Cross Correlation for Condition Monitoring of Variable Load and Speed Gearboxes

The ability to identify incipient faults at an early stage in the operation of machinery has been demonstrated to provide substantial value to industry. These benefits for automated, in situ, and online monitoring of machinery, structures, and systems subject to varying operating conditions are diff...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of Industrial Mathematics Vol. 2014; pp. 1 - 10
Main Authors McBain, Jordan, Timusk, Markus
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Hindawi Publishing Corporation 22.12.2014
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2314-8853
2314-6117
DOI10.1155/2014/543056

Cover

Abstract The ability to identify incipient faults at an early stage in the operation of machinery has been demonstrated to provide substantial value to industry. These benefits for automated, in situ, and online monitoring of machinery, structures, and systems subject to varying operating conditions are difficult to achieve at present when they are run in operationally constrained environments that demand uninterrupted operation in this mode. This work focuses on developing a simple algorithm for this problem class; novelty detection is deployed on feature vectors generated from the cross correlation of vibration signals from sensors mounted on disparate locations in a power train. The behavior of these signals in a gearbox subject to varying load and speed is expected to remain in a commensurate state until a change in some physical aspect of the mechanical components, presumed to be indicative of gearbox failure. Cross correlation will be demonstrated to generate excellent classification results for a gearbox subject to independently changing load and speed. It eliminates the need to analyze the highly complex dynamics of this system; it generalizes well across untaught ranges of load and speed; it eliminates the need to identify and measure all predominant time-varying parameters; it is simple and computationally inexpensive.
AbstractList The ability to identify incipient faults at an early stage in the operation of machinery has been demonstrated to provide substantial value to industry. These benefits for automated, in situ, and online monitoring of machinery, structures, and systems subject to varying operating conditions are difficult to achieve at present when they are run in operationally constrained environments that demand uninterrupted operation in this mode. This work focuses on developing a simple algorithm for this problem class; novelty detection is deployed on feature vectors generated from the cross correlation of vibration signals from sensors mounted on disparate locations in a power train. The behavior of these signals in a gearbox subject to varying load and speed is expected to remain in a commensurate state until a change in some physical aspect of the mechanical components, presumed to be indicative of gearbox failure. Cross correlation will be demonstrated to generate excellent classification results for a gearbox subject to independently changing load and speed. It eliminates the need to analyze the highly complex dynamics of this system; it generalizes well across untaught ranges of load and speed; it eliminates the need to identify and measure all predominant time-varying parameters; it is simple and computationally inexpensive.
Author Timusk, Markus
McBain, Jordan
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Jordan
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5383-578X
  surname: McBain
  fullname: McBain, Jordan
  organization: Bharti School of Engineering Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON Canada P3E 2C6 laurentian.ca
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Markus
  orcidid: 0000-0003-2529-5119
  surname: Timusk
  fullname: Timusk, Markus
  organization: Bharti School of Engineering Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON Canada P3E 2C6 laurentian.ca
BookMark eNp9kEtLAzEUhYNUsNau_ANZK2PvzWMyWcqgVah04WM7ZJKMRsakZArqv-_Udu3q3gMfh8N3TiYxRU_IJcINopQLBigWUnCQ5QmZMo6iKBHV5PhXleRnZD4MnwCAEjQonJJ1ndMw0Drl7HuzDSnSLuUxRxf-0lOKYZtyiO80dfTN5GDa3tNVMo6a6OjzxntHl97kNv344YKcdqYf_Px4Z-T1_u6lfihW6-VjfbsqLEJVFtowtCAqpVDocR60zFlmSqM9s6xqAby0ClxnrZZcdFzwUnHWOqW0rsDzGbk-9Nr9_uy7ZpPDl8m_DUKz19HsdTQHHSN9daA_QnTmO_wL7wApa18R
Cites_doi 10.1017/cbo9780511618888
10.1006/jsvi.2002.5148
10.1006/jsvi.1998.2161
10.1109/tdei.2011.5739458
10.1016/j.jsv.2004.05.015
10.1016/s0167-8655(99)00087-2
10.1016/s0149-1970(03)00036-2
10.1784/204764212804729723
10.1016/j.sigpro.2003.07.019
10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.03.015
10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.01.017
10.1016/j.ymssp.2008.01.013
10.1080/00207179608921851
10.2514/3.24026
10.1016/j.sigpro.2003.07.018
10.1145/380995.380999
10.1016/j.jsv.2007.08.023
10.1016/j.asoc.2004.11.002
10.1016/j.jsv.2009.07.025
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright © 2014 Jordan McBain and Markus Timusk.
