Economics of chronic diseases protocol: cost-effectiveness modelling and the future burden of non-communicable disease in Europe
Background The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and proven to be applicable to a variety of settings. Chronic disease is generally developed long before the fatal outcome, meaning that a lot of...
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| Published in | BMC public health Vol. 14; no. 1; p. 456 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
BioMed Central
16.05.2014
BioMed Central Ltd |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 1471-2458 1471-2458 |
| DOI | 10.1186/1471-2458-14-456 |
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| Abstract | Background
The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and proven to be applicable to a variety of settings. Chronic disease is generally developed long before the fatal outcome, meaning that a lot of people spend a number of years in poor health. Effective prevention measures can prolong lives of individuals and significantly improve their quality of life. However, the methods to measure cost-effectiveness are a subject to much debate. The
Economics of Chronic Diseases
project aims to establish the best possible methods of measuring cost-effectiveness as well as develop micro-simulation models apt at projecting future burden of chronic diseases, their costs and potential savings after implementation of cost-effective interventions.
Method
This research project will involve eight European countries: Bulgaria, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and the United Kingdom (UK). A literature review will be conducted to identify scientific articles which critically review the methods of cost-effectiveness. Contact will be made health economists to inform and enrich this review. This evidence will be used as a springboard for discussion at a meeting with key European stakeholders and experts with the aim of reaching a consensus on recommendations for cost-effectiveness methodology. Epidemiological data for coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will be collected along with data on time trends in three major risk factors related to these diseases, specifically tobacco consumption, blood pressure and body mass index. Economic and epidemiological micro-simulation models will be developed to asses the future distributions of risks, disease outcomes, healthcare costs and the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in Europe.
Discussion
This work will help to establish the best methods of measuring cost-effectiveness of health interventions as well as test a variety of scenarios to reduce the risk factors associated with selected chronic diseases. The modelling projections could be used to inform decisions and policies that will implement the best course of action to curb the rising incidence of chronic diseases. |
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| AbstractList | The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and proven to be applicable to a variety of settings. Chronic disease is generally developed long before the fatal outcome, meaning that a lot of people spend a number of years in poor health. Effective prevention measures can prolong lives of individuals and significantly improve their quality of life. However, the methods to measure cost-effectiveness are a subject to much debate. The Economics of Chronic Diseases project aims to establish the best possible methods of measuring cost-effectiveness as well as develop micro-simulation models apt at projecting future burden of chronic diseases, their costs and potential savings after implementation of cost-effective interventions. This research project will involve eight European countries: Bulgaria, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and the United Kingdom (UK). A literature review will be conducted to identify scientific articles which critically review the methods of cost-effectiveness. Contact will be made health economists to inform and enrich this review. This evidence will be used as a springboard for discussion at a meeting with key European stakeholders and experts with the aim of reaching a consensus on recommendations for cost-effectiveness methodology. Epidemiological data for coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will be collected along with data on time trends in three major risk factors related to these diseases, specifically tobacco consumption, blood pressure and body mass index. Economic and epidemiological micro-simulation models will be developed to asses the future distributions of risks, disease outcomes, healthcare costs and the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in Europe. This work will help to establish the best methods of measuring cost-effectiveness of health interventions as well as test a variety of scenarios to reduce the risk factors associated with selected chronic diseases. The modelling projections could be used to inform decisions and policies that will implement the best course of action to curb the rising incidence of chronic diseases. Doc number: 456 Abstract Background: The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and proven to be applicable to a variety of settings. Chronic disease is generally developed long before the fatal outcome, meaning that a lot of people spend a number of years in poor health. Effective prevention measures can prolong lives of individuals and significantly improve their quality of life. However, the methods to measure cost-effectiveness are a subject to much debate. The Economics of Chronic Diseases project aims to establish the best possible methods of measuring cost-effectiveness as well as develop micro-simulation models apt at projecting future burden of chronic diseases, their costs and potential savings after implementation of cost-effective interventions. Method: This research project will involve eight European countries: Bulgaria, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and