Lockdown measures in response to COVID-19 in nine sub-Saharan African countries
Lockdown measures have been introduced worldwide to contain the transmission of COVID-19. However, the term ‘lockdown’ is not well-defined. Indeed, WHO’s reference to ‘so-called lockdown measures’ indicates the absence of a clear and universally accepted definition of the term ‘lockdown’. We propose...
Saved in:
| Published in | BMJ global health Vol. 5; no. 10; p. e003319 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
BMJ Publishing Group Ltd
01.10.2020
BMJ Publishing Group LTD BMJ Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | Lockdown measures have been introduced worldwide to contain the transmission of COVID-19. However, the term ‘lockdown’ is not well-defined. Indeed, WHO’s reference to ‘so-called lockdown measures’ indicates the absence of a clear and universally accepted definition of the term ‘lockdown’. We propose a definition of ‘lockdown’ based on a two-by-two matrix that categorises different communicable disease measures based on whether they are compulsory or voluntary; and whether they are targeted at identifiable individuals or facilities, or whether they are applied indiscriminately to a general population or area. Using this definition, we describe the design, timing and implementation of lockdown measures in nine countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. While there were some commonalities in the implementation of lockdown across these countries, a more notable finding was the variation in the design, timing and implementation of lockdown measures. We also found that the number of reported cases is heavily dependent on the number of tests carried out, and that testing rates ranged from 2031 to 63 928 per million population up until 7 September 2020. The reported number of COVID-19 deaths per million population also varies (0.4 to 250 up until 7 September 2020), but is generally low when compared with countries in Europe and North America. While lockdown measures may have helped inhibit community transmission, the pattern and nature of the epidemic remains unclear. However, there are signs of lockdown harming health by affecting the functioning of the health system and causing social and economic disruption. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Lockdown measures have been introduced worldwide to contain the transmission of COVID-19. However, the term ‘lockdown’ is not well-defined. Indeed, WHO’s reference to ‘so-called lockdown measures’ indicates the absence of a clear and universally accepted definition of the term ‘lockdown’. We propose a definition of ‘lockdown’ based on a two-by-two matrix that categorises different communicable disease measures based on whether they are compulsory or voluntary; and whether they are targeted at identifiable individuals or facilities, or whether they are applied indiscriminately to a general population or area. Using this definition, we describe the design, timing and implementation of lockdown measures in nine countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. While there were some commonalities in the implementation of lockdown across these countries, a more notable finding was the variation in the design, timing and implementation of lockdown measures. We also found that the number of reported cases is heavily dependent on the number of tests carried out, and that testing rates ranged from 2031 to 63 928 per million population up until 7 September 2020. The reported number of COVID-19 deaths per million population also varies (0.4 to 250 up until 7 September 2020), but is generally low when compared with countries in Europe and North America. While lockdown measures may have helped inhibit community transmission, the pattern and nature of the epidemic remains unclear. However, there are signs of lockdown harming health by affecting the functioning of the health system and causing social and economic disruption. Lockdown measures have been introduced worldwide to contain the transmission of COVID-19. However, the term 'lockdown' is not well-defined. Indeed, WHO's reference to 'so-called lockdown measures' indicates the absence of a clear and universally accepted definition of the term 'lockdown'. We propose a definition of 'lockdown' based on a two-by-two matrix that categorises different communicable disease measures based on whether they are compulsory or voluntary; and whether they are targeted at identifiable individuals or facilities, or whether they are applied indiscriminately to a general population or area. Using this definition, we describe the design, timing and implementation of lockdown measures in nine countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. While there were some commonalities in the implementation of lockdown across these countries, a more notable finding was the variation in the design, timing and implementation of lockdown measures. We also found that the number of reported cases is heavily dependent on the number of tests carried out, and that testing rates ranged from 2031 to 63 928 per million population up until 7 September 2020. The reported number of COVID-19 deaths per million population also varies (0.4 to 250 up until 7 September 2020), but is generally low when compared with countries in Europe and North America. While lockdown measures may have helped inhibit community transmission, the pattern and nature of the epidemic remains unclear. However, there are signs of lockdown harming health by affecting the functioning of the health system and causing social and economic disruption.Lockdown measures have been introduced worldwide to contain the transmission of COVID-19. However, the term 'lockdown' is not well-defined. Indeed, WHO's reference to 'so-called lockdown measures' indicates the absence of a clear and universally accepted definition of the term 'lockdown'. We propose a definition of 'lockdown' based on a two-by-two matrix that categorises different communicable disease measures based on whether they are compulsory or voluntary; and whether they are targeted at identifiable