Identification and quantification of major components of waste diversion and their recovery rates in current waste management system in Peshawar, Pakistan
Waste diversion (WD) is an integral part of modern solid waste management (SWM); however, like many developing countries, it remained ignored by the municipalities in Pakistan. Consequently, final destination of several valuable items in waste stream ends up at landfill. Most of the municipalities a...
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| Published in | Arabian journal of geosciences Vol. 16; no. 1 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Cham
Springer International Publishing
01.01.2023
Springer Nature B.V |
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| Abstract | Waste diversion (WD) is an integral part of modern solid waste management (SWM); however, like many developing countries, it remained ignored by the municipalities in Pakistan. Consequently, final destination of several valuable items in waste stream ends up at landfill. Most of the municipalities are not aware of waste diversion and its importance. Therefore, the study is designed to identify and evaluate potential components of WD that exist in SWM and also to assess current rate of recovery of individual component and overall WD rate. In order to identify and quantify valuable items in waste stream, MSW generation and characterization were carried out at source and landfill site as well. Quantification of individual component calculated from characterization, while rate of waste diversion is calculated by using an equation as mentioned in methodology. It is concluded that a city generates 967.33 tons/day of municipal solid waste and generation rate 0.474 kg/capita/day. Only 125.00 tons/day (13.17%) of valuable items are recovered from the waste stream, while 840 tons/day (86.81%) end up at landfill site without any treatment. The main WD components in Peshawar are reuse (13%), recycling (50.75%), RDF/mass burning (31%), and food waste using as livestock fodder (16%). Composting being important of WD is recorded 0.00% in the city. This study will assist waste management authority and will also motivate government to make policies that encourage waste diversion. |
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| AbstractList | Waste diversion (WD) is an integral part of modern solid waste management (SWM); however, like many developing countries, it remained ignored by the municipalities in Pakistan. Consequently, final destination of several valuable items in waste stream ends up at landfill. Most of the municipalities are not aware of waste diversion and its importance. Therefore, the study is designed to identify and evaluate potential components of WD that exist in SWM and also to assess current rate of recovery of individual component and overall WD rate. In order to identify and quantify valuable items in waste stream, MSW generation and characterization were carried out at source and landfill site as well. Quantification of individual component calculated from characterization, while rate of waste diversion is calculated by using an equation as mentioned in methodology. It is concluded that a city generates 967.33 tons/day of municipal solid waste and generation rate 0.474 kg/capita/day. Only 125.00 tons/day (13.17%) of valuable items are recovered from the waste stream, while 840 tons/day (86.81%) end up at landfill site without any treatment. The main WD components in Peshawar are reuse (13%), recycling (50.75%), RDF/mass burning (31%), and food waste using as livestock fodder (16%). Composting being important of WD is recorded 0.00% in the city. This study will assist waste management authority and will also motivate government to make policies that encourage waste diversion. Abstract Waste diversion (WD) is an integral part of modern solid waste management (SWM); however, like many developing countries, it remained ignored by the municipalities in Pakistan. Consequently, final destination of several valuable items in waste stream ends up at landfill. Most of the municipalities are not aware of waste diversion and its importance. Therefore, the study is designed to identify and evaluate potential components of WD that exist in SWM and also to assess current rate of recovery of individual component and overall WD rate. In order to identify and quantify valuable items in waste stream, MSW generation and characterization were carried out at source and landfill site as well. Quantification of individual component calculated from characterization, while rate of waste diversion is calculated by using an equation as mentioned in methodology. It is concluded that a city generates 967.33 tons/day of municipal solid waste and generation rate 0.474 kg/capita/day. Only 125.00 tons/day (13.17%) of valuable items are recovered from the waste stream, while 840 tons/day (86.81%) end up at landfill site without any treatment. The main WD components in Peshawar are reuse (13%), recycling (50.75%), RDF/mass burning (31%), and food waste using as livestock fodder (16%). Composting being important of WD is recorded 0.00% in the city. This study will assist waste management authority and will also motivate government to make policies that encourage waste diversion. |
