Les antiépileptiques dans le traitement préventif de la migraine de l’enfant

La migraine, selon les critères diagnostiques de l’International Headache Society, concerne 5 à 10 % des enfants. Un traitement préventif médicamenteux est proposé chez un peu moins de 30 % des enfants et adolescents migraineux vus en clinique spécialisée. Son indication tient compte de la sévérité...

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Published inRevue neurologique Vol. 165; no. 12; pp. 1002 - 1009
Main Author Cuvellier, J.-C.
Format Journal Article
LanguageFrench
Published Paris Elsevier Masson SAS 01.12.2009
Masson
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Abstract La migraine, selon les critères diagnostiques de l’International Headache Society, concerne 5 à 10 % des enfants. Un traitement préventif médicamenteux est proposé chez un peu moins de 30 % des enfants et adolescents migraineux vus en clinique spécialisée. Son indication tient compte de la sévérité et de la fréquence des accès migraineux, ainsi que de l’efficacité et de la tolérance des traitements de l’accès. De nombreuses études ont concerné l’emploi des antiépileptiques dans cette indication, mais peu ont été contrôlées contre-placebo. Seul le topiramate (TPM) a montré son efficacité dans au moins une étude contrôlée contre-placebo. Le valproate de sodium (VPA) n’a pas fait la preuve de son efficacité. Des études non contrôlées et/ou de faible effectif suggèrent l’efficacité possible de la gabapentine (GBP), du lévétiracétam (LVT), et du zonisamide (ZNS) dans le traitement préventif de la migraine de l’enfant, et celle du TPM, du phénobarbital et du midazolam dans les syndromes périodiques de l’enfance. Les antiépileptiques utilisés dans le traitement préventif de la migraine pédiatrique sont en général bien tolérés. Les effets secondaires les plus fréquents sont l’asthénie et la somnolence. La décision de prescrire un antiépileptique en traitement préventif de la migraine chez l’enfant doit être individualisée en tenant compte des comorbidités, de la compliance et des préférences du patient et de ses parents. Migraine, according to the criteria of the International Headache Society, occurs in about 5 to 10% of children and adolescents. Pediatric migraine can cause a significant impact on quality of life. As stated by the American Academy of Neurology and Child Neurology Society's migraine guidelines, situations for prophylaxis consideration include recurring migraines that significantly interfere with daily activities, despite acute therapy; frequent headaches; contraindication, overuse, or failure of acute therapy; adverse reactions to acute therapy; cost of acute and preventive therapies; patient preferences; and presence of uncommon migraine conditions. Preventive therapy may be warranted in as many as 30% of young patients with migraine seen in tertiary headache centers. Headache related disability can be measured by scoring systems such as the Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment Scale. Numerous medications have been studied to prevent migraines in children, including antihistamines, antidepressants, and antihypertensive agents. However, few high quality clinical trials actually demonstrate efficacy in this population. Recently, many studies dealt with the use of antiepileptic drugs in this indication but there is a paucity of placebo controlled studies. Both topiramate (TPM) and divalproex sodium have been studied in a randomized-controlled study. Only TPM showed efficacy, though, clearly, further controlled trials are needed to confirm these data. Besides unproven efficacy, adverse effects of valproic acid, such as weight gain, somnolence, and alopecia may limit its use. Additional studies are warranted before recommending levetiracetam (LVT), zonisamide (ZNS) and gabapentin (GBP) agents for migraine prophylaxis in children and adolescents.
AbstractList La migraine, selon les critères diagnostiques de l’International Headache Society, concerne 5 à 10 % des enfants. Un traitement préventif médicamenteux est proposé chez un peu moins de 30 % des enfants et adolescents migraineux vus en clinique spécialisée. Son indication tient compte de la sévérité et de la fréquence des accès migraineux, ainsi que de l’efficacité et de la tolérance des traitements de l’accès. De nombreuses études ont concerné l’emploi des antiépileptiques dans cette indication, mais peu ont été contrôlées contre-placebo. Seul le topiramate (TPM) a montré son efficacité dans au moins une étude contrôlée contre-placebo. Le valproate de sodium (VPA) n’a pas fait la preuve de son efficacité. Des études non contrôlées et/ou de faible effectif suggèrent l’efficacité possible de la gabapentine (GBP), du lévétiracétam (LVT), et du zonisamide (ZNS) dans le traitement préventif de la migraine de l’enfant, et celle du TPM, du phénobarbital et du midazolam dans les syndromes périodiques de l’enfance. Les antiépileptiques utilisés dans le traitement préventif de la migraine pédiatrique sont en général bien tolérés. Les effets secondaires les plus fréquents sont l’asthénie et la somnolence. La décision de prescrire un antiépileptique en traitement préventif de la migraine chez l’enfant doit être individualisée en tenant compte des comorbidités, de la compliance et des préférences du patient et de ses parents. Migraine, according to the criteria of the International Headache Society, occurs in about 5 to 10% of children and adolescents. Pediatric migraine can cause a significant impact on quality of life. As stated by the American Academy of Neurology and Child Neurology Society's migraine guidelines, situations for prophylaxis consideration include recurring migraines that significantly interfere with daily activities, despite acute therapy; frequent headaches; contraindication, overuse, or failure of acute therapy; adverse reactions to acute therapy; cost of acute and preventive therapies; patient preferences; and presence of uncommon migraine conditions. Preventive therapy may be warranted in as many as 30% of young patients with migraine seen in tertiary headache centers. Headache related disability can be measured by scoring systems such as the Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment Scale. Numerous medications have been studied to prevent migraines in children, including antihistamines, antidepressants, and antihypertensive agents. However, few high quality clinical trials actually demonstrate efficacy in this population. Recently, many studies dealt with the use of antiepileptic drugs in this indication but there is a paucity of placebo controlled studies. Both topiramate (TPM) and divalproex sodium have been studied in a randomized-controlled study. Only TPM showed efficacy, though, clearly, further controlled trials are needed to confirm these data. Besides unproven efficacy, adverse effects of valproic acid, such as weight gain, somnolence, and alopecia may limit its use. Additional studies are warranted before recommending levetiracetam (LVT), zonisamide (ZNS) and gabapentin (GBP) agents for migraine prophylaxis in children and adolescents.
Author Cuvellier, J.-C.
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Issue 12
Keywords Traitement
Migraine
Enfant
Adolescent
Médicaments antiépileptiques
Drug therapy
Antiepileptic drugs
Child
Pédiatrie
Pathologie de l'appareil circulatoire
Pathologie de l'encéphale
Pathologie du système nerveux
Pathologie des vaisseaux sanguins
Pathologie du système nerveux central
Pathologie cérébrovasculaire
Homme
Douleur
Prévention
Anticonvulsivant
Language French
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Snippet La migraine, selon les critères diagnostiques de l’International Headache Society, concerne 5 à 10 % des enfants. Un traitement préventif médicamenteux est...
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StartPage 1002
SubjectTerms Adolescent
Anticonvulsivants. Antiépileptiques. Antiparkinsoniens
Antiepileptic drugs
Child
Drug therapy
Enfant
Migraine
Médicaments antiépileptiques
Neurologie
Neuropharmacologie
Pharmacologie. Traitements medicamenteux
Sciences biologiques et medicales
Sciences medicales
Traitement
Title Les antiépileptiques dans le traitement préventif de la migraine de l’enfant
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2009.01.050
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