A COMPARISON OF THE INTERACTION OF PRONOMINALS AND WORD ORDER IN NARO AND GǁANA
This article compares PGN markers, the pronoun system and word order in declaratives in Naro ǁGana. These languages are similar in that (a) nouns are marked for person, gender and number; (b) both have complex pronoun systems; (c) the plural and dual categories distinguish inclusive from exclusive p...
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| Published in | Language matters (Pretoria, South Africa) Vol. 46; no. 2; pp. 222 - 248 |
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| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Routledge
04.05.2015
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| Abstract | This article compares PGN markers, the pronoun system and word order in declaratives in Naro ǁGana. These languages are similar in that (a) nouns are marked for person, gender and number; (b) both have complex pronoun systems; (c) the plural and dual categories distinguish inclusive from exclusive pronouns; (d) main lexical items in both languages can be focused through fronting. They differ in that ǁGana NPs are marked for nominative and oblique case through the PGN marker, while in Naro this is not so. In Naro if constituents are re- ordered, the PGN marker of the fronted constituent hosts the PGN marker of the subject NP, thus identifying the subject. The use of pronouns in a sentence impacts word order at sentential level in Naro but not in ǁGana. PGN markers are obligatory for subjects only in ǁGana. |
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| AbstractList | This article compares PGN markers, the pronoun system and word order in declaratives in Naro ǁGana. These languages are similar in that (a) nouns are marked for person, gender and number; (b) both have complex pronoun systems; (c) the plural and dual categories distinguish inclusive from exclusive pronouns; (d) main lexical items in both languages can be focused through fronting. They differ in that ǁGana NPs are marked for nominative and oblique case through the PGN marker, while in Naro this is not so. In Naro if constituents are re- ordered, the PGN marker of the fronted constituent hosts the PGN marker of the subject NP, thus identifying the subject. The use of pronouns in a sentence impacts word order at sentential level in Naro but not in ǁGana. PGN markers are obligatory for subjects only in ǁGana. |
| Author | Letsholo, Rose Saul, Isaac |
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| References | Barnard A. (CIT0002) 1985 Kiss K. (CIT0016) 1995 Nakagawa H. (CIT0022) 2013 Batibo H. (CIT0004) 2000 CIT0014 Visser H. (CIT0026) 2010 Vossen R. (CIT0028) 2013 Hagman R. S. (CIT0013) 1977; 15 König C. (CIT0017) 2008 CIT0018 Batibo H. (CIT0003) 2010 Dik S. (CIT0007) 1997 CIT0019 Güldemann T. (CIT0010) 2000 Haacke W. H. G. (CIT0012) 2010 Visser H. (CIT0025) 2001 Nakagawa H. (CIT0020) 1996; 22 CIT0021 Collins C. (CIT0005) 2011; 25 Nakagawa N. (CIT0023) 2013 Vossen R. (CIT0027) 1986 Den Besten H. (CIT0006) 2002; 14 Ono H. (CIT0024) 2010 Haacke W. H. G. (CIT0011) 1976; 46 Andersson L. (CIT0001) 1997 |
| References_xml | – volume-title: Naro English, English Naro Dictionary. Ghanzi, Botswana. Visser, H. 2003. Naro syntax year: 2001 ident: CIT0025 – start-page: 99 volume-title: In African Languages: An introduction, ed. year: 2000 ident: CIT0010 – ident: CIT0021 – volume-title: Discourse configurational languages year: 1995 ident: CIT0016 doi: 10.1093/oso/9780195088335.001.0001 – volume: 46 start-page: 105 volume-title: Papers on information structure in African languages: ZAS Papers in Linguistics year: 1976 ident: CIT0011 – start-page: 394 volume-title: In The Khoesan languages. Routledge language family series year: 2013 ident: CIT0023 – volume-title: Botswana: The future of the minority languages year: 2000 ident: CIT0004 – start-page: 249 volume-title: In Khoisan languages and linguistics: Proceedings of the 2nd year: 2008 ident: CIT0017 – volume-title: The theory of functional grammar. Part 1. The structure of the clause year: 1997 ident: CIT0007 – start-page: 176 volume-title: Proceedings of the 1 st international symposium, January 4–8, 2003 year: 2010 ident: CIT0026 – ident: CIT0018 – volume-title: A Nharo wordlist with notes on grammar. Occasional publications No. 2 year: 1985 ident: CIT0002 – ident: CIT0014 – start-page: 284 volume-title: In Khoisan languages and linguistics: Proceedings of the 1st international symposium, January 4–8, 2003, ed. year: 2010 ident: CIT0003 – start-page: 201 volume-title: In Khoisan languages and linguistics: Proceedings of the 1st international symposium, January 4–8, 2003, ed. year: 2010 ident: CIT0012 – start-page: 64 volume-title: In The Khoesan languages. Routledge language family series year: 2013 ident: CIT0022 – volume-title: Languages in Botswana: Language ecology in Southern Africa year: 1997 ident: CIT0001 – start-page: 375 volume-title: In Festschrift Zum 60 Geburstag von Carl F. Hoffman year: 1986 ident: CIT0027 – volume: 14 start-page: 3 issue: 1 year: 2002 ident: CIT0006 publication-title: Journal of Germanic Linguistics doi: 10.1017/S1470542702046020 – volume: 25 volume-title: A grammatical sketch of N|uuki. Research in Khoisan studies, year: 2011 ident: CIT0005 – volume: 15 volume-title: Nama Hottentot grammar. Language science monographs year: 1977 ident: CIT0013 – ident: CIT0019 – volume: 22 start-page: 101 year: 1996 ident: CIT0020 publication-title: African Study Monograph – start-page: 251 volume-title: In Khoisan languages and linguistics: Proceedings of the 1st international symposium, January 4–8, 2003, Riezlern/Kleinwalsertal, ed. year: 2010 ident: CIT0024 – start-page: 207 volume-title: In The Khoesan languages. Routledge language family series year: 2013 ident: CIT0028 doi: 10.4324/9780203084465 |
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| Snippet | This article compares PGN markers, the pronoun system and word order in declaratives in Naro ǁGana. These languages are similar in that (a) nouns are marked... |
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| Title | A COMPARISON OF THE INTERACTION OF PRONOMINALS AND WORD ORDER IN NARO AND GǁANA |
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