| ArticleNumber | 34 |
| Author | Ali, Jawad Ziad, Muhammad Ali, Gohar Saqib, Zafeer |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Gohar surname: Ali fullname: Ali, Gohar email: goharali008@gmail.com organization: Department of Environmental Sciences, IIUI – sequence: 2 givenname: Zafeer surname: Saqib fullname: Saqib, Zafeer organization: Department of Environmental Sciences, IIUI – sequence: 3 givenname: Muhammad surname: Ziad fullname: Ziad, Muhammad organization: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar – sequence: 4 givenname: Jawad surname: Ali fullname: Ali, Jawad organization: Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, BUITUMS |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.04.002 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.227 10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.11.006 10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.11.001 10.1177/0734242X19886912 10.4172/2252-5211.1000297 10.1007/s10311-020-01100-y 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.045 10.1007/s10163-019-00880-y 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.045 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.001 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.020 10.1007/s10163-018-0728-3 10.3390/resources7030051 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.006 10.1016/j.scs.2016.01.013 10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.10.013 10.1177/0734242X15616055 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.04.019 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105291 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.03.003 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.009 10.1108/BEPAM-01-2020-0012 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.020 10.1007/s12517-021-08328-0 10.1016/j.habitatint.2019.102097 10.1177/0734242X14545373 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105338 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Saudi Society for Geosciences 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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| Keywords | Waste diversion (WD) Municipal solid wastes management (SWM) Current rate of waste diversion (CRWD) |
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| References | AzamMJahromySSRazaWRazaNLeeSSKimKHWinterFStatus, characterization, and potential utilization of municipal solid waste as renewable energy source: Lahore case study in PakistanEnviron Int202013410529110.1016/j.envint.2019.105291 MiezahKObiri-DansoKKádárZFei-BaffoeBMensahMYMunicipal solid waste characterization and quantification as a measure towards effective waste management in GhanaWaste Manage201546152710.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.009 Wilson DC, Velis CA (2015) Waste management–still a global challenge in the 21st century: An evidence-based call for action. Waste Manag Res 33(12):1049–1051 MandalKReview on evolution of municipal solid waste management in India: practices, challenges and policy implicationsJ Mater Cycles Waste Manage20192161263127910.1007/s10163-019-00880-y Barr S, Guilbert S, Metcalfe A, Riley M, Robinson GM, Tudor TL (2013) Beyond recycling: an integrated approach for understanding municipal waste management. Appl Geogr 39:67–77 Moazzem S, Wang L, Daver F, Crossin E (2021) Environmental impact of discarded apparel landfilling and recycling. Resour Conserv Recycl 166:105338 AzevedoBDScavardaLFCaiadoRGGFussMImproving urban household solid waste management in developing countries based on the German experienceWaste Manage202112077278310.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.001 BakshanASrourIChehabGEl-FadelMA field based methodology for estimating waste generation rates at various stages of construction projectsResour Conserv Recycl2015100708010.1016/j.resconrec.2015.04.002 Singh J, Ordoñez I (2016) Resource recovery from post-consumer waste: important lessons for the upcoming circular economy. J Clean Prod 134:342–353 TallentireCWSteubingBThe environmental benefits of improving packaging waste collection in EuropeWaste Manage202010342643610.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.045 Ratnasabapathy S, Alashwal A, Perera S (2020) Investigation of waste diversion rates in the construction and demolition sector in Australia. Built Environment Project and Asset Management 11(3):427–439 Zu ErmgassenEKHJPhalanBGreenREBalmfordAReducing the land use of EU pork production: where there’s swill, there’s a wayFood Policy201658354810.1016/j.foodpol.2015.11.001 BundhooZMSolid waste management in least developed countries: current status and challenges facedJ Mater Cycles Waste Manage20182031867187710.1007/s10163-018-0728-3 Chowdhury A, Ng KT (2015) Descriptive statistical analysis on paper, plastic, and glass recycling in Ontario, Canada. GEN 158:1 KumarASamadderSRKumarNSinghCEstimation of the generation rate of different types of plastic wastes and possible revenue recovery from informal recyclingWaste Manage20187978179010.