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright © 2014 Jordan McBain and Markus Timusk.
DBID RHU
RHW
RHX
AAYXX
CITATION
DOI 10.1155/2014/543056
DatabaseName Hindawi Publishing Complete
Hindawi Publishing Subscription Journals
Hindawi Publishing Open Access
CrossRef
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
DatabaseTitleList
CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: RHX
  name: Hindawi Publishing Open Access
  url: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/
  sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Applied Sciences
EISSN 2314-6117
Editor Vitulano, Domenico
Editor_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Domenico
  surname: Vitulano
  fullname: Vitulano, Domenico
EndPage 10
ExternalDocumentID 10_1155_2014_543056
GroupedDBID 4.4
5VS
AAJEY
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
EBS
EJD
GROUPED_DOAJ
KQ8
OK1
RHU
RHW
RHX
0R~
24P
AAYXX
ACCMX
CITATION
H13
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c1086-9a21c048771492310b2dc2a6a9e2c28b00e5c70dfcc9534f3436732bd779980e3
IEDL.DBID RHX
ISSN 2314-8853
IngestDate Tue Jul 01 04:07:35 EDT 2025
Sun Jun 02 18:52:24 EDT 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Language English
License This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c1086-9a21c048771492310b2dc2a6a9e2c28b00e5c70dfcc9534f3436732bd779980e3
ORCID 0000-0001-5383-578X
0000-0003-2529-5119
OpenAccessLink https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/543056
PageCount 10
ParticipantIDs crossref_primary_10_1155_2014_543056
hindawi_primary_10_1155_2014_543056
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20141222
2014-12-22
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2014-12-22
PublicationDate_xml – month: 12
  year: 2014
  text: 20141222
  day: 22
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationTitle Journal of Industrial Mathematics
PublicationYear 2014
Publisher Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Publisher_xml – name: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
References (13) 2011; 18
(10) 1999; 223
(18) 2008; 311
(12) 1996; 63
Choi S.-D. Akin B. Rahimian M. M. Toliyat H. A. Fault diagnosis implementation of induction machines based on advanced digital signal processing techniques Proceedings of the 24th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC '09) February 2009 Washington, DC, USA 957 963 10.1109/apec.2009.4802778 2-s2.0-65949118490
(32) 2003; 83
(1) 2009; 327
(20) 2005; 283
(4) 2005; 12
(14) 2011; 46
(25) 2002; 258
(26) 2012; 2
Timusk M. A. A unified method for anomaly detection in unsteady systems Proceedings 21st Canadian Machinery Vibration Association Vibration Seminar 2006
(34) 2000; 2
(19) 2006; 6
Timusk M. A. Lipsett M. G. Mechefske C. K. Automated duty cycle classification for online monitoring systems 1 Proceedings of the 1st Biennial Conference on Mechanical Vibration and Noise, Parts A, B, and C September 2007 563 573 10.1115/detc2007-34666 2-s2.0-44949083397
(24) 2005; 8
(6) 2003; 43
Parlar J. Vibration analysis and vibrating screens: theory and practice Paper AAINR74029 2011 ETD Collection for Mcmaster University
Duda R. O. Hart P. E. Stork D. G. Pattern Classification 2001 2nd New York, NY, USA Wiley-Interscience MR1802993
(5) 2010; 24
(22) 2008; 22
Geisler H. Guinee R. A. A novel correlation tester for multicore power cable fault finding and identification using pseudonoise sequences Proceedings of the 44th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC '09) 2009 1 5
Verhaegen M. Filtering and System Identification: A Least-Squares Approach 2007 Cambridge University Press 10.1017/cbo9780511618888 MR2382040
(17) 1996; 12
(31) 2003; 83