individuals or facilities, or whether they are applied indiscriminately to a general population or area. Using this definition, we describe the design, timing and implementation of lockdown measures in nine countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. While there were some commonalities in the implementation of lockdown across these countries, a more notable finding was the variation in the design, timing and implementation of lockdown measures. We also found that the number of reported cases is heavily dependent on the number of tests carried out, and that testing rates ranged from 2031 to 63 928 per million population up until 7 September 2020. The reported number of COVID-19 deaths per million population also varies (0.4 to 250 up until 7 September 2020), but is generally low when compared with countries in Europe and North America. While lockdown measures may have helped inhibit community transmission, the pattern and nature of the epidemic remains unclear. However, there are signs of lockdown harming health by affecting the functioning of the health system and causing social and economic disruption. |
| Author | Yeboah-Manu, Dorothy McCoy, David Osman, Abdinasir Yusuf Lessells, Richard John Ferrand, Rashida Abbas Haider, Najmul Kapata, Nathan Asogun, Danny Mmbaga, Blandina T Mboera, Leonard Zumla, Alimuddin Akipede, George O Khan, Palwasha Kock, Richard Gadzekpo, Audrey Kapata, Pascalina-Chanda Czypionka, Thomas Ansumana, Rashid Shayo, Elizabeth Henry Musoke, David Urassa, Mark Hamid, Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Stigler, Florian |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Pathobiology and Population Science , The Royal Veterinary College , London , UK 16 Ministry of Health , Lusaka , Zambia 10 SACIDS Foundation for One Health , Sokoine University of Agricultue , Morogoro , Tanzania 7 Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK 8 Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases , University of Khartoum , Khartoum , Sudan 23 Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and London Medical and Dental School , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK 17 Biomedical Research and Training Institute , Harare , Zimbabwe 2 Department of Communication Studies , University of Ghana , Legon , Ghana 22 Centre for Clinical Microbiology , University College London , London , UK 18 Department of Clinical Research , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK 5 Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory , Freetown , Sierra Leone 11 Department of Policy Analysis and Advoca |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 8 Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases , University of Khartoum , Khartoum , Sudan – name: 10 SACIDS Foundation for One Health , Sokoine University of Agricultue , Morogoro , Tanzania – name: 11 Department of Policy Analysis and Advocacy , National Institute for Medical Research , Dar es Salaam , Tanzania – name: 21 Health Policy , London School of Economics and Political Science , London , UK – name: 23 Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and London Medical and Dental School , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK – name: 6 Department of Pubic Health , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa – name: 20 Health Economics and Health Policy , Institute for Advanced Studies , Vienna , Austria – name: 5 Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory , Freetown , Sierra Leone – name: 9 Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research , University of Ghana , Legon , Ghana – name: 15 School of Public Health , Makerere University College of Health Sciences , Kampala , Uganda – name: 17 Biomedical Research and Training Institute , Harare , Zimbabwe – name: 3 College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria and Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital , Irrua , Nigeria – name: 4 Community Medicine , Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital , Irrua , Edo , Nigeria – name: 19 Austrian Sickness Fund , Vienna , Austria – name: 12 Department of Paediatrics , Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College , Moshi , Tanzania – name: 14 National Institute for Medical Research Mwanza Research Centre , Mwanza , Tanzania – name: 22 Centre for Clinical Microbiology , University College London , London , UK – name: 2 Department of Communication Studies , University of Ghana , Legon , Ghana – name: 13 Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute , Moshi , Tanzania – name: 16 Ministry of Health , Lusaka , Zambia – name: 1 Pathobiology and Population Science , The Royal Veterinary College , London , UK – name: 7 Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK – name: 18 Department of Clinical Research , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Najmul orcidid: 0000-0002-5980-3460 surname: Haider fullname: Haider, Najmul organization: Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Abdinasir Yusuf surname: Osman fullname: Osman, Abdinasir Yusuf organization: Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Audrey surname: Gadzekpo fullname: Gadzekpo, Audrey organization: Department of Communication Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana – sequence: 4 givenname: George O surname: Akipede fullname: Akipede, George O organization: College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria and Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria – sequence: 5 givenname: Danny surname: Asogun fullname: Asogun, Danny organization: Community Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo, Nigeria – sequence: 6 givenname: Rashid surname: Ansumana fullname: Ansumana, Rashid organization: Mercy Hospital Research Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra Leone – sequence: 7 givenname: Richard John surname: Lessells fullname: Lessells, Richard John organization: Department of Pubic Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa – sequence: 8 givenname: Palwasha surname: Khan fullname: Khan, Palwasha