Infiltration of water in disturbed soil columns as affected by clay dispersion and aggregate slaking
El encostramiento del suelo afecta negativamente a la rentabilidad y sostenibilidad de la agricultura de regadío, reduciendo la infiltración y emergencia del cultivo, y aumentando la escorrentía y erosión. La dispersión de arcillas y la desagregación de la superficie del suelo por una humectación rá...
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Published in | Spanish journal of agricultural research : SJAR Vol. 2; no. 3; pp. 459 - 471 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
01.09.2004
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Abstract | El encostramiento del suelo afecta negativamente a la rentabilidad y sostenibilidad de la agricultura de regadío, reduciendo la infiltración y emergencia del cultivo, y aumentando la escorrentía y erosión. La dispersión de arcillas y la desagregación de la superficie del suelo por una humectación rápida ("slaking") son los principales procesos responsables del encostramiento. Se han medido las tasas de infiltración de 10 suelos en columnas de suelo alterado, y se han determinado sus susceptibilidades a la dispersión y "slaking". Asimismo, se ha examinado si las tasas de infiltración final (IF) pueden ser estimadas a partir de índices de estabilidad estructural. La susceptibilidad a la dispersión se determinó comparando las IFs de suelos previamente saturados por capilaridad con agua de grifo y posteriormente lavados con aguas desionizada (AD), de riego (AC), y saturada en yeso (AY). La susceptibilidad al "slaking" se determinó comparando las IFs de suelos presaturados (humectación lenta por capilaridad) y secos al aire (humectación rápida) lavados con AC. Las IFs de los suelos disminuyeron en el orden: AYACAD. Siete suelos fueron susceptibles a la dispersión inducida por el AD, cinco suelos fueron susceptibles a la dispersión inducida por el AC, y solamente dos suelos fueron susceptibles al "slaking". La dispersión química fue el principal proceso inductor del encostramiento y de la reducción de la IF de dichos suelos al lavarlos con aguas de baja salinidad. Se han encontrado correlaciones consistentes y significativas entre los índices AEA (agregados estables al agua), ADM (arcilla dispersa mecánicamente) y DMPagit (diámetro medio ponderado de agregados frente a agitación) y las IFs de los suelos.
Soil crusting negatively affects the productivity and sustainability of irrigated agriculture, reducing water infiltration and plant emergence, and enhancing surface runoff and erosion. Clay dispersion and slaking of the aggregates at the soil surface are the main processes responsible for crusting. The infiltration rates (IR) of ten arid-zone soils in disturbed soil columns were measured and their relative susceptibilities to dispersion and slaking were determined. It was also examined whether the final soil IRs (FIR) could be estimated from various soil stability indices. The susceptibility to chemical dispersion was determined by measuring the IR of soil columns slowly pre-saturated from below with tap water and subsequently ponded with deionized (DW), canal irrigation (CW), and gypsum-saturated (GW) waters. The susceptibility to aggregate slaking was determined by comparing the IR measured in pre-saturated (slow wetting from below) and air-dry (fast wetting) soil columns ponded with CW. The FIRs of most soils decreased in the order GWCWDW. Seven soils were susceptible to clay dispersion induced by DW. Five soils were susceptible to clay dispersion induced by CW. Only two soils were susceptible to slaking. The fast wetting in these soils completely sealed the soil surface, reducing their IRs to zero from the start of leaching. Clay dispersion rather than aggregate slaking was the principal process inducing sealing and decreasing IR in these soils when subject to low-salinity waters. The indices WSA (water stable aggregates), MDC (mechanically dispersed clay) and MWDstir (mean weight diameter of stirring aggregates after a prewetting treatment) gave consistent and significant relationships with FIRs. |
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AbstractList | Soil crusting negatively affects the productivity and sustainability of irrigated agriculture, reducing water infiltration and plant emergence, and enhancing surface runoff and erosion. Clay dispersion and slaking of the aggregates at the soil surface are the main processes responsible for crusting. The infiltration rates (IR) of ten arid-zone soils in disturbed soil columns were measured and their relative susceptibilities to dispersion and slaking were determined. It was also examined whether the final soil IRs (FIR) could be estimated from various soil stability indices. The susceptibility to chemical dispersion was determined by measuring the IR of soil columns slowly pre-saturated from below with tap water and subsequently ponded with deionized (DW), canal irrigation (CW), and gypsum-saturated (GW) waters. The susceptibility to aggregate slaking was determined by comparing the IR measured in pre-saturated (slow wetting from below) and air-dry (fast wetting) soil columns ponded with CW. The FIRs of most soils