A simple model based on mutation and selection explains trends in codon and amino-acid usage and GC composition within and across genomes
Correlations between genome composition (in terms of GC content) and usage of particular codons and amino acids have been widely reported, but poorly explained. We show here that a simple model of processes acting at the nucleotide level explains codon usage across a large sample of species (311 bac...
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Published in | Genome biology Vol. 2; no. 4; p. RESEARCH0010 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
England
BioMed Central Ltd
01.01.2001
BioMed Central |
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Abstract | Correlations between genome composition (in terms of GC content) and usage of particular codons and amino acids have been widely reported, but poorly explained. We show here that a simple model of processes acting at the nucleotide level explains codon usage across a large sample of species (311 bacteria, 28 archaea and 257 eukaryotes). The model quantitatively predicts responses (slope and intercept of the regression line on genome GC content) of individual codons and amino acids to genome composition.
Codons respond to genome composition on the basis of their GC content relative to their synonyms (explaining 71-87% of the variance in response among the different codons, depending on measure). Amino-acid responses are determined by the mean GC content of their codons (explaining 71-79% of the variance). Similar trends hold for genes within a genome. Position-dependent selection for error minimization explains why individual bases respond differently to directional mutation pressure.
Our model suggests that GC content drives codon usage (rather than the converse). It unifies a large body of empirical evidence concerning relationships between GC content and amino-acid or codon usage in disparate systems. The relationship between GC content and codon and amino-acid usage is ahistorical; it is replicated independently in the three domains of living organisms, reinforcing the idea that genes and genomes at mutation/selection equilibrium reproduce a unique relationship between nucleic acid and protein composition. Thus, the model may be useful in predicting amino-acid or nucleotide sequences in poorly characterized taxa. |
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AbstractList | BACKGROUNDCorrelations between genome composition (in terms of GC content) and usage of particular codons and amino acids have been widely reported, but poorly explained. We show here that a simple model of processes acting at the nucleotide level explains codon usage across a large sample of species (311 bacteria, 28 archaea and 257 eukaryotes). The model quantitatively predicts responses (slope and intercept of the regression line on genome GC content) of individual codons and amino acids to genome composition.RESULTSCodons respond to genome composition on the basis of their GC content relative to their synonyms (explaining 71-87% of the variance in response among the different codons, depending on measure). Amino-acid responses are determined by the mean GC content of their codons (explaining 71-79% of the variance). Similar trends hold for genes within a genome. Position-dependent selection for error minimization explains why individual bases respond differently to directional mutation pressure.CONCLUSIONSOur model suggests that GC content drives codon usage (rather than the converse). It unifies a large body of empirical evidence concerning relationships between GC content and amino-acid or codon usage in disparate systems. The relationship between GC content and codon and amino-acid usage is ahistorical; it is replicated independently in the three domains of living organisms, reinforcing the idea that genes and genomes at mutation/selection equilibrium reproduce a unique relationship between nucleic acid and protein composition. Thus, the model may be useful in predicting amino-acid or nucleotide sequences in poorly characterized taxa. Correlations between genome composition (in terms of GC content) and usage of particular codons and amino acids have been widely reported, but poorly explained. We show here that a simple model of processes acting at the nucleotide level explains codon usage across a large sample of species (311 bacteria, 28 archaea and 257 eukaryotes). The model quantitatively predicts responses (slope and intercept of the regression line on genome GC content) of individual codons and amino acids to genome composition. Codons respond to genome composition on the basis of their GC content relative to their synonyms (explaining 71-87% of the variance in response among the different codons, depending on measure). Amino-acid responses are determined by the mean GC content of their codons (explaining 71-79% of the variance). Similar trends hold for genes within a genome. Position-dependent selection for error minimization explains why individual bases respond differently to directional mutation pressure. Our model suggests that GC content drives codon usage (rather than the converse). It unifies a large body of empirical evidence concerning relationships between GC content and amino-acid or codon usage in disparate systems. The relationship between GC content and codon and amino-acid usage is ahistorical; it is replicated independently in the three domains of living organisms, reinforcing the idea that genes and genomes at mutation/selection equilibrium reproduce a unique relationship between nucleic acid and protein composition. Thus, the model may be useful in predicting amino-acid or nucleotide sequences in poorly characterized taxa. BACKGROUND: Correlations between genome composition (in terms of GC content) and usage of particular codons and amino acids have been widely reported, but poorly explained. We show here that a simple model of processes acting at the nucleotide level explains codon usage across a large sample of species (311 bacteria, 28 archaea and 257 eukaryotes). The model quantitatively predicts responses (slope and intercept of the regression line on genome GC content) of individual codons and amino acids to genome composition. RESULTS: Codons respond to genome composition on the basis of their GC content relative to their synonyms (explaining 71-87% of the variance in response among the different codons, depending on measure). Amino-acid responses are determined by the mean GC content of their codons (explaining 71-79% of the variance). Similar trends hold for genes within a genome. Position-dependent selection for error minimization explains why individual bases respond differently to directional mutation pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Our model suggests that GC content drives codon usage (rather than the converse). It unifies a large body of empirical evidence concerning relationships between GC content and amino-acid or codon usage in disparate systems. The relationship between GC content and codon and amino-acid usage is ahistorical; it is replicated independently in the three domains of living organisms, reinforcing the idea that genes and genomes at mutation/selection equilibrium reproduce a unique relationship between nucleic acid and protein composition. Thus, the model may be useful in predicting amino-acid or nucleotide sequences in poorly characterized taxa. |
ArticleNumber | research0010.1 |
Author | Freeland, S J Landweber, L F Knight, R D |
AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA Correspondence: Laura F Landweber. E-mail: lfl@princeton.edu |
AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA – name: Correspondence: Laura F Landweber. E-mail: lfl@princeton.edu |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: R D surname: Knight fullname: Knight, R D organization: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: S J surname: Freeland fullname: Freeland, S J – sequence: 3 givenname: L F surname: Landweber fullname: Landweber, L F |
BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305938$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Snippet | Correlations between genome composition (in terms of GC content) and usage of particular codons and amino acids have been widely reported, but poorly... BACKGROUNDCorrelations between genome composition (in terms of GC content) and usage of particular codons and amino acids have been widely reported, but poorly... BACKGROUND: Correlations between genome composition (in terms of GC content) and usage of particular codons and amino acids have been widely reported, but... |
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SubjectTerms | Amino Acids - genetics Animals Archaea - genetics Bacteria - genetics Base Composition - genetics Codon - genetics Eukaryotic Cells - metabolism Evolution, Molecular Genome Humans Models, Genetic Mutation Selection, Genetic |
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Title | A simple model based on mutation and selection explains trends in codon and amino-acid usage and GC composition within and across genomes |
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