: 28 givenname: T. R. surname: Preston fullname: Preston, T. R. organization: European XFEL – sequence: 29 givenname: S. surname: Speziale fullname: Speziale, S. organization: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences – sequence: 30 givenname: S. surname: Stern fullname: Stern, S. organization: 21Department of Chemistry and Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA – sequence: 31 givenname: B. T. surname: Sturtevant fullname: Sturtevant, B. T. organization: Los Alamos National Laboratory – sequence: 32 givenname: J. surname: Sztuk-Dambietz fullname: Sztuk-Dambietz, J. organization: European XFEL – sequence: 33 givenname: N. surname: Velisavljevic fullname: Velisavljevic, N. organization: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – sequence: 34 givenname: C.-S. surname: Yoo fullname: Yoo, C.-S. organization: Department of Chemistry and Institute for Shock Physics, Washington State University – sequence: 35 givenname: U. surname: Zastrau fullname: Zastrau, U. organization: European XFEL – sequence: 36 givenname: Zs surname: Jenei fullname: Jenei, Zs organization: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory – sequence: 37 givenname: H. P. surname: Liermann fullname: Liermann, H. P. email: hanns-peter.liermann@desy.de organization: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY – sequence: 38 givenname: R. S. surname: McWilliams fullname: McWilliams, R. S. organization: The School of Physics and Astronomy, Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, and SUPA, University of Edinburgh |
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Snippet | X-ray self-heating is a common by-product of X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) techniques that can affect targets, optics, and other irradiated materials.... |
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SubjectTerms | Complexity Finite element method Free electron lasers Laser beam heating Metal foils Phase transitions Temperature Temperature effects Titanium X ray irradiation |
Title | Measurement bias in self-heating x-ray free electron laser experiments from diffraction studies of phase transformation in titanium |
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