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.045 Giurea R, Precazzini I, Ragazzi M, Achim MI, Cioca LI, Conti F, Torretta V, Rada EC (2018) Good practices and actions for sustainable municipal solid waste management in the tourist sector. Resources 7(3):51 HanXHuCLinLA study on the impact of China’s urbanization on the quantity of municipal solid waste producedWaste Manage Res202038218419210.1177/0734242X19886912 SutharSRayalPAhadaCPSRole of different stakeholders in trading of reusable/recyclable urban solid waste materials: a case studySustain Cities Soc20162210411510.1016/j.scs.2016.01.013 Ilyas H, Ilyas S, Ahmad SR, Nawaz MCH (2017) Waste generation rate and composition analysis of solid waste in Gujranwala City Pakistan. Int J Waste Resource 7(297):2 BrásISilvaMELoboGCordeiroAFariaMde LemosLTRefuse derived fuel from municipal solid waste rejected fractions-a case studyEnergy Procedia201712034935610.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.227 AlzamoraBRBarrosRTDVReview of municipal waste management charging methods in different countriesWaste Manage2020115475510.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.020 GuiSZhaoLZhangZDoes municipal solid waste generation in China support the Environmental Kuznets Curve? New evidence from spatial linkage analysisWaste Manage20198431031910.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.006 NandaSBerrutiFMunicipal solid waste management and landfilling technologies: a reviewEnviron Chem Lett20211921433145610.1007/s10311-020-01100-y LuWChenXPengYShenLBenchmarking construction waste management performance using big dataResour Conserv Recycl2015105495810.1016/j.resconrec.2015.10.013 Masood M, Barlow CY, Wilson DC (2014) An assessment of the current municipal solid waste management system in Lahore, Pakistan. Waste Manag Res 32(9):834–847 Iyamu HO, Anda M, Ho G (2020) A review of municipal solid waste management in the BRIC and high-income countries: a thematic framework for low-income countries. Habitat Int 95:102097 GuerreroLAMaasGHoglandWSolid waste management challenges for cities in developing countriesWaste Manag201333122023210.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008 Ali A (2002) Managing the scavengers as a resource. In: Günay Kocasoy TA, Nuhoglu I (eds) Appropriate environmental and solid waste management and technologies for developing countries. International Solid Waste Association, Bogazici University, Turkish National Committee on Solid Waste, Istanbul, pp 730 KimM-HSongY-ESongH-BKimJ-WHwangS-JEvaluation of food waste disposal options by LCC analysis from the perspective of global warming: Jungnang case, South KoreaWaste Manag2011312112212010.1016/j.wasman.2011.04.019 ZiadMKhanSMiandadRAliGHashmiMZAhmedZAssessment of plastic waste generation and its feasibility for establishment of plastic waste refineryArab J Geosci202114191910.1007/s12517-021-08328-0 Geng Y, Tsuyoshi F, Chen X (2010) Evaluation of innovative municipal solid waste management through urban symbiosis: a case study of Kawasaki. J Clean Prod 18(10–11):993–1000 BD Azevedo (11023_CR4) 2021; 120 11023_CR11 11023_CR10 BR Alzamora (11023_CR2) 2020; 115 X Han (11023_CR14) 2020; 38 11023_CR6 LA Guerrero (11023_CR12) 2013; 33 S Gui (11023_CR13) 2019; 84 11023_CR9 K Miezah (11023_CR22) 2015; 46 M Azam (11023_CR3) 2020; 134 11023_CR26 11023_CR25 M-H Kim (11023_CR17) 2011; 31 11023_CR29 11023_CR1 K Mandal (11023_CR20) 2019; 21 EKHJ Zu Ermgassen (11023_CR31) 2016; 58 I Brás (11023_CR7) 2017; 120 M Ziad (11023_CR30) 2021; 14 11023_CR21 CW Tallentire (11023_CR28) 2020; 103 A Kumar (11023_CR18) 2018; 79 11023_CR23 S Nanda (11023_CR24) 2021; 19 A Bakshan (11023_CR5) 2015; 100 W Lu (11023_CR19) 2015; 105 S Suthar (11023_CR27) 2016; 22 11023_CR15 11023_CR16 ZM Bundhoo (11023_CR8) 2018; 20 |
| References_xml | – reference: KumarASamadderSRKumarNSinghCEstimation of the generation rate of different types of plastic wastes and possible revenue recovery from informal recyclingWaste Manage20187978179010.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.045 – reference: BundhooZMSolid waste management in least developed countries: current status and challenges facedJ Mater Cycles Waste Manage20182031867187710.1007/s10163-018-0728-3 – reference: LuWChenXPengYShenLBenchmarking construction waste management performance using big dataResour Conserv Recycl2015105495810.1016/j.resconrec.2015.10.013 – reference: SutharSRayalPAhadaCPSRole of different stakeholders in trading of reusable/recyclable urban solid waste materials: a case studySustain Cities Soc20162210411510.1016/j.scs.2016.01.013 – reference: BrásISilvaMELoboGCordeiroAFariaMde LemosLTRefuse derived fuel from municipal solid waste rejected fractions-a case studyEnergy Procedia201712034935610.