NATO Standardized Method for Assessing the Skin Penetration of Kinetic Energy Non-Lethal Weapons
Kinetic energy non-lethal weapon (KENLW) systems remain one of the most widespread types of non-lethal weapons on the field. NATO has released four standardized documents in order to assess the injury potential of such weapons. These documents have been written by an international team of experts in...
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| Published in | Human factors and mechanical engineering for defense and safety Vol. 7; no. 1 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Singapore
Springer Nature Singapore
01.12.2023
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 2509-8004 2367-2544 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s41314-023-00059-2 |
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| Abstract | Kinetic energy non-lethal weapon (KENLW) systems remain one of the most widespread types of non-lethal weapons on the field. NATO has released four standardized documents in order to assess the injury potential of such weapons. These documents have been written by an international team of experts in the field of non-lethal weapons. Particularly, the AEP 94 from the STANREC 4744 focuses on the evaluation of the skin penetration of non-lethal projectiles based on a specific test validated using post mortem human subject (PMHS) tests. The proposed methodology is to shoot a projectile on a surrogate composed of three layers (chamois skin layer, a specific closed-cell foam and ballistic gelatine). The topic of this article consists in describing the standardized document in the form of a scientific article. Firstly, KENLWs and the resulting injuries are described through a literature study. Secondly, the assessment methodology and its scientific rationale are explained in detail. Thirdly, interlaboratory tests are conducted for validating the procedure, and ultimately AEP 94 implementations are presented. After that, the evaluation of commercially available KENLW is performed and results are compared to case reports from the literature. While correspondence is achieved, limitations and way ahead are identified and discussed. |
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| AbstractList | Kinetic energy non-lethal weapon (KENLW) systems remain one of the most widespread types of non-lethal weapons on the field. NATO has released four standardized documents in order to assess the injury potential of such weapons. These documents have been written by an international team of experts in the field of non-lethal weapons. Particularly, the AEP 94 from the STANREC 4744 focuses on the evaluation of the skin penetration of non-lethal projectiles based on a specific test validated using post mortem human subject (PMHS) tests. The proposed methodology is to shoot a projectile on a surrogate composed of three layers (chamois skin layer, a specific closed-cell foam and ballistic gelatine). The topic of this article consists in describing the standardized document in the form of a scientific article. Firstly, KENLWs and the resulting injuries are described through a literature study. Secondly, the assessment methodology and its scientific rationale are explained in detail. Thirdly, interlaboratory tests are conducted for validating the procedure, and ultimately AEP 94 implementations are presented. After that, the evaluation of commercially available KENLW is performed and results are compared to case reports from the literature. While correspondence is achieved, limitations and way ahead are identified and discussed. |
| ArticleNumber | 5 |
| Author | Robbe, C. Bir, C. Nsiampa, N. Papy, A. Drapela, P. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: C. surname: Robbe fullname: Robbe, C. email: cyril.robbe@dymasec.be organization: Department of Weapons Systems and Ballistics, Royal Military Academy – sequence: 2 givenname: A. surname: Papy fullname: Papy, A. organization: Department of Weapons Systems and Ballistics, Royal Military Academy – sequence: 3 givenname: N. surname: Nsiampa fullname: Nsiampa, N. organization: Department of Weapons Systems and Ballistics, Royal Military Academy – sequence: 4 givenname: P. surname: Drapela fullname: Drapela, P. organization: Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports DDPS Armasuisse Science and Technology Spec. Service Test Center – sequence: 5 givenname: C. surname: Bir fullname: Bir, C. organization: Wayne State University |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1136/bmj.4.5843.764 10.1097/01.ta.0000114066.77967.de 10.1007/s00068-008-8059-z 10.1002/bjs.1800620613 10.1016/S0140-6736(83)91340-5 10.1016/S0020-1383(05)80013-0 10.1177/0025802415587320 10.1067/mem.2001.117272 10.6028/NIST.IR.7760 10.1007/s00268-003-7153-y 10.1007/s41314-019-0026-4 10.5811/westjem.2013.10.19900 10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.09.022 10.1186/1749-7922-4-26 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.07.018 10.1520/JFS2004551 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08708-1 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.02.008 10.1097/PAF.0b013e318187dfa8 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.021 10.1097/00000433-199809000-00005 10.1136/emj.2003.007518 10.1007/s41314-019-0025-5 10.1097/00005373-199904000-00026 10.1051/ijmqe/2014007 10.1016/S0736-4679(03)00179-3 10.1016/j.injury.2009.05.018 10.1136/emj.2006.039503 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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| References | MillarRRutherfordWHJohnsonSMalhotraVJInjuries caused by rubber bullets: a report on 90 patientsBr J Surg197562648048610.1002/bjs.1800620613 Papy A, Lemaire E, Robbe C, Nsiampa N, D B, P H (2019) Police use of non-lethal weapons: analysis of real cases. Hum Factors Mech Eng Def Saf 3(1):9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41314-019-0025-5 Lemaire E, Papy A, Robbe C, D B, P H (2017) Police use of non-lethal weapons: operational, medical and ballistic analysis of some real cases, 9th Eur Symp. Non-Lethal Weapons proceedings, Ettlingen LuyerMDPHoofwijkAGMBlunt liver trauma from bean bag ammunitionEur J Trauma Emerg Surg200835550350410.1007/s00068-008-8059-z BrunP-MBessereauJChenaitiaHBarberisCPeyrolMCommotio cordis as a result of neutralization shot with the flash ball less-lethal weaponInt J Cardiol20121583e474810.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.021 RobbeCPapyANsiampaNToward a reference non-lethal projectile to validate blunt trauma injury evaluation modelsHum Factors Mech Eng Def Saf201931310.1007/s41314-019-0026-4 Hubbs K, Klinger D (2004) Impact munitions data base of use and effects, disponible sur internet en mars 2013: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/204433.pdf. U.S. Department of Justice Papy A, Robbe C, Nsiampa N, Oukara A (2013) Enhancement of a skin penetration surrogate for non-lethal kinetic impacts. Int Symp Balistics proceedings, Freiburg De BritoDChallenerKSehgalAThe injury pattern of a new law enforcement weapon: the police bean bagAnn Emerg Med20013838339010.1067/mem.2001.117272 Mauchant D, Rice K, Riley M, Leber D, Samarov D, Forster A (2021) Analysis of three different regression models to estimate the ballistic performance of new and environmentally conditioned body armor. National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Interagency, disponible sur internet en mars 2013. http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2011/ir7760.pdf RobbeCNsiampaNOukaraAPapyAQuantification of the uncertainties of high-speed camera measurementsInt J Metrol Qual Eng201452210.1051/ijmqe/2014007 ShawJPulmonary contusion in children due to rubber bullet injuriesBr Med J19724584376476610.1136/bmj.4.5843.764 Chidiac F, Robbe C, Papy A (2019) Optimizing a skin penetration model to assess kinetic energy non-lethal weapons. 10th Eur Symp. Non-Lethal Weapons proceedings, Brussels HughesDMaguireKDunnFPitzpatrickSPlastic baton round injuriesJ Med Emergencies20052211111210.1136/emj.2003.007518 BirCAResslarMStewartSSkin penetration surrogate for the evaluation of less lethal kinetic energy munitionsForensic Sci Int20122201–312612910.1016/j.forsciint.2012.02.008 BirCStewartSJWilhelmMSkin penetration assessment of less lethal kinetic energy munitionsJ Forensic Sci2005506410.1520/JFS2004551 SuyamaJPanagosPDSztajnkrycerMDFitzGeraldDJBarnesDInjury patterns related to use of less-lethal weapons during a period of civil unrestJ Emerg Med200325221922710.1016/S0736-4679(03)00179-3 NATO (2021) STANREC 4744 Edition 5 - AEP 99 Ed: B Ver 1 Thorax injury risk assessment of non-lethal projectiles - no classification, fully accessible at http://www.nato.nso.int WahlPSchreyerNYersinBInjury pattern of the flash-ball, a less-lethal weapon used for law enforcement: report of two cases and review of the literatureJ Emerg Med200631332533010.1016/j.jemermed.2005.09.022 MaguireKHughesDMFitzpatrickMSDunnFRockeLGRBairdCJInjuries