the United Kingdom (UK). A literature review will be conducted to identify scientific articles which critically review the methods of cost-effectiveness. Contact will be made health economists to inform and enrich this review. This evidence will be used as a springboard for discussion at a meeting with key European stakeholders and experts with the aim of reaching a consensus on recommendations for cost-effectiveness methodology. Epidemiological data for coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will be collected along with data on time trends in three major risk factors related to these diseases, specifically tobacco consumption, blood pressure and body mass index. Economic and epidemiological micro-simulation models will be developed to asses the future distributions of risks, disease outcomes, healthcare costs and the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in Europe. Discussion: This work will help to establish the best methods of measuring cost-effectiveness of health interventions as well as test a variety of scenarios to reduce the risk factors associated with selected chronic diseases. The modelling projections could be used to inform decisions and policies that will implement the best course of action to curb the rising incidence of chronic diseases. Background The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and proven to be applicable to a variety of settings. Chronic disease is generally developed long before the fatal outcome, meaning that a lot of people spend a number of years in poor health. Effective prevention measures can prolong lives of individuals and significantly improve their quality of life. However, the methods to measure cost-effectiveness are a subject to much debate. The Economics of Chronic Diseases project aims to establish the best possible methods of measuring cost-effectiveness as well as develop micro-simulation models apt at projecting future burden of chronic diseases, their costs and potential savings after implementation of cost-effective interventions. Method This research project will involve eight European countries: Bulgaria, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and the United Kingdom (UK). A literature review will be conducted to identify scientific articles which critically review the methods of cost-effectiveness. Contact will be made health economists to inform and enrich this review. This evidence will be used as a springboard for discussion at a meeting with key European stakeholders and experts with the aim of reaching a consensus on recommendations for cost-effectiveness methodology. Epidemiological data for coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will be collected along with data on time trends in three major risk factors related to these diseases, specifically tobacco consumption, blood pressure and body mass index. Economic and epidemiological micro-simulation models will be developed to asses the future distributions of risks, disease outcomes, healthcare costs and the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in Europe. Discussion This work will help to establish the best methods of measuring cost-effectiveness of health interventions as well as test a variety of scenarios to reduce the risk factors associated with selected chronic diseases. The modelling projections could be used to inform decisions and policies that will implement the best course of action to curb the rising incidence of chronic diseases. Keywords: Chronic disease, Cost-effectiveness, Europe, Modelling, Future burden Background The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and proven to be applicable to a variety of settings. Chronic disease is generally developed long before the fatal outcome, meaning that a lot of people spend a number of years in poor health. Effective prevention measures can prolong lives of individuals and significantly improve their quality of life. However, the methods to measure cost-effectiveness are a subject to much debate. The Economics of Chronic Diseases project aims to establish the best possible methods of measuring cost-effectiveness as well as develop micro-simulation models apt at projecting future burden of chronic diseases, their costs and potential savings after implementation of cost-effective interventions. Method This research project will involve eight European countries: Bulgaria, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and the United Kingdom (UK). A literature review will be conducted to identify scientific articles which critically review the methods of cost-effectiveness. Contact will be made health economists to inform and enrich this review. This evidence will be used as a springboard for discussion at a meeting with key European stakeholders and experts with the aim of reaching a consensus on recommendations for cost-effectiveness methodology. Epidemiological data for coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will be collected along with data on time trends in three major risk factors related to these diseases, specifically tobacco consumption, blood pressure and body mass index. Economic and epidemiological micro-simulation models will be developed to asses the future distributions of risks, disease outcomes, healthcare costs and the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in Europe. Discussion This work will help to establish the best methods of measuring cost-effectiveness of health interventions as well as test a variety of scenarios to reduce the risk factors associated with selected chronic diseases. The modelling projections could be used to inform decisions and policies that will implement the best course of action to curb the rising incidence of chronic diseases. The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and proven to be applicable to a variety of settings. Chronic disease is generally developed long before the fatal outcome, meaning that a lot of people spend a number of years in poor health. Effective