organization: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK – sequence: 9 givenname: Muzamil Mahdi Abdel orcidid: 0000-0002-6157-4388 surname: Hamid fullname: Hamid, Muzamil Mahdi Abdel organization: Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan – sequence: 10 givenname: Dorothy surname: Yeboah-Manu fullname: Yeboah-Manu, Dorothy organization: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana – sequence: 11 givenname: Leonard orcidid: 0000-0001-5746-3776 surname: Mboera fullname: Mboera, Leonard organization: SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agricultue, Morogoro, Tanzania – sequence: 12 givenname: Elizabeth Henry surname: Shayo fullname: Shayo, Elizabeth Henry organization: Department of Policy Analysis and Advocacy, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania – sequence: 13 givenname: Blandina T surname: Mmbaga fullname: Mmbaga, Blandina T organization: Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania – sequence: 14 givenname: Mark surname: Urassa fullname: Urassa, Mark organization: National Institute for Medical Research Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania – sequence: 15 givenname: David orcidid: 0000-0003-3262-3918 surname: Musoke fullname: Musoke, David organization: School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda – sequence: 16 givenname: Nathan surname: Kapata fullname: Kapata, Nathan organization: Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia – sequence: 17 givenname: Rashida Abbas surname: Ferrand fullname: Ferrand, Rashida Abbas organization: Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK – sequence: 18 givenname: Pascalina-Chanda surname: Kapata fullname: Kapata, Pascalina-Chanda organization: Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia – sequence: 19 givenname: Florian surname: Stigler fullname: Stigler, Florian organization: Austrian Sickness Fund, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 20 givenname: Thomas surname: Czypionka fullname: Czypionka, Thomas organization: Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK – sequence: 21 givenname: Alimuddin surname: Zumla fullname: Zumla, Alimuddin organization: Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK – sequence: 22 givenname: Richard surname: Kock fullname: Kock, Richard organization: Pathobiology and Population Science, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK – sequence: 23 givenname: David surname: McCoy fullname: McCoy, David email: d.mccoy@qmul.ac.uk organization: Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and London Medical and Dental School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33028699$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqNUstu1DAUjVARLaUfwAZFYsOCgB_xa4NUDa-RRpoFj61lO_aMh8Qe7ATUv6-naUtbCcTG17o-5_hc-zytjkIMtqqeQ_AGQkzf6mG32TYIINAAgDEUj6oTBIhomAD86M7-uDrLeQcAgKwsgD6pjjEGiFMhTqr1KpofXfwd6sGqPCWbax_qUvYxZFuPsV6svy_fN1Ac-sEHW-dJN1_UViUV6nOXvCnVxCmMydv8rHrsVJ_t2XU9rb59_PB18blZrT8tF-erRhPKxwY644CguNW201TYzrjOMGAE1xZxrTgh1NkOU04Yb5F2hLuOAsMtJYAjjE-r5azbRbWT--QHlS5kVF5eNWLaSJVGb3orObNAYGM6SkwrEFZCAMGMQ0jRllpdtN7NWvtJD8WKLaOo_p7o_ZPgt3ITf0lGWkRRWwReXQuk-HOyeZSDz8b2vQo2TlmittxLEcSiQF8-gO7ilEJ5KokIgaxlnMOCenHX0a2Vm38rADYDTIo5J-uk8aMafTwY9L2EQB5CIq9CIg8hkXNIChM-YN6I_4vzeuaUo_-CN3_gt-P9HX8J7azaqw |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1186_s41182_022_00414_7 crossref_primary_10_1080_01459740_2022_2047675 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11135_022_01330_y crossref_primary_10_1080_16549716_2023_2178604 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2022_e09362 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12992_021_00662_y crossref_primary_10_1177_20503121231218904 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12913_021_06607_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s11356_022_21729_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_annepidem_2024_07_044 crossref_primary_10_3390_en15010340 crossref_primary_10_4081_jphia_2023_2218 crossref_primary_10_1002_cmdc_202100079 crossref_primary_10_37394_232024_2024_4_6 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_51251_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imu_2022_100981 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0002917 crossref_primary_10_4081_hls_2024_11927 crossref_primary_10_1108_JCS_10_2022_0028 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjgh_2021_006614 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjgh_2022_009928 crossref_primary_10_1186_s41182_024_00589_1 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_024_19033_4 crossref_primary_10_2147_JMDH_S331847 crossref_primary_10_1186_s44263_024_00083_0 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2022_979186 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12859_021_04045_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00296_023_05406_2 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12992_023_00918_9 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjgh_2022_010242 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0033291721000015 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12936_021_03770_7 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12913_024_12193_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_physa_2021_126063 crossref_primary_10_5867_medwave_2021_08_8456 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_93275_z crossref_primary_10_3389_fgwh_2024_1484469 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0003474 crossref_primary_10_20525_ijrbs_v11i6_1961 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foohum_2023_100206 crossref_primary_10_1016_S2352_3018_20_30359_3 crossref_primary_10_1080_14725843_2023_2261645 crossref_primary_10_1097_QAI_0000000000003307 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_childyouth_2022_106801 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_1039925 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_022_13509_x crossref_primary_10_1186_s43170_023_00157_3 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2022_061608 