caused by the attenuated energy projectile: the latest less lethal optionEmerg Med J EMJ200724210310510.1136/emj.2006.039503 SteeleJMcbrideSKellyJPlastic bullet injuries in Northern Ireland: experiences during a week of civil disturbanceJ Trauma19994671171410.1097/00005373-199904000-00026 NATO (2021) STANREC 4744 Edition 5 - AEP 103 Ed: B Ver 1 Head injuries assessment of non-lethal projectiles - No classification, fully accessible at http://www.nato.nso.int MahajnaABlunt and penetrating injuries caused by rubber bullets during the Israeli-Arab conflict in October, 2000: a retrospective studyLancet Lond Engl200235993201795180010.1016/S0140-6736(02)08708-1 Robbe C, Nsiampa N, Papy A, Oukara A (2013) A complete injury assessment of FN303 and FN303p impacts, 7th Eur Symp. Non-Lethal Weapons proceedings, 2013, Ettlingen RobbeCEvaluation experimentale de l’impact thoracique des projectiles non-létaux - experimental evaluation of the thoracic impact of non-lethal projectiles2013PhD thesis, Royal Military Academy (RMA) - Université de Liège (ULg) HiquetJGromb-MonnoyeurSSevere craniocerebral trauma with sequelae caused by Flash-Ball® shot, a less-lethal weapon: Report of one case and review of the literatureMed Sci Law201656323724010.1177/0025802415587320 ChuteDJSmialekJEInjury patterns in a plastic (AR-1) baton fatalityAm J Forensic Med Pathol199819322622910.1097/00000433-199809000-00005 KobayashiMMellenPFRubber bullet injury: case report with autopsy observation and literature reviewAm J Forensic Med Pathol200930326226710.1097/PAF.0b013e318187dfa8 BeauthierJ-PTraité de médecine légale2007Bruxelles; [Paris]De Boeck Bir C (2000) The evaluation of blunt ballistic impacts of thorax. PhD thesis, Wayne State University Papy A, Robbe C, Nsiampa N, Oukara A, Goffin J (2012) Definition of a standardized skin penetration surrogate for blunt impacts. 2012 IRCOBI Conf Proceedings, Dublin RockeLInjuries caused by plastic bullets compared with those caused by rubber bulletsLancet Lond Engl19831833091992010.1016/S0140-6736(83)91340-5 NATO (2021) STANREC 4744 Edition 5 - AEP 98 Ed: B Ver 1 Precision assessment of non-lethal kinetic energy weapons and ammunition - no classification, fully accessible at http://www.nato.nso.int BirCVianoDCDesign and injury assessment criteria for blunt ballistic impactsJ Trauma20045761218122410.1097/01.ta.0000114066.77967.de KhonsariRHFleuridasGArzulLLefèvreFVincentCBertolusCSevere facial rubber bullet injuries: less lethal but extremely harmful weaponsInjury2010411737610.1016/j.injury.2009.05.018 RitchieAJPlastic bullets: significant risk of serious injury above the diaphragmInjury1992234265266387306710.1016/S0020-1383(05)80013-0 Rezende-NetoJSilvaFDPortoLBTeixeiraLCTienHRizoliSBPenetrating injury to the chest by an attenuated energy projectile: a case report and literature review of thoracic injuries caused by ‘less-lethal’ munitionsWorld J Emerg Surg2009411510.1186/1749-7922-4-26 VoiglioEJFrattiniBDörrzapfJ-JBreteauJMirasACaillotJ-LBallistic study of the SAPL GC27 gun: is it really ‘nonlethal’?World J Surg200428440240510.1007/s00268-003-7153-y NATO (2021) STANREC 4744 Edition 5 - AEP 94 Ed: B Ver 1 Skin penetration assessment of non-lethal projectiles - no classification, fully accessible at http://www.nato.nso.int Dickson B (2003) BATON ROUNDS a review of the human rights implications of the introduction and use of the L21A1 baton round in Northern Ireland and proposed alternatives to the baton round. Omega foundation PatelATooheySBoysen-OsbornMSplenic laceration and pulmonary contusion injury from bean bag weaponWest J Emerg Med201415211811910.5811/westjem.2013.10.19900 RaymondDVan EeCCrawfordGBirCTolerance of the skull to blunt ballistic temporo-parietal impactJ Biomech200942152479248510.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.07.018 C Bir (59_CR26) 2004; 57 59_CR31 C Bir (59_CR29) 2005; 50 59_CR32 RH Khonsari (59_CR9) 2010; 41 P Wahl (59_CR19) 2006; 31 59_CR33 D De Brito (59_CR4) 2001; 38 59_CR34 59_CR35 C Robbe (59_CR42) 2019; 3 J Hiquet (59_CR24) 2016; 56 J-P Beauthier (59_CR2) 2007 59_CR37 59_CR38 C Robbe (59_CR1) 2013 59_CR3 CA Bir (59_CR28) 2012; 220 59_CR30 J Shaw (59_CR11) 1972; 4 R Millar (59_CR12) 1975; 62 K Maguire (59_CR20) 2007; 24 59_CR17 P-M Brun (59_CR22) 2012; 158 59_CR39 M Kobayashi (59_CR21) 2009; 30 59_CR25 MDP Luyer (59_CR7) 2008; 35 DJ Chute (59_CR15) 1998; 19 C Robbe (59_CR36) 2014; 5 A Mahajna (59_CR5) 2002; 359 A Patel (59_CR23) 2014; 15 J Suyama (59_CR6) 2003; 25 59_CR40 59_CR41 J Rezende-Neto (59_CR8) 2009; 4 J Steele (59_CR16) 1999; 46 EJ Voiglio (59_CR10) 2004; 28 D Raymond (59_CR27) 2009; 42 AJ Ritchie (59_CR14) 1992; 23 D Hughes (59_CR18) 2005; 22 L Rocke (59_CR13) 1983; 1 |