Sohn H. Worden K. Farrar C. R. Novelty detection under changing environmental conditions 4330 Smart Structures and Materials 2001: Smart Systems for Bridges, Structures, and Highways, 108 March 2001 Newport Beach, Calif, USA Proceedings of SPIE 10.1117/12.434110
(33) 1999; 20
Ohta H. Aikawa T. Extraction method of failure component on vibration and acoustic signals generated by a reciprocal engine based on cross correlation of close two point signals and characteristic of paralleled Auto Regressive Model with Extra Input Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM '10) July 2010 333 340 2-s2.0-77956328750
Fujiwara K. Kano M. Hasebe S. Correlation-based spectral clustering for flexible soft-sensor design Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Dynamics and Control of Process Systems (DYCOPS '10) July 2010 Leuven, Belgium 703 708 10.3182/20100705-3-be-2011.0003 2-s2.0-80051774786
Timusk M. Crymble D. McBain J. An integrated flexible platform for development of fault detection systems and duty cycle simulation Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM '10) July 2010 373 376 2-s2.0-77956330222
(30) 2002; 5
McBain J. Timusk M. Novelty Detection Augmented for Fault Detection in Variable Speed Machinery 2012
(15) 2011; 46
22
25
27
(28) 2001
31
10
32
33
12
34
13
14
15
17
18
19
1
5
6
(2) 2012
20
References_xml – volume: 46
  start-page: 1558
  issue: 8
  year: 2011
  end-page: 1566
  ident: 14
  article-title: Cross-level fault detection and diagnosis of building HVAC systems
– volume: 46
  start-page: 1558
  issue: 8
  year: 2011
  end-page: 1566
  ident: 15
  article-title: Cross-level fault detection and diagnosis of building HVAC systems
– volume: 20
  start-page: 1191
  issue: 11–13
  year: 1999
  end-page: 1199
  ident: 33
  article-title: Support vector domain description
– volume: 2
  start-page: 1
  issue: 2
  year: 2000
  end-page: 13
  ident: 34
  article-title: Support vector machines: hype or hallelujah?
– reference: Sohn H. Worden K. Farrar C. R. Novelty detection under changing environmental conditions 4330 Smart Structures and Materials 2001: Smart Systems for Bridges, Structures, and Highways, 108 March 2001 Newport Beach, Calif, USA Proceedings of SPIE 10.1117/12.434110
– reference: Duda R. O. Hart P. E. Stork D. G. Pattern Classification 2001 2nd New York, NY, USA Wiley-Interscience MR1802993
– volume: 83
  start-page: 2481
  issue: 12
  year: 2003
  end-page: 2497
  ident: 32
  article-title: Novelty detection: a review—part 1: statistical approaches
– reference: Timusk M. A. A unified method for anomaly detection in unsteady systems Proceedings 21st Canadian Machinery Vibration Association Vibration Seminar 2006
– volume: 63
  start-page: 433
  issue: 3
  year: 1996
  end-page: 455
  ident: 12
  article-title: Online learning neural architectures and cross-correlation analysis for actuator failure detection and identification
– reference: McBain J. Timusk M. Novelty Detection Augmented for Fault Detection in Variable Speed Machinery 2012
– volume: 83
  start-page: 2499
  issue: 12
  year: 2003
  end-page: 2521
  ident: 31
  article-title: Novelty detection: a review—part 2: neural network based approaches
– volume: 22
  start-page: 1724
  issue: 7
  year: 2008
  end-page: 1749
  ident: 22
  article-title: Fault detection using transient machine signals
– volume: 258
  start-page: 741
  issue: 4
  year: 2002
  end-page: 761
  ident: 25
  article-title: Novelty detection in a changing environment: regression and inter polation approaches
– reference: Timusk M. Crymble D. McBain J. An integrated flexible platform for development of fault detection systems and duty cycle simulation Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM '10) July 2010 373 376 2-s2.0-77956330222
– volume: 2
  start-page: 32
  issue: 2
  year: 2012
  end-page: 39
  ident: 26