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijid_2021_07_042 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12875_024_02531_0 crossref_primary_10_4236_pp_2022_131002 crossref_primary_10_1080_10246029_2022_2114375 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12913_022_08035_w crossref_primary_10_3390_nu13103612 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2023_082419 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eclinm_2021_101072 crossref_primary_10_1038_s43856_022_00145_0 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0002829 crossref_primary_10_1080_16549716_2022_2074784 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2021_051224 crossref_primary_10_1093_mnrasl_slae087 crossref_primary_10_1192_bjo_2024_869 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2023_1183748 crossref_primary_10_1177_13548565211048972 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssmhs_2024_100034 crossref_primary_10_12688_aasopenres_13261_1 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_1048404 crossref_primary_10_1080_0376835X_2023_2168621 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2022_069142 crossref_primary_10_4102_jamba_v13i1_1013 crossref_primary_10_3390_tropicalmed7080183 crossref_primary_10_7189_jogh_14_05017 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0001513 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2022_159098 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2023_073261 crossref_primary_10_3390_diseases11020056 crossref_primary_10_54691_bcpbm_v38i_4028 crossref_primary_10_3390_challe16010010 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph20031980 crossref_primary_10_1080_02589346_2021_1913805 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_92279_z crossref_primary_10_1186_s12936_025_05272_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eclinm_2021_101172 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chiabu_2023_106480 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2021_054839 crossref_primary_10_1111_apv_12369 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2023_e13808 crossref_primary_10_2174_18749445_v15_e2201210 crossref_primary_10_1177_11786329231215040 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjgh_2021_007236 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12879_024_10360_w crossref_primary_10_1007_s10461_024_04552_3 crossref_primary_10_4103_ohbl_ohbl_32_23 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12916_022_02367_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pce_2022_103221 crossref_primary_10_3390_rs15174252 crossref_primary_10_58683_sp_501 crossref_primary_10_1177_13691481231204311 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0002745 crossref_primary_10_1002_jmv_29301 crossref_primary_10_3934_math_20221091 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12941_023_00575_1 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_3974550 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12913_023_10513_8 crossref_primary_10_1080_09614524_2021_1991890 crossref_primary_10_3390_jrfm15060252 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjgh_2021_006035 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjgh_2021_005988 crossref_primary_10_1016_S0140_6736_22_01589_6 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0002180 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19116384 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2021_721493 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0001300 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare10102071 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eclinm_2021_101035 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2021_058457 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11625_023_01340_1 crossref_primary_10_1111_pace_14280 crossref_primary_10_59324_ejmhr_2024_2_3__20 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjgh_2021_008064 crossref_primary_10_3390_epidemiologia2040042 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12879_024_09667_5 crossref_primary_10_3390_vaccines9030250 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0260261 crossref_primary_10_1080_10826084_2023_2244066 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjgh_2021_005690 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_021_00575_6 crossref_primary_10_1002_smi_3351 crossref_primary_10_1017_asr_2023_48 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13561_022_00399_3 crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2305692120 crossref_primary_10_1002_jmv_27027 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2024_e37328 crossref_primary_10_1111_mcn_13466 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10461_023_04092_2 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4111193 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19084448 crossref_primary_10_1177_00469580231201258 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2023_073272 crossref_primary_10_1126_science_abj4336 crossref_primary_10_3390_socsci11090402 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_chb_2022_107211 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40359_024_01760_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_parepi_2024_e00345 crossref_primary_10_1093_erae_jbad008 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0000363 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph192013259 crossref_primary_10_1002_wat2_1650 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_marpol_2022_105322 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijid_2021_12_336 crossref_primary_10_17159_sajs_2024_20303 crossref_primary_10_1186_s41256_021_00220_4 crossref_primary_10_1111_hiv_13739 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_949425 crossref_primary_10_7189_jogh_12_05024 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0295596 crossref_primary_10_2147_RMHP_S449701 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0003194 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjph_2023_000383 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13048_021_00820_1 