| References_xml | – reference: SuyamaJPanagosPDSztajnkrycerMDFitzGeraldDJBarnesDInjury patterns related to use of less-lethal weapons during a period of civil unrestJ Emerg Med200325221922710.1016/S0736-4679(03)00179-3 – reference: LuyerMDPHoofwijkAGMBlunt liver trauma from bean bag ammunitionEur J Trauma Emerg Surg200835550350410.1007/s00068-008-8059-z – reference: Papy A, Lemaire E, Robbe C, Nsiampa N, D B, P H (2019) Police use of non-lethal weapons: analysis of real cases. Hum Factors Mech Eng Def Saf 3(1):9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41314-019-0025-5 – reference: Lemaire E, Papy A, Robbe C, D B, P H (2017) Police use of non-lethal weapons: operational, medical and ballistic analysis of some real cases, 9th Eur Symp. Non-Lethal Weapons proceedings, Ettlingen – reference: BeauthierJ-PTraité de médecine légale2007Bruxelles; [Paris]De Boeck – reference: MaguireKHughesDMFitzpatrickMSDunnFRockeLGRBairdCJInjuries caused by the attenuated energy projectile: the latest less lethal optionEmerg Med J EMJ200724210310510.1136/emj.2006.039503 – reference: RobbeCNsiampaNOukaraAPapyAQuantification of the uncertainties of high-speed camera measurementsInt J Metrol Qual Eng201452210.1051/ijmqe/2014007 – reference: NATO (2021) STANREC 4744 Edition 5 - AEP 99 Ed: B Ver 1 Thorax injury risk assessment of non-lethal projectiles - no classification, fully accessible at http://www.nato.nso.int – reference: BirCStewartSJWilhelmMSkin penetration assessment of less lethal kinetic energy munitionsJ Forensic Sci2005506410.1520/JFS2004551 – reference: PatelATooheySBoysen-OsbornMSplenic laceration and pulmonary contusion injury from bean bag weaponWest J Emerg Med201415211811910.5811/westjem.2013.10.19900 – reference: Hubbs K, Klinger D (2004) Impact munitions data base of use and effects, disponible sur internet en mars 2013: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/204433.pdf. U.S. Department of Justice – reference: Papy A, Robbe C, Nsiampa N, Oukara A (2013) Enhancement of a skin penetration surrogate for non-lethal kinetic impacts. Int Symp Balistics proceedings, Freiburg – reference: Mauchant D, Rice K, Riley M, Leber D, Samarov D, Forster A (2021) Analysis of three different regression models to estimate the ballistic performance of new and environmentally conditioned body armor. National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Interagency, disponible sur internet en mars 2013. http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2011/ir7760.pdf – reference: RaymondDVan EeCCrawfordGBirCTolerance of the skull to blunt ballistic temporo-parietal impactJ Biomech200942152479248510.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.07.018 – reference: RobbeCPapyANsiampaNToward a reference non-lethal projectile to validate blunt trauma injury evaluation modelsHum Factors Mech Eng Def Saf201931310.1007/s41314-019-0026-4 – reference: WahlPSchreyerNYersinBInjury pattern of the flash-ball, a less-lethal weapon used for law enforcement: report of two cases and review of the literatureJ Emerg Med200631332533010.1016/j.jemermed.2005.09.022 – reference: Robbe C, Nsiampa N, Papy A, Oukara A (2013) A complete injury assessment of FN303 and FN303p impacts, 7th Eur Symp. Non-Lethal Weapons proceedings, 2013, Ettlingen – reference: Rezende-NetoJSilvaFDPortoLBTeixeiraLCTienHRizoliSBPenetrating injury to the chest by an attenuated energy projectile: a case report and literature review of thoracic injuries caused by ‘less-lethal’ munitionsWorld J Emerg Surg2009411510.1186/1749-7922-4-26 – reference: RitchieAJPlastic bullets: significant risk of serious injury above the diaphragmInjury1992234265266387306710.1016/S0020-1383(05)80013-0 – reference: ChuteDJSmialekJEInjury patterns in a plastic (AR-1) baton fatalityAm J Forensic Med Pathol199819322622910.1097/00000433-199809000-00005 – reference: Dickson B (2003) BATON ROUNDS a review of the human rights implications of the introduction and use of the L21A1 baton round in Northern Ireland and proposed alternatives to the baton round. 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| Title | NATO Standardized Method for Assessing the Skin Penetration of Kinetic Energy Non-Lethal Weapons |
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