Germination of Pinus rigida seeds after gamma irradiation

The effects of environmental factors, particularly moisture content and storage treatment, on responses to gamma irradiation were studied in seeds of Pinus rigida Mill. The variable germination results obtained with commercially purchased seed indicated a need for close control of conditions before...

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Published inRadiation botany Vol. 5; no. 1; pp. 39,IN9,47 - 46,IN11,51
Main Authors Mergen, F., Cummings, J.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Elsevier B.V 1965
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Abstract The effects of environmental factors, particularly moisture content and storage treatment, on responses to gamma irradiation were studied in seeds of Pinus rigida Mill. The variable germination results obtained with commercially purchased seed indicated a need for close control of conditions before and during experiments. Techniques were developed for uniform collection and treatment of seeds from trees growing in the natural pitch pine-oak forest at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York. To study the effect of exposure rate and post-irradiation treatment on germination, samples of seeds were exposed to ten total exposures (0–48 kr) at two exposure periods (16 and 80 hr). After irradiation, seeds were either sown immediately or stored for four weeks at 4 °G under dry or moist conditions. Moist stratification caused an increase in germination that was paralleled by a decrease in cytological damage at all exposure levels, but there was no difference between the exposure periods within any post-irradiation treatment. The nature of recovery after irradiation was studied using a 16-hr exposure period, five total exposures (0–24 kr) and six stratification periods (0–6 weeks). Stratification decreased the radiation effect, and the recovery period at lower levels of radiation was shorter than at higher levels. Stratification increased germination at all radiation levels but not the rate of seedling development. Samples were equilibrated for eight days at six moisture contents (2·4–16·1%) and exposed for 16 hr to five exposures (4·36 kr). Increased moisture content up to 8·9% decreased the radiosensitivity, and between 10·9 and 16·1%, LD 60 values for germination were similar (20–21 kr). In this range there was no loss of germination capacity up to 12 kr, although seedling development was retarded. Recovery increased with increasing stratification period and moisture content. Using a 16-hr exposure period and a total exposure of 5 kr, there were significant differences in seed germination between ten trees and within individual trees. Seeds from the upper crown were generally more sensitive to gamma rays than those from lower positions. The variation in radiosensitivity was not related to differences in seed size. Throughout the paper, the LD 50 values that are reported deal with germination percentages. Dans les graines, on a étudié, de Pinus rigida Mill., l'action des facteurs d'environnement, et en particulier la teneur en eau et les conditions de stockage, en relation avec l'irradiation gamma. La variabilité obtenue dans la germination de graines provenant du commerce indique la nécessité de contrôler étroitement les conditions avant et pendant les expériences. On a mis au point des techniques permettant de récolter et de traiter uniformément des graines originaires de la forêt de chênes et de pitch-pins du laboratoire national de Brookhaven, Upton, New York. En vue d'étudier les effets de la dose et du traitement après irradiation sur la germination, des échantillons de graines sont soumis à dix doses totales (0–48 kr) pour deux périodes d'exposition (16 et 80 heures). Après irradiation, les graines sont soit semées immédiatement, soit conservées à 4 °C pendant quatre semaines, en conditions de sécheresse ou d'humidité. L'augmentation du degré d'humidité favorise la germination, en même temps qu'elle diminue la quantité d'aberrations cytologiques pour chaque dose d'irradiation; par contre, la durée du temps d'exposition n'a pas d'influence quelles que soient les conditions après irradiation. La nature du recouvrement consécutif à l'irradiation a été étudiée aprês une période