  article-title: System identification for fault detection in variable speed and load machinery
– volume: 5
  start-page: 29
  issue: 2
  year: 2002
  end-page: 40
  ident: 30
  article-title: Fault detection and diagnosis in variable speed machines
– volume: 223
  start-page: 529
  issue: 4
  year: 1999
  end-page: 541
  ident: 10
  article-title: The application of correlation dimension in gearbox condition monitoring
– volume: 24
  start-page: 2972
  issue: 8
  year: 2010
  end-page: 2984
  ident: 5
  article-title: Fault detection in non-Gaussian vibration systems using dynamic statistical-based approaches
– volume: 311
  start-page: 109
  issue: 1-2
  year: 2008
  end-page: 132
  ident: 18
  article-title: Vibration and current transient monitoring for gearbox fault detection using multiresolution Fourier transform
– reference: Timusk M. A. Lipsett M. G. Mechefske C. K. Automated duty cycle classification for online monitoring systems 1 Proceedings of the 1st Biennial Conference on Mechanical Vibration and Noise, Parts A, B, and C September 2007 563 573 10.1115/detc2007-34666 2-s2.0-44949083397
– reference: Parlar J. Vibration analysis and vibrating screens: theory and practice Paper AAINR74029 2011 ETD Collection for Mcmaster University
– volume: 6
  start-page: 154
  issue: 2
  year: 2006
  end-page: 169
  ident: 19
  article-title: Filter design using radial basis function neural network and genetic algorithm for improved operational health monitoring
– reference: Choi S.-D. Akin B. Rahimian M. M. Toliyat H. A. Fault diagnosis implementation of induction machines based on advanced digital signal processing techniques Proceedings of the 24th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC '09) February 2009 Washington, DC, USA 957 963 10.1109/apec.2009.4802778 2-s2.0-65949118490
– reference: Fujiwara K. Kano M. Hasebe S. Correlation-based spectral clustering for flexible soft-sensor design Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Dynamics and Control of Process Systems (DYCOPS '10) July 2010 Leuven, Belgium 703 708 10.3182/20100705-3-be-2011.0003 2-s2.0-80051774786
– volume: 283
  start-page: 821
  issue: 3–5
  year: 2005
  end-page: 851
  ident: 20
  article-title: Helicopter rotor blade frequency evolution with damage growth and signal processing
– reference: Ohta H. Aikawa T. Extraction method of failure component on vibration and acoustic signals generated by a reciprocal engine based on cross correlation of close two point signals and characteristic of paralleled Auto Regressive Model with Extra Input Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management (COMADEM '10) July 2010 333 340 2-s2.0-77956328750
– reference: Geisler H. Guinee R. A. A novel correlation tester for multicore power cable fault finding and identification using pseudonoise sequences Proceedings of the 44th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC '09) 2009 1 5
– volume: 43
  start-page: 267
  issue: 1–4
  year: 2003
  end-page: 274
  ident: 6
  article-title: Integrating cross-correlation techniques and neural networks for feedwater flow measurement
– volume: 12
  start-page: 169
  issue: 2
  year: 2005
  end-page: 172
  ident: 4
  article-title: Extraction of failure characteristic of rolling element bearing based on wavelet transform under strong noise
– volume: 327
  start-page: 623
  issue: 3–5
  year: 2009
  end-page: 646
  ident: 1
  article-title: Fault detection in variable speed machinery: statistical parameterization
– volume: 18
  start-page: 521
  issue: 2
  year: 2011
  end-page: 532
  ident: 13
  article-title: Cross-correlation aided wavelet network for classification of dynamic insulation failures in transformer winding during impulse test
– volume: 8
  start-page: 35
  issue: 1
  year: 2005
  end-page: 41
  ident: 24