prevention measures can prolong lives of individuals and significantly improve their quality of life. However, the methods to measure cost-effectiveness are a subject to much debate. The Economics of Chronic Diseases project aims to establish the best possible methods of measuring cost-effectiveness as well as develop micro-simulation models apt at projecting future burden of chronic diseases, their costs and potential savings after implementation of cost-effective interventions. This research project will involve eight European countries: Bulgaria, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and the United Kingdom (UK). A literature review will be conducted to identify scientific articles which critically review the methods of cost-effectiveness. Contact will be made health economists to inform and enrich this review. This evidence will be used as a springboard for discussion at a meeting with key European stakeholders and experts with the aim of reaching a consensus on recommendations for cost-effectiveness methodology. Epidemiological data for coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will be collected along with data on time trends in three major risk factors related to these diseases, specifically tobacco consumption, blood pressure and body mass index. Economic and epidemiological micro-simulation models will be developed to asses the future distributions of risks, disease outcomes, healthcare costs and the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in Europe. This work will help to establish the best methods of measuring cost-effectiveness of health interventions as well as test a variety of scenarios to reduce the risk factors associated with selected chronic diseases. The modelling projections could be used to inform decisions and policies that will implement the best course of action to curb the rising incidence of chronic diseases. Background: The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and proven to be applicable to a variety of settings. Chronic disease is generally developed long before the fatal outcome, meaning that a lot of people spend a number of years in poor health. Effective prevention measures can prolong lives of individuals and significantly improve their quality of life. However, the methods to measure cost-effectiveness are a subject to much debate. The Economics of Chronic Diseases project aims to establish the best possible methods of measuring cost-effectiveness as well as develop micro-simulation models apt at projecting future burden of chronic diseases, their costs and potential savings after implementation of cost-effective interventions. Method: This research project will involve eight European countries: Bulgaria, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and the United Kingdom (UK). A literature review will be conducted to identify scientific articles which critically review the methods of cost-effectiveness. Contact will be made health economists to inform and enrich this review. This evidence will be used as a springboard for discussion at a meeting with key European stakeholders and experts with the aim of reaching a consensus on recommendations for cost-effectiveness methodology. Epidemiological data for coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will be collected along with data on time trends in three major risk factors related to these diseases, specifically tobacco consumption, blood pressure and body mass index. Economic and epidemiological micro-simulation models will be developed to asses the future distributions of risks, disease outcomes, healthcare costs and the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in Europe. Discussion: This work will help to establish the best methods of measuring cost-effectiveness of health interventions as well as test a variety of scenarios to reduce the risk factors associated with selected chronic diseases. The modelling projections could be used to inform decisions and policies that will implement the best course of action to curb the rising incidence of chronic diseases. The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and proven to be applicable to a variety of settings. Chronic disease is generally developed long before the fatal outcome, meaning that a lot of people spend a number of years in poor health. Effective prevention measures can prolong lives of individuals and significantly improve their quality of life. However, the methods to measure cost-effectiveness are a subject to much debate. The Economics of Chronic Diseases project aims to establish the best possible methods of measuring cost-effectiveness as well as develop micro-simulation models apt at projecting future burden of chronic diseases, their costs and potential savings after implementation of cost-effective interventions.BACKGROUNDThe majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and proven to be applicable to a variety of settings. Chronic disease is generally developed long before the fatal outcome, meaning that a lot of people spend a number of years in poor health. Effective prevention measures can prolong lives of individuals and significantly improve their quality of life. However, the methods to measure cost-effectiveness are a subject to much debate. The Economics of Chronic Diseases project aims to establish the best possible methods of measuring cost-effectiveness as well as develop micro-simulation models apt at projecting future burden of chronic diseases, their costs and potential savings after implementation of cost-effective interventions.This research project will involve eight European countries: Bulgaria, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and the United Kingdom (UK). A literature review will be conducted to identify scientific articles which critically review the methods of cost-effectiveness. Contact will be made health economists to inform and enrich this review. This evidence will be used as a springboard for discussion at a meeting with key European