d'exposition de 16 heures, après 5 expositions totales (0–24 kr) et 6 périodes de stratification (0–6 semaines). La stratification décroît les effets des radiations et la période de recouvrement aux doses les plus basses était plus courte qu'aux doses plus élevées. La stratification accroît la germination à toutes les doses de rayons mais n'accroît pas la vitesse de développement des plantules. Des échantillons ont été mis en équilibre pendant une période de 8 jours à 6 contenus en eau (2,4 à 16,1 %) et exposés pendant 6 heures à 5 doses (4–36 kr). L'accroissement du contenu en eau jusqu'à 8,9% décroît à la radiosensibilité et entre 10,9 et 16,1 %, les valeurs DL 60 de la germination sont semblables (20–21 kr). Dans ces limites il n'y a aucune perte de la capacité germinative jusqu'à 12 kr quoique le développement de la plantule soit retardé. Le recouvrement s'accroît avec la période de stratification et le contenu en eau en utilisant une période d'exposition de 16 heures et une dose totale de 5 kr. Il y a des différences significatives dans la germination des graines pour 10 arbres ainsi que dans chaque arbre pris individuellement. Les graines de la partie supérieure sont généralement plus sensibles aux rayons gamma que celles de la partie inférieure. La variation de radiosensibilité n'est pas en relation avec les différences de taille des graines. Au cours de cette publication les valuers DL 60 mentionnées ont trait au pourcentage de germination. An Samen von Pinus rigidus Mill. wurde der Einfluss von Umweltfaktoren, insbesondere des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes und der Lagerungsbedingungen, auf die Wirkung von Gammastrahlen untersucht. Stark schwankende Keimungsergebnisse, die mit im Handel bezogenen Samen erhalten wurden, Hessen es notwendig erscheinen, die Bedingungen vor und während der Versuche sorgfältig zu kontrollieren. Es wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die es gestattet, Samen von Bäumen aus dem natürlichen Pechkiefern-Eichenforst beim Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, einheitlich zu sammeln und zu behandeln. Um die Wirkung der Dosisrate und der Behandlung nach der Bestrahlung auf die Keimung zu prüfen, wurden Samenproben mit zehn Gesamtdosen (0–48 kr) bei 2 verschiednenen Bestrahlungszeiten (16-und 80 Stunden) behandelt. Nach der Bestrahlung wurden die Samen entweder sofort ausgesät, oder 4 Wochen lang bei 4 °C unter trockenen oder feuchten Bedingungen gelagert. Feuchte Lagerung ergab bessere Keimung, und gleichzeitig eine Verringerung cytologischer Schäden bei allen Gesamtdosen; zwischen den beiden Bestrahlungszeiten jedoch ergab sich für die jeweils zusammengehörigen Nachbehandlungszeiten kein Unterschied. Die Art des Erholungsvorganges nach der Bestrahlung wurde bei einer 16-stündigen Bestrahlungszeit für fünf Gesamtdosen (0–24 kr) und 6 Lagerungszeiten (0–6 Wochen) geprüft. Die Lagerung verringerte die Strahlenwirkung, und der Erholungszeitraum war bei niedrigen Gesamtdosen kürzer als bei höheren. Lagerung verbesserte die Keimung bei allen Gesamtdosen, hatte aber auf die Geschwindigkeit der Keimlingsentwicklung keinen Einfluss. Proben wurden 8 Tage lang mit 6 Feuchtigkeitsgehalten equilibriert (2,4–16,1%) und 16 Stunden lang mit 5 verschiedenen Dosen (4–36 kr) bestrahlt. Erhöhung des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes bis zu 8,9% verringerte die Strahlenempfindlichkeit, zwischen 10,9 und 16,1% war die LD 60 für die Keimung nahezu gleichbleibend (20–21 kr). In diesem Feuchtigkeitsbereich ergab sich bis zu 12 kr keine Verringerung der Keimfähigkeit, allerdings war die Keimling sentwicklung verzögert. Die Erholung nahm mit verlängerter Lagerungszeit und erhöhtem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt zu. Bei Benutzung einer 16-stündigen Bestrahlungszeit und einer Gesamtdosis von 5 kr zeigten sich in der Samenkeimung signifikante Unterschiede zwischen 10 Bäumen sowie innerhalb individueller Bäume. Samen aus dem oberen Teil der Krone waren im allgemeinen empfindlicher gegenüber Gammastrahlen, als solche aus niedrigeren Teilen. Die Variation der Strahlenempfindlichkeit zeigte keine Korrelation zu Unterschieden in der Samengrösse. Die in der vorstehenden Arbeit mitgeteilten LD 50 Werte beziehen sich auf Keimprozente.