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41134_023_00240_9 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_023_15626_7 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0280179 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2021_050090 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm11154428 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10551_022_05216_9 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_023_16657_w crossref_primary_10_1177_27538931241280564 crossref_primary_10_1177_16094069221148406 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ijdrr_2024_104360 crossref_primary_10_1111_dech_12737 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jadohealth_2022_11_012 crossref_primary_10_1080_07399332_2021_1982946 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_023_15364_w crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18105251 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0276357 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18168778 crossref_primary_10_1080_01436597_2022_2074390 crossref_primary_10_3389_frhs_2022_987828 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18126178 crossref_primary_10_1177_08862605221141865 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2024_1399398 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4013084 crossref_primary_10_3390_su16135406 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_023_16512_y crossref_primary_10_2478_gssfj_2020_0013 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjnph_2021_000274 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_023_16945_5 crossref_primary_10_1177_15394492251316467 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0280756 crossref_primary_10_1089_cyber_2021_0171 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_022_13638_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s44250_023_00036_8 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0001494 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pgph_0003792 crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2023_1172477 crossref_primary_10_3390_rel13050394 crossref_primary_10_1016_S2214_109X_21_00451_4 crossref_primary_10_31436_ijfus_v7i1_288 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11126_023_10035_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_trip_2023_100784 crossref_primary_10_1177_09750878221135078 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare11111602 crossref_primary_10_59413_eafj_v3_i2_3 crossref_primary_10_4236_jss_2023_1110021 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2022_069409 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gloepi_2022_100074 crossref_primary_10_1080_23288604_2022_2156043 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0281833 crossref_primary_10_1108_JPBAFM_04_2022_0066 crossref_primary_10_3390_socsci12110618 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1093/jtm/taaa037 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.026 10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0474 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30304-2 10.1017/S0950268820000424 10.1017/S095026882000120X 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.018 10.1177/0042098015571055 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 10.1596/978-1-4648-1568-3 10.1101/2020.05.19.20106914 10.1101/2020.04.17.20053157 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. 2020 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ . Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. 2020 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. – notice: 2020 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ . Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. 2020 |
| DBID | 9YT ACMMV AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 3V. 7RV 7X7 7XB 8C1 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABUWG AEUYN AFKRA BENPR CCPQU FYUFA GHDGH K9. KB0 M0S NAPCQ PHGZM PHGZT PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS 7X8 5PM DOA |
| DOI | 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003319 |
| DatabaseName | BMJ Open Access Journals BMJ Journals:Open Access CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed ProQuest Central (Corporate) Nursing & Allied Health Database Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Public Health Database ProQuest Hospital Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest One Sustainability (subscription) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central ProQuest One Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition) Health & Medical Collection (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest One Sustainability ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Public Health ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic CrossRef |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: DOA name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals url: https://www.doaj.org/ sourceTypes: Open Website – sequence: 2 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 4 dbid: ACMMV name: BMJ Journals:Open Access url: https://journals.bmj.com/ sourceTypes: Publisher – sequence: 5 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Public Health |
| EISSN | 2059-7908 |
| ExternalDocumentID | oai_doaj_org_article_87e093ccd65c4923a99097cf22a646eb PMC7542624 33028699 10_1136_bmjgh_2020_003319 bmjgh |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article Review |
| GeographicLocations | Africa South of the Sahara Europe Sudan Africa Tanzania Zambia Sierra Leone Ghana North America China Zimbabwe South Africa Uganda Nigeria |
| GeographicLocations_xml | – name: Africa South of the Sahara – name: South Africa – name: Tanzania – name: China – name: Nigeria – name: Africa – name: Uganda – name: North America – name: Ghana – name: Zimbabwe – name: Sierra Leone – name: Sudan – name: Europe – name: Zambia |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Wellcome Trust grantid: 206316/Z/17/Z |