stakeholders and experts with the aim of reaching a consensus on recommendations for cost-effectiveness methodology. Epidemiological data for coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will be collected along with data on time trends in three major risk factors related to these diseases, specifically tobacco consumption, blood pressure and body mass index. Economic and epidemiological micro-simulation models will be developed to asses the future distributions of risks, disease outcomes, healthcare costs and the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in Europe.METHODThis research project will involve eight European countries: Bulgaria, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and the United Kingdom (UK). A literature review will be conducted to identify scientific articles which critically review the methods of cost-effectiveness. Contact will be made health economists to inform and enrich this review. This evidence will be used as a springboard for discussion at a meeting with key European stakeholders and experts with the aim of reaching a consensus on recommendations for cost-effectiveness methodology. Epidemiological data for coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease will be collected along with data on time trends in three major risk factors related to these diseases, specifically tobacco consumption, blood pressure and body mass index. Economic and epidemiological micro-simulation models will be developed to asses the future distributions of risks, disease outcomes, healthcare costs and the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in Europe.This work will help to establish the best methods of measuring cost-effectiveness of health interventions as well as test a variety of scenarios to reduce the risk factors associated with selected chronic diseases. The modelling projections could be used to inform decisions and policies that will implement the best course of action to curb the rising incidence of chronic diseases.DISCUSSIONThis work will help to establish the best methods of measuring cost-effectiveness of health interventions as well as test a variety of scenarios to reduce the risk factors associated with selected chronic diseases. The modelling projections could be used to inform decisions and policies that will implement the best course of action to curb the rising incidence of chronic diseases. |
| ArticleNumber | 456 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Kestens, Marleen O’Kelly, Sophie Vemer, Pepijn Rito, Ana Logstrup, Susanne Kriaucioniene, Vilma Webber, Laura Peresson, Sophie Marsh, Tim Divajeva, Diana |
| AuthorAffiliation | 3 PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PE2), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands 4 Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands 7 European Society of Cardiology, 2035 Route des Colles - Les Templiers, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France 6 International Diabetes Federation European region (IDF Europe), 166 Chaussee de La Hulpe, B-1170 Brussels, Belgium 5 Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, LT 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania 1 UK Health Forum, Fleetbank House, 2-6 Salisbury Square, EC4Y 8JX London, UK 2 European Heart Network, Rue Montoyer 31, 1000 Brussels, Belgium 8 National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P. Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 4 Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands – name: 7 European Society of Cardiology, 2035 Route des Colles - Les Templiers, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France – name: 8 National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P. Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal – name: 6 International Diabetes Federation European region (IDF Europe), 166 Chaussee de La Hulpe, B-1170 Brussels, Belgium – name: 2 European Heart Network, Rue Montoyer 31, 1000 Brussels, Belgium – name: 1 UK Health Forum, Fleetbank House, 2-6 Salisbury Square, EC4Y 8JX London, UK – name: 5 Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, LT 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania – name: 3 PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PE2), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Diana surname: Divajeva fullname: Divajeva, Diana organization: UK Health Forum – sequence: 2 givenname: Tim surname: Marsh fullname: Marsh, Tim organization: UK Health Forum – sequence: 3 givenname: Susanne surname: Logstrup fullname: Logstrup, Susanne organization: European Heart Network – sequence: 4 givenname: Marleen surname: Kestens fullname: Kestens, Marleen organization: European Heart Network – sequence: 5 givenname: Pepijn surname: Vemer fullname: Vemer, Pepijn organization: PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics (PE2), University of Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Groningen – sequence: 6 givenname: Vilma surname: Kriaucioniene fullname: Kriaucioniene, Vilma organization: Lithuanian University of Health Sciences – sequence: 7 givenname: Sophie surname: Peresson fullname: Peresson, Sophie organization: International Diabetes Federation European region (IDF Europe) – sequence: 8 givenname: Sophie surname: O’Kelly fullname: O’Kelly, Sophie organization: European Society of Cardiology – sequence: 9 givenname: Ana surname: Rito fullname: Rito, Ana organization: National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, I.P – sequence: 10 givenname: Laura surname: Webber fullname: Webber, Laura email: laura.webber@ukhealthforum.org.uk organization: UK Health Forum |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24886110$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 10.1136/bmj.c3311 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60814-3 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Divajeva et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. COPYRIGHT 2014 BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 Divajeva et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Copyright © 2014 Divajeva et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 Divajeva et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. |