AbstractList The effects of environmental factors, particularly moisture content and storage treatment, on responses to gamma irradiation were studied in seeds of Pinus rigida Mill. The variable germination results obtained with commercially purchased seed indicated a need for close control of conditions before and during experiments. Techniques were developed for uniform collection and treatment of seeds from trees growing in the natural pitch pine-oak forest at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York. To study the effect of exposure rate and post-irradiation treatment on germination, samples of seeds were exposed to ten total exposures (0–48 kr) at two exposure periods (16 and 80 hr). After irradiation, seeds were either sown immediately or stored for four weeks at 4 °G under dry or moist conditions. Moist stratification caused an increase in germination that was paralleled by a decrease in cytological damage at all exposure levels, but there was no difference between the exposure periods within any post-irradiation treatment. The nature of recovery after irradiation was studied using a 16-hr exposure period, five total exposures (0–24 kr) and six stratification periods (0–6 weeks). Stratification decreased the radiation effect, and the recovery period at lower levels of radiation was shorter than at higher levels. Stratification increased germination at all radiation levels but not the rate of seedling development. Samples were equilibrated for eight days at six moisture contents (2·4–16·1%) and exposed for 16 hr to five exposures (4·36 kr). Increased moisture content up to 8·9% decreased the radiosensitivity, and between 10·9 and 16·1%, LD 60 values for germination were similar (20–21 kr). In this range there was no loss of germination capacity up to 12 kr, although seedling development was retarded. Recovery increased with increasing stratification period and moisture content. Using a 16-hr exposure period and a total exposure of 5 kr, there were significant differences in seed germination between ten trees and within individual trees. Seeds from the upper crown were generally more sensitive to gamma rays than those from lower positions. The variation in radiosensitivity was not related to differences in seed size. Throughout the paper, the LD 50 values that are reported deal with germination percentages. Dans les graines, on a étudié, de Pinus rigida Mill., l'action des facteurs d'environnement, et en particulier la teneur en eau et les conditions de stockage, en relation avec l'irradiation gamma. La variabilité obtenue dans la germination de graines provenant du commerce indique la nécessité de contrôler étroitement les conditions avant et pendant les expériences. On a mis au point des techniques permettant de récolter et de traiter uniformément des graines originaires de la forêt de chênes et de pitch-pins du laboratoire national de Brookhaven, Upton, New York. En vue d'étudier les effets de la dose et du traitement après irradiation sur la germination, des échantillons de graines sont soumis à dix doses totales (0–48 kr) pour deux périodes d'exposition (16 et 80 heures). Après irradiation, les graines sont soit semées immédiatement, soit conservées à 4 °C pendant quatre semaines, en conditions de sécheresse ou d'humidité. L'augmentation du degré d'humidité favorise la germination, en même temps qu'elle diminue la quantité d'aberrations cytologiques pour chaque dose d'irradiation; par contre, la durée du temps d'exposition n'a pas d'influence quelles que soient les conditions après irradiation. La nature du recouvrement consécutif à l'irradiation a été étudiée aprês une période d'exposition de 16 heures, après 5 expositions totales (0–24 kr) et 6 périodes de stratification (0–6 semaines). La stratification décroît les effets des radiations et la période de recouvrement aux doses les plus basses était plus courte qu'aux doses plus élevées. La stratification accroît la germination à toutes les doses de rayons mais n'accroît pas la vitesse de développement des plantules. Des échantillons ont été mis en équilibre pendant une période de 8 jours à 6 contenus en eau (2,4 à 16,1 %) et exposés pendant 6 