| GroupedDBID | 53G 5VS 7RV 7X7 8C1 8FI 8FJ 9YT ABUWG ACGFS ACMMV ADBBV AEUYN AFKRA ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS BCNDV BENPR CCPQU EBS FYUFA GROUPED_DOAJ HMCUK HYE M~E NAPCQ OK1 PGMZT PHGZT RHI RMJ RPM UKHRP AAYXX CITATION EJD PHGZM PJZUB PPXIY CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 3V. 7XB 8FK K9. PKEHL PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS 7X8 5PM PUEGO |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-b568t-1fcf09634bedb69edcfdc70c98be28ba8556fed36857842bf58fd60c8e6508233 |
| IEDL.DBID | 9YT |
| ISSN | 2059-7908 |
| IngestDate | Wed Aug 27 01:29:58 EDT 2025 Thu Aug 21 18:04:05 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 11 15:27:19 EDT 2025 Fri Jul 25 22:56:40 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 03 07:06:20 EDT 2025 Thu Jul 31 00:05:56 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 23:01:15 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:52:22 EDT 2025 Thu Apr 24 22:50:31 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 10 |
| Keywords | SARS |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-b568t-1fcf09634bedb69edcfdc70c98be28ba8556fed36857842bf58fd60c8e6508233 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3262-3918 0000-0002-5980-3460 0000-0001-5746-3776 0000-0002-6157-4388 |
| OpenAccessLink | http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003319 |
| PMID | 33028699 |
| PQID | 2551747881 |
| PQPubID | 5160721 |
| ParticipantIDs | doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_87e093ccd65c4923a99097cf22a646eb pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7542624 proquest_miscellaneous_2449262139 proquest_journals_2551747881 pubmed_primary_33028699 crossref_citationtrail_10_1136_bmjgh_2020_003319 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjgh_2020_003319 bmj_primary_10_1136_bmjgh_2020_003319 bmj_journals_10_1136_bmjgh_2020_003319 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2020-10-00 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2020-10-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 10 year: 2020 text: 2020-10-00 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England – name: London – name: BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR |
| PublicationTitle | BMJ global health |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | BMJ Glob Health BMJ Global Health |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | BMJ Glob Health |
| PublicationYear | 2020 |
| Publisher | BMJ Publishing Group Ltd BMJ Publishing Group LTD BMJ Publishing Group |
| Publisher_xml | – name: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd – name: BMJ Publishing Group LTD – name: BMJ Publishing Group |
| References | Haider, Yavlinsky, Simons (R2) 2020; 148 Le Quéré, Jackson, Jones (R23) 2020; 10 Nelson (R22) 2020; 20 Mougeni, Mangaboula, Lell (R4) 2020 Miyachi, Tanimoto, Kami (R3) 2020; 148 Njenga, Dawa, Nanyingi (R6) 2020; 103 Lau, Khosrawipour, Kocbach (R10) 2020; 27 Lau, Khosrawipour, Kocbach (R13) 2020; 53 Mboera, Akipede, Banerjee (R9) 2020; 96 Brooks, Webster, Smith (R11) 2020; 395 Hogan, Jewell, Vesga (R21) Lavezzo, Franchin, Ciavarella (R7) 2020 Addo (R14) 2016; 53 Brooks, Webster, Smith 2020; 395 Addo 2016; 53 Haider, Yavlinsky, Simons 2020; 148 Hogan, Jewell, Vesga Njenga, Dawa, Nanyingi 2020; 103 Le Quéré, Jackson, Jones 2020; 10 Mougeni, Mangaboula, Lell 2020 Nelson 2020; 20 Miyachi, Tanimoto, Kami 2020; 148 Lavezzo, Franchin, Ciavarella 2020 Lau, Khosrawipour, Kocbach 2020; 27 Mboera, Akipede, Banerjee 2020; 96 Lau, Khosrawipour, Kocbach 2020; 53 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.17 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.1 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.18 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.15 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.16 Mboera (2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.9) 2020; 96 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.19 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.14 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.11 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.12 Miyachi (2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.3) 2020; 148 Le Quéré (2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.23) 2020; 10 Njenga (2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.6) 2020; 103 Haider (2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.2) 2020; 148 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.26 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.20 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.21 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.24 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.25 Lau (2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.10) 2020; 27 Lau (2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.13) 2020; 53 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.8 Nelson (2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.22) 2020; 20 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.4 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.5 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.7 |
| References_xml | – volume: 27 year: 2020 ident: R10 article-title: The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China publication-title: J Travel Med doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa037 – volume: 53 start-page: 467 year: 2020 ident: R13 article-title: The association between international and domestic air traffic and the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak publication-title: J Microbiol Immunol Infect doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.026 – volume: 10 start-page: 647 year: 2020 ident: R23 article-title: Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement publication-title: Nat Clim Chang doi: 10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x – volume: 103 start-page: 564 year: 2020 ident: R6 article-title: Why is there low morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in Africa? publication-title: Am J Trop Med Hyg doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0474 – volume: 20 year: 2020 ident: R22 article-title: COVID-19 disrupts vaccine delivery publication-title: Lancet Infect Dis doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30304-2 – volume: 148 year: 2020 ident: R2 article-title: Passengers' destinations from China: low risk of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) transmission into Africa and South America publication-title: Epidemiol Infect doi: 10.1017/S0950268820000424 – year: 2020 ident: R7 article-title: Suppression of COVID-19 outbreak in the municipality of Vo, Italy publication-title: medRxiv – volume: 148 year: 2020 ident: R3 article-title: Evaluation of modelling study shows limits of COVID-19 importing risk simulations in sub-Saharan Africa publication-title: Epidemiol Infect doi: 10.1017/S095026882000120X – volume: 96 start-page: 308 year: 2020 ident: R9 article-title: Mitigating lockdown challenges in response to COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa publication-title: Int J Infect Dis doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.018 – volume: 53 start-page: 631 year: 2016 ident: R14 article-title: Assessing residential satisfaction among low income households in multi-habited dwellings in selected low income communities in Accra publication-title: Urban Stud doi: 10.1177/0042098015571055 – ident: R21 article-title: Report 19: the potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV, TB and malaria in low- and middle-income countries publication-title: Imp Coll Lonodon – year: 2020 ident: R4 article-title: The potential effect of the African population age structure on COVID-19 mortality publication-title: Medrxiv – volume: 395 start-page: 912 year: 2020 ident: R11 article-title: The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 – volume: 53 start-page: 467 year: 2020 article-title: The association between international and domestic air traffic and the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak publication-title: J Microbiol Immunol Infect doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.026 – volume: 20 year: 2020 article-title: COVID-19 disrupts vaccine delivery publication-title: Lancet Infect Dis doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30304-2 – volume: 27 year: 2020 article-title: The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China publication-title: J Travel Med doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa037 – year: 2020 article-title: The potential effect of the African population age structure on COVID-19 mortality publication-title: Medrxiv – volume: 96 start-page: 308 year: 2020 article-title: Mitigating lockdown challenges in response to COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa publication-title: Int J Infect Dis doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.018 – volume: 395 start-page: 912 year: 2020 article-title: The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 – volume: 148 year: 2020 article-title: Passengers' destinations from China: low risk of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) transmission into Africa and South America publication-title: Epidemiol Infect doi: 10.1017/S0950268820000424 – volume: 103 start-page: 564 year: 2020 article-title: Why is there low morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in Africa? publication-title: Am J Trop Med Hyg doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0474 – volume: 10 start-page: 647 year: 2020 article-title: Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement publication-title: Nat Clim Chang doi: 10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x – volume: 148 year: 2020 article-title: Evaluation of modelling study shows limits of COVID-19 importing risk simulations in sub-Saharan Africa publication-title: Epidemiol Infect doi: 10.1017/S095026882000120X – article-title: Report 19: the potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV, TB and malaria in low- and middle-income countries publication-title: Imp Coll Lonodon – volume: 53 start-page: 631 year: 2016 article-title: Assessing residential satisfaction among low income households in multi-habited dwellings in selected low income communities in Accra publication-title: Urban Stud doi: 10.1177/0042098015571055 – year: 2020 article-title: Suppression of COVID-19 outbreak in the municipality of Vo, Italy publication-title: medRxiv – volume: 10 start-page: 647 year: 2020 ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.23 article-title: Temporary reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement publication-title: Nat Clim Chang doi: 10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.20 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.18 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.5 – volume: 148 year: 2020 ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.3 article-title: Evaluation of modelling study shows limits of COVID-19 importing risk simulations in sub-Saharan Africa publication-title: Epidemiol Infect doi: 10.1017/S095026882000120X – volume: 148 year: 2020 ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.2 article-title: Passengers' destinations from China: low risk of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) transmission into Africa and South America publication-title: Epidemiol Infect doi: 10.1017/S0950268820000424 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.1 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.16 doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1568-3 – volume: 27 year: 2020 ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.10 article-title: The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China publication-title: J Travel Med doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa037 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.25 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.4 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.19.20106914 – volume: 20 year: 2020 ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.22 article-title: COVID-19 disrupts vaccine delivery