decreased in the order GW>CW>DW. Seven soils were susceptible to clay dispersion induced by DW. Five soils were susceptible to clay dispersion induced by CW. Only two soils were susceptible to slaking. The fast wetting in these soils completely sealed the soil surface, reducing their IRs to zero from the start of leaching. Clay dispersion rather than aggregate slaking was the principal process inducing sealing and decreasing IR in these soils when subject to low-salinity waters. The indices WSA (water stable aggregates), MDC (mechanically dispersed clay) and MWDstir (mean weight diameter of stirring aggregates after a prewetting treatment) gave consistent and significant relationships with FIRs. El encostramiento del suelo afecta negativamente a la rentabilidad y sostenibilidad de la agricultura de regadío, reduciendo la infiltración y emergencia del cultivo, y aumentando la escorrentía y erosión. La dispersión de arcillas y la desagregación de la superficie del suelo por una humectación rápida ("slaking") son los principales procesos responsables del encostramiento. Se han medido las tasas de infiltración de 10 suelos en columnas de suelo alterado, y se han determinado sus susceptibilidades a la dispersión y "slaking". Asimismo, se ha examinado si las tasas de infiltración final (IF) pueden ser estimadas a partir de índices de estabilidad estructural. La susceptibilidad a la dispersión se determinó comparando las IFs de suelos previamente saturados por capilaridad con agua de grifo y posteriormente lavados con aguas desionizada (AD), de riego (AC), y saturada en yeso (AY). La susceptibilidad al "slaking" se determinó comparando las IFs de suelos presaturados (humectación lenta por capilaridad) y secos al aire (humectación rápida) lavados con AC. Las IFs de los suelos disminuyeron en el orden: AYACAD. Siete suelos fueron susceptibles a la dispersión inducida por el AD, cinco suelos fueron susceptibles a la dispersión inducida por el AC, y solamente dos suelos fueron susceptibles al "slaking". La dispersión química fue el principal proceso inductor del encostramiento y de la reducción de la IF de dichos suelos al lavarlos con aguas de baja salinidad. Se han encontrado correlaciones consistentes y significativas entre los índices AEA (agregados estables al agua), ADM (arcilla dispersa mecánicamente) y DMPagit (diámetro medio ponderado de agregados frente a agitación) y las IFs de los suelos. Soil crusting negatively affects the productivity and sustainability of irrigated agriculture, reducing water infiltration and plant emergence, and enhancing surface runoff and erosion. Clay dispersion and slaking of the aggregates at the soil surface are the main processes responsible for crusting. The infiltration rates (IR) of ten arid-zone soils in disturbed soil columns were measured and their relative susceptibilities to dispersion and slaking were determined. It was also examined whether the final soil IRs (FIR) could be estimated from various soil stability indices. The susceptibility to chemical dispersion was determined by measuring the IR of soil columns slowly pre-saturated from below with tap water and subsequently ponded with deionized (DW), canal irrigation (CW), and gypsum-saturated (GW) waters. The susceptibility to aggregate slaking was determined by comparing the IR measured in pre-saturated (slow wetting from below) and air-dry (fast wetting) soil columns ponded with CW. The FIRs of most soils decreased in the order GWCWDW. Seven soils were susceptible to clay dispersion induced by DW. Five soils were susceptible to clay dispersion induced by CW. Only two soils were susceptible to slaking. The fast wetting in these soils completely sealed the soil surface, reducing their IRs to zero from the start of leaching. Clay dispersion rather than aggregate slaking was the principal process inducing sealing and decreasing IR in these soils when subject to low-salinity waters. The indices WSA (water stable aggregates), MDC (mechanically dispersed clay) and MWDstir (mean weight diameter of stirring aggregates after a prewetting treatment) gave consistent and significant relationships with FIRs. |
Author | Amezketa, E Gazol, R.,Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Zaragoza (España). Dept. de Suelos y Riegos Aragüés, R |
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Snippet | El encostramiento del suelo afecta negativamente a la rentabilidad y sostenibilidad de la agricultura de regadío, reduciendo la infiltración y emergencia del... Soil crusting negatively affects the productivity and sustainability of irrigated agriculture, reducing water infiltration and plant emergence, and enhancing... |
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SubjectTerms | CALIDAD DEL AGUA COSTRA DEL SUELO CROUTE DU SOL DEGRADACION DEL SUELO DEGRADATION DU SOL ESPAGNE ESPANA ESTRUCTURA DEL SUELO INFILTRACION INFILTRATION IRRIGATED LAND IRRIGATION QUALITE DE L'EAU REGADIO RIEGO SOIL CRUSTS SOIL DEGRADATION SOIL STRUCTURE SPAIN STRUCTURE DU SOL TERRE IRRIGUEE WATER QUALITY |
Title | Infiltration of water in disturbed soil columns as affected by clay dispersion and aggregate slaking |
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