heures à 5 doses (4–36 kr). L'accroissement du contenu en eau jusqu'à 8,9% décroît à la radiosensibilité et entre 10,9 et 16,1 %, les valeurs DL 60 de la germination sont semblables (20–21 kr). Dans ces limites il n'y a aucune perte de la capacité germinative jusqu'à 12 kr quoique le développement de la plantule soit retardé. Le recouvrement s'accroît avec la période de stratification et le contenu en eau en utilisant une période d'exposition de 16 heures et une dose totale de 5 kr. Il y a des différences significatives dans la germination des graines pour 10 arbres ainsi que dans chaque arbre pris individuellement. Les graines de la partie supérieure sont généralement plus sensibles aux rayons gamma que celles de la partie inférieure. La variation de radiosensibilité n'est pas en relation avec les différences de taille des graines. Au cours de cette publication les valuers DL 60 mentionnées ont trait au pourcentage de germination. An Samen von Pinus rigidus Mill. wurde der Einfluss von Umweltfaktoren, insbesondere des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes und der Lagerungsbedingungen, auf die Wirkung von Gammastrahlen untersucht. Stark schwankende Keimungsergebnisse, die mit im Handel bezogenen Samen erhalten wurden, Hessen es notwendig erscheinen, die Bedingungen vor und während der Versuche sorgfältig zu kontrollieren. Es wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die es gestattet, Samen von Bäumen aus dem natürlichen Pechkiefern-Eichenforst beim Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, einheitlich zu sammeln und zu behandeln. Um die Wirkung der Dosisrate und der Behandlung nach der Bestrahlung auf die Keimung zu prüfen, wurden Samenproben mit zehn Gesamtdosen (0–48 kr) bei 2 verschiednenen Bestrahlungszeiten (16-und 80 Stunden) behandelt. Nach der Bestrahlung wurden die Samen entweder sofort ausgesät, oder 4 Wochen lang bei 4 °C unter trockenen oder feuchten Bedingungen gelagert. Feuchte Lagerung ergab bessere Keimung, und gleichzeitig eine Verringerung cytologischer Schäden bei allen Gesamtdosen; zwischen den beiden Bestrahlungszeiten jedoch ergab sich für die jeweils zusammengehörigen Nachbehandlungszeiten kein Unterschied. Die Art des Erholungsvorganges nach der Bestrahlung wurde bei einer 16-stündigen Bestrahlungszeit für fünf Gesamtdosen (0–24 kr) und 6 Lagerungszeiten (0–6 Wochen) geprüft. Die Lagerung verringerte die Strahlenwirkung, und der Erholungszeitraum war bei niedrigen Gesamtdosen kürzer als bei höheren. Lagerung verbesserte die Keimung bei allen Gesamtdosen, hatte aber auf die Geschwindigkeit der Keimlingsentwicklung keinen Einfluss. Proben wurden 8 Tage lang mit 6 Feuchtigkeitsgehalten equilibriert (2,4–16,1%) und 16 Stunden lang mit 5 verschiedenen Dosen (4–36 kr) bestrahlt. Erhöhung des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes bis zu 8,9% verringerte die Strahlenempfindlichkeit, zwischen 10,9 und 16,1% war die LD 60 für die Keimung nahezu gleichbleibend (20–21 kr). In diesem Feuchtigkeitsbereich ergab sich bis zu 12 kr keine Verringerung der Keimfähigkeit, allerdings war die Keimling sentwicklung verzögert. Die Erholung nahm mit verlängerter Lagerungszeit und erhöhtem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt zu. Bei Benutzung einer 16-stündigen Bestrahlungszeit und einer Gesamtdosis von 5 kr zeigten sich in der Samenkeimung signifikante Unterschiede zwischen 10 Bäumen sowie innerhalb individueller Bäume. Samen aus dem oberen Teil der Krone waren im allgemeinen empfindlicher gegenüber Gammastrahlen, als solche aus niedrigeren Teilen. Die Variation der Strahlenempfindlichkeit zeigte keine Korrelation zu Unterschieden in der Samengrösse. Die in der vorstehenden Arbeit mitgeteilten LD 50 Werte beziehen sich auf Keimprozente.
Author Mergen, F.
Cummings, J.
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Snippet The effects of environmental factors, particularly moisture content and storage treatment, on responses to gamma irradiation were studied in seeds of Pinus...
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Title Germination of Pinus rigida seeds after gamma irradiation
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