publication-title: Lancet Infect Dis doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30304-2 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.19 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.15 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.14 doi: 10.1177/0042098015571055 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.17 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.21 – volume: 96 start-page: 308 year: 2020 ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.9 article-title: Mitigating lockdown challenges in response to COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa publication-title: Int J Infect Dis doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.018 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.8 – volume: 103 start-page: 564 year: 2020 ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.6 article-title: Why is there low morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in Africa? publication-title: Am J Trop Med Hyg doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0474 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.7 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.17.20053157 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.11 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.24 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.26 – ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.12 – volume: 53 start-page: 467 year: 2020 ident: 2025072913565700000_5.10.e003319.13 article-title: The association between international and domestic air traffic and the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak publication-title: J Microbiol Immunol Infect doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.026 |
| SSID | ssj0001700006 |
| Score | 2.5877147 |
| SecondaryResourceType | review_article |
| Snippet | Lockdown measures have been introduced worldwide to contain the transmission of COVID-19. However, the term ‘lockdown’ is not well-defined. Indeed, WHO’s... Lockdown measures have been introduced worldwide to contain the transmission of COVID-19. However, the term 'lockdown' is not well-defined. Indeed, WHO's... |
| SourceID | doaj pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref bmj |
| SourceType | Open Website Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | e003319 |
| SubjectTerms | Africa South of the Sahara Analysis Betacoronavirus Clinical Laboratory Techniques - statistics & numerical data Communicable Disease Control - methods Communicable Disease Control - statistics & numerical data Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology Coronavirus Infections - prevention & control Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 Testing Design Disease control Disease transmission Economic life Global health Humans Hygiene Infections Infectious diseases Pandemics Pandemics - prevention & control Pneumonia, Viral - diagnosis Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology Pneumonia, Viral - prevention & control Population Quarantine SARS SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals dbid: DOA link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9QwELZoT0iookBp6IKMBBwqWU1ix3GOUKgKAnqAot4iP_tQ66328f87Y6fLLkKFQ69-RM74s2fGHn9DyBtQIoAbLZgvdcNEYy3TtpVMV7p0SlfCpYfC377Lw2Px5aQ5WUr1hTFhmR44C25PtR6cbmudbCySiWnYPrvWhrrWUkhvcPcFnbfkTF1kUhjciIdrzIrLPXN1cXoGmKjxITXnyKyzBmUr6iix9v_N1PwzYnJJBR08JhuD7Ujf5zFvkgc-PiGP8sEbze-JnpKjr7DDOfCt6VU-_pvS80gnORTW09mY7h_9-vyRVR2WRzAy6XRu2A-NzM2R5rxBkaYcEuhGPyPHB59-7h-yIWsCM41UM1YFG8Av4cJ4Z2QHYw7OtqXtlPG1Mlo1jQzeIfF8q0RtQqOCk6VVHo21mvMtsh7H0W8TWtkgYR5LwZ0GWZfag_43IngtueGqLMg7EGE_oH7aJ4eCyz7JukdZ91nWBXmLDa8zgcZd7crb2ejtwFGOqTIu7-qyu-jyH9__gFO8aIjc2qkAENcPiOv_hbiCjG4B8vvXwTOrUiqCqiCvF9WwVPH-RUc_nkMbkdgZweYuyPOMp8VIOAdDT3ZQ064gbWWoqzXx_CzRgWMOY1mLF_fxbzvkYVoiKVpxRNZnk7l_CVbXzLxKC-wGy5ImUA priority: 102 providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – databaseName: Health & Medical Collection dbid: 7X7 link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1Lb9QwELZouSAhxLuBgowEHJCsJrFjOycEhaogoAco2lvkV9oi6pR9_H9mHO8ui9CKq-2svDOf7c9j-xtCnsMiArgxgoXSNEw0zjHjlGSmMqXXphI-PRT-_EUen4qPk2aSA26zfK1yOSemidoPDmPkB0B9q6T1Xr2--sUwaxSeruYUGjvkOkqXIarVRK1jLCpNx_kws-LywF7-ODsHZNT4nJpz1NfZgbKNRSlp9_-LcP59b_KPhejoNrmVGSR9M7r8DrkW4l1ycwy_0fFV0T1y8gnmOQ87bHo5BgFn9CLS6XghNtD5QA9Pvn94x6oWyyNQTTpbWPbVoH5zpGP2oEhTJgncTN8np0fvvx0es5w7gdlG6jmretfD7oQLG7yVLfS5906VrtU21Noa3TSyDx7l55UWte0b3XtZOh2QstWcPyC7cYhhj9DK9RK8WQrujZDg0wAswIo-GMkt12VBXoIJu4z9WZe2FVx2ydYd2robbV2QF9jwapTR2NauXHqjc1mpHBNm_Nz2yavVJ__x-2_RxauGqLCdCobpWZcHbKdVKFvunJeNQxE7A8t2q1xf10aCFWxB9pcAWf_1NUgL8mxVDQMWT2FMDMMC2oik0QjMuyAPRzytesI50D3ZQo3aQNpGVzdr4sV5EgXHTMayFo-2d-sxuZHAn24j7pPd-XQRngCrmtunaej8Bn0wHgg priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest |
| Title | Lockdown measures in response to COVID-19 in nine sub-Saharan African countries |
| URI | https://gh.bmj.com/content/5/10/e003319.full https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33028699 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2551747881 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2449262139 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7542624 https://doaj.org/article/87e093ccd65c4923a99097cf22a646eb |
| Volume | 5 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1bTxQxFG4UXkyMEa8jsKmJ-mDSOJ12Op1HWCFoXDAKZH2a9CoY6RJ29_972g67LiGEl5mkl0nnnNOeS9vvIPQOlAjIjeLElaomvDaGKNMIoqgqrVSU23RReHQoDk7413E9XuJs39jBp0x80hd_fp8BM6t4A5qxCPG5HjFZogi3v46XAZUmrb39zuWtPUF_QNmKBkpA_bdZlzcPSf6ndfafoie9uYh3Mn830AMXnqHHOdaG8xWi5-joGyxqFtxpfJEjflN8HvBVPv3q8GyCh0enXz4T2sbyAHYlns41-akiWHPAOVVQwCltRPScX6CT_b3j4QHpEyUQXQs5I9QbD64I49pZLVoYs7emKU0rtaukVrKuhXc2Ys03klfa19JbURrpon1WMfYSrYVJcK8RpsYLYF3JmVVcAAMdqHzNvVOCaSbLAn0AEna9oE-75EMw0SVad5HWXaZ1gd7HhpcZM-OuduU1NzrTw5LH7Bh_7-rycdHlHt_fjSxeNIxw2qkAZKzrZ2cnG1e2zBgrahMR6xTo6LYxvqqUACroAm1dC8jy18EZoyn7AC3Q20U1zM645aKCm8yhDU-AjGBmF-hVlqfFSBgD2060UNOsSNrKUFdrwvlZQgCPaYtFxd_ck8ab6FGaBekM4hZam13N3TbYUjM9QA-bcQNPOaSDNJ8GaH1nOBqdwnt37_D7j0GKUvwD41gb3g |
| linkProvider | BMJ Publishing Group Ltd |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1