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.227 – reference: Zu ErmgassenEKHJPhalanBGreenREBalmfordAReducing the land use of EU pork production: where there’s swill, there’s a wayFood Policy201658354810.1016/j.foodpol.2015.11.001 – reference: Ali A (2002) Managing the scavengers as a resource. In: Günay Kocasoy TA, Nuhoglu I (eds) Appropriate environmental and solid waste management and technologies for developing countries. International Solid Waste Association, Bogazici University, Turkish National Committee on Solid Waste, Istanbul, pp 730 – reference: Geng Y, Tsuyoshi F, Chen X (2010) Evaluation of innovative municipal solid waste management through urban symbiosis: a case study of Kawasaki. J Clean Prod 18(10–11):993–1000 – reference: Masood M, Barlow CY, Wilson DC (2014) An assessment of the current municipal solid waste management system in Lahore, Pakistan. Waste Manag Res 32(9):834–847 – reference: Wilson DC, Velis CA (2015) Waste management–still a global challenge in the 21st century: An evidence-based call for action. Waste Manag Res 33(12):1049–1051 – reference: AzevedoBDScavardaLFCaiadoRGGFussMImproving urban household solid waste management in developing countries based on the German experienceWaste Manage202112077278310.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.001 – reference: TallentireCWSteubingBThe environmental benefits of improving packaging waste collection in EuropeWaste Manage202010342643610.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.045 – reference: GuerreroLAMaasGHoglandWSolid waste management challenges for cities in developing countriesWaste Manag201333122023210.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.008 – reference: Giurea R, Precazzini I, Ragazzi M, Achim MI, Cioca LI, Conti F, Torretta V, Rada EC (2018) Good practices and actions for sustainable municipal solid waste management in the tourist sector. Resources 7(3):51 – reference: NandaSBerrutiFMunicipal solid waste management and landfilling technologies: a reviewEnviron Chem Lett20211921433145610.1007/s10311-020-01100-y – reference: AzamMJahromySSRazaWRazaNLeeSSKimKHWinterFStatus, characterization, and potential utilization of municipal solid waste as renewable energy source: Lahore case study in PakistanEnviron Int202013410529110.1016/j.envint.2019.105291 – reference: HanXHuCLinLA study on the impact of China’s urbanization on the quantity of municipal solid waste producedWaste Manage Res202038218419210.1177/0734242X19886912 – reference: MiezahKObiri-DansoKKádárZFei-BaffoeBMensahMYMunicipal solid waste characterization and quantification as a measure towards effective waste management in GhanaWaste Manage201546152710.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.009 – reference: Chowdhury A, Ng KT (2015) Descriptive statistical analysis on paper, plastic, and glass recycling in Ontario, Canada. GEN 158:1 – reference: Ilyas H, Ilyas S, Ahmad SR, Nawaz MCH (2017) Waste generation rate and composition analysis of solid waste in Gujranwala City Pakistan. Int J Waste Resource 7(297):2 – reference: Iyamu HO, Anda M, Ho G (2020) A review of municipal solid waste management in the BRIC and high-income countries: a thematic framework for low-income countries. Habitat Int 95:102097 – reference: ZiadMKhanSMiandadRAliGHashmiMZAhmedZAssessment of plastic waste generation and its feasibility for establishment of plastic waste refineryArab J Geosci202114191910.1007/s12517-021-08328-0 – reference: Ratnasabapathy S, Alashwal A, Perera S (2020) Investigation of waste diversion rates in the construction and demolition sector in Australia. Built Environment Project and Asset Management 11(3):427–439 – reference: GuiSZhaoLZhangZDoes municipal solid waste generation in China support the Environmental Kuznets Curve? 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| Snippet | Waste diversion (WD) is an integral part of modern solid waste management (SWM); however, like many developing countries, it remained ignored by the... Abstract Waste diversion (WD) is an integral part of modern solid waste management (SWM); however, like many developing countries, it remained ignored by the... |
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| SubjectTerms | Components Composting Developing countries Earth and Environmental Science Earth science Earth Sciences Food waste Forage Landfill Landfills LDCs Livestock Mathematical analysis Municipal landfills Municipal solid waste Municipal waste management Municipalities Original Paper Recovery Rivers Solid waste management Solid wastes Waste disposal sites Waste management Waste streams |
| Title | Identification and quantification of major components of waste diversion and their recovery rates in current waste management system in Peshawar, Pakistan |
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