  article-title: A pragmatic framework for on-line neural network based detection of machinery
– volume: 12
  start-page: 289
  issue: 2
  year: 1996
  end-page: 295
  ident: 17
  article-title: Vibration signature analysis of a faulted gear transmission system
– reference: Verhaegen M. Filtering and System Identification: A Least-Squares Approach 2007 Cambridge University Press 10.1017/cbo9780511618888 MR2382040
– ident: 27
  doi: 10.1017/cbo9780511618888
– ident: 25
  doi: 10.1006/jsvi.2002.5148
– ident: 10
  doi: 10.1006/jsvi.1998.2161
– ident: 13
  doi: 10.1109/tdei.2011.5739458
– volume: 8
  start-page: 35
  issue: 1
  year: 2005
  ident: 24
  publication-title: International Journal of COMADEM
– volume: 12
  start-page: 169
  issue: 2
  year: 2005
  ident: 4
  publication-title: Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology
– ident: 20
  doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2004.05.015
– ident: 33
  doi: 10.1016/s0167-8655(99)00087-2
– ident: 6
  doi: 10.1016/s0149-1970(03)00036-2
– volume: 2
  start-page: 32
  issue: 2
  year: 2012
  ident: 26
  publication-title: International Journal of Condition Monitoring
  doi: 10.1784/204764212804729723
– ident: 31
  doi: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2003.07.019
– ident: 5
  doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.03.015
– ident: 14
  doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.01.017
– volume: 5
  start-page: 29
  issue: 2
  year: 2002
  ident: 30
  publication-title: International Journal of COMADEM
– ident: 22
  doi: 10.1016/j.ymssp.2008.01.013
– year: 2001
  ident: 28
– ident: 12
  doi: 10.1080/00207179608921851
– ident: 17
  doi: 10.2514/3.24026
– ident: 32
  doi: 10.1016/j.sigpro.2003.07.018
– ident: 34
  doi: 10.1145/380995.380999
– ident: 15
  doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.01.017
– year: 2012
  ident: 2
– ident: 18
  doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2007.08.023
– ident: 19
  doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2004.11.002
– ident: 1
  doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2009.07.025
SSID ssj0001509071
Score 1.8970164
Snippet The ability to identify incipient faults at an early stage in the operation of machinery has been demonstrated to provide substantial value to industry. These...
SourceID crossref
hindawi
SourceType Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 1
Title Cross Correlation for Condition Monitoring of Variable Load and Speed Gearboxes
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/543056
Volume 2014
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1JSwMxFH7YguDFXaxLCdhrcCbbzBylWIsripXehsmGXmaKrejP92VmxA3E44Mkh5e8fO9L3gIwYF7GmmeWJs5pKmLvqObMUAQrE3IZdVbH5lxdq_FEnE_ltA2Qnf_-wke0Q3oei2MZSlOpDnRSFc7u3Xj6-ZKCmBfVzAp9FUFTBKA2Ee_H7G_Qs_wYOO_r0xc0Ga3DausGkpNm3zZgyZWbsNa6hKQ1uPkW3AzDUmQYemg0UWsEvUyUw09zkBqbDI9zpPLkAZlvyIUil1VhSVHiUjOEJ3KG51lXb26-DZPR6f1wTNseCNSEHkg0K1hs0MqSJK5LqUWaWcMKVWSOGZai0Thpksh6YzLJheeCq4QzbZMEiVTk-A50y6p0u0CkVcKgopy3QjilNV4wETfowWXee5v2YPChnnzWlLrIa4ogZR60mDda7MFRq7q_Ru39a9Q-rAQphIcwdgDdxfOLO0SQX-g-dC5u03690-_0KJ5Z
linkProvider Hindawi Publishing
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cross+Correlation+for+Condition+Monitoring+of+Variable+Load+and+Speed+Gearboxes&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Mathematics&rft.au=McBain%2C+Jordan&rft.au=Timusk%2C+Markus&rft.date=2014-12-22&rft.issn=2314-8853&rft.eissn=2314-6117&rft.volume=2014&rft.spage=1&rft.epage=10&rft_id=info:doi/10.1155%2F2014%2F543056&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1155_2014_543056
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2314-8853&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2314-8853&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2314-8853&client=summon