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| Keywords | Modelling Chronic disease Future burden Cost-effectiveness Europe |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
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| References | Stuckler, Basu, McKee (CR9) 2010; 340 CR2 (CR8) 2013 (CR4) 2011 (CR5) 2011 Bloom, Cafiero (CR3) 2012 CR11 Lim, Vos, Flaxman, Danaei, Shibuya, Adair-Rohani, Amann, Anderson, Andrews, Aryee, Atkinson, Bacchus, Bahalim, Balakrishnan, Balmes, Barker-Collo, Baxter, Bell, Blore, Blyth, Bonner, Borges, Bourne, Boussinesq, Brauer, Brooks, Bruce, Brunekreef, Bryan-Hancock, Bucello (CR1) 2012; 380 Mackenbach, Meerding, Kunst (CR10) 2007 Busse, Blümel, Scheller-Kreinsen, Zentner (CR6) 2010 (CR12) 2007 Wang, McPherson, Marsh, Gortmaker, Brown (CR13) 2011; 378 (CR7) 2012 YC Wang (6624_CR13) 2011; 378 SS Lim (6624_CR1) 2012; 380 6624_CR2 R Busse (6624_CR6) 2010 6624_CR11 UCL Institute of Health Equity (6624_CR8) 2013 D Bloom (6624_CR3) 2012 J Mackenbach (6624_CR10) 2007 World Health Organization (6624_CR5) 2011 D Stuckler (6624_CR9) 2010; 340 Government Office for Science (6624_CR12) 2007 World Health Organization (6624_CR4) 2011 Regional Committee for Europe (6624_CR7) 2012 |
| References_xml | – year: 2011 ident: CR4 publication-title: Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2011 – ident: CR2 – year: 2010 ident: CR6 publication-title: Tackling Chronic Disease in Europe. Strategies, Interventions and Challenges – year: 2012 ident: CR3 publication-title: The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases – start-page: 10 year: 2012 end-page: 13 ident: CR7 publication-title: Health 2020 Policy Framework and Strategy – ident: CR11 – year: 2011 ident: CR5 publication-title: Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010 – year: 2007 ident: CR12 publication-title: Tackling Obesities: Future Choices. Project Report – volume: 380 start-page: 2224 year: 2012 end-page: 2260 ident: CR1 article-title: A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 – volume: 340 start-page: c3311 year: 2010 ident: CR9 article-title: Budget crises, health, and social welfare programmes publication-title: BMJ doi: 10.1136/bmj.c3311 – volume: 378 start-page: 815 year: 2011 end-page: 825 ident: CR13 article-title: Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60814-3 – year: 2013 ident: CR8 publication-title: Review of Social Determinants and the Health Divide in the WHO European Region: Final Report – year: 2007 ident: CR10 publication-title: Economic Implications of Socio-economic Inequalities in Health in the European Union – volume-title: Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010 year: 2011 ident: 6624_CR5 – start-page: 10 volume-title: Health 2020 Policy Framework and Strategy year: 2012 ident: 6624_CR7 – volume: 340 start-page: c3311 year: 2010 ident: 6624_CR9 publication-title: BMJ doi: 10.1136/bmj.c3311 – volume: 378 start-page: 815 year: 2011 ident: 6624_CR13 publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60814-3 – volume-title: The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases year: 2012 ident: 6624_CR3 – volume-title: Tackling Obesities: Future Choices. Project Report year: 2007 ident: 6624_CR12 – volume-title: Economic Implications of Socio-economic Inequalities in Health in the European Union year: 2007 ident: 6624_CR10 – ident: 6624_CR2 – volume-title: Tackling Chronic Disease in Europe. Strategies, Interventions and Challenges year: 2010 ident: 6624_CR6 – volume: 380 start-page: 2224 year: 2012 ident: 6624_CR1 publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 – ident: 6624_CR11 – volume-title: Noncommunicable Diseases Country Profiles 2011 year: 2011 ident: 6624_CR4 – volume-title: Review of Social Determinants and the Health Divide in the WHO European Region: Final Report year: 2013 ident: 6624_CR8 |
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The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and... The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and proven to... Background The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and... Doc number: 456 Abstract Background: The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce... Background: The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and... BACKGROUND: The majority of chronic disease is caused by risk factors which are mostly preventable. Effective interventions to reduce these risks are known and... |
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| SubjectTerms | Agreements Analysis Biostatistics Blood pressure Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular diseases Chronic Disease - economics Chronic Disease - epidemiology Chronic Disease - prevention & control Chronic illnesses Chronic kidney failure Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Colleges & universities Coronary Disease - epidemiology Coronary heart disease Cost-Benefit Analysis Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology Diseases Economic aspects Economics Economists Environmental Health Epidemiology Europe Forecasting Health Care Costs Health policies Health promotion Humans Hypertension Literature reviews Lung diseases, Obstructive Medicine Medicine & Public Health Methods Morbidity Mortality Population Public Health Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive - epidemiology Quality of life Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - epidemiology Research projects Risk Factors Smoking Study Protocol systems and management in high-income countries Vaccine |
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| Title | Economics of chronic diseases protocol: cost-effectiveness modelling and the future burden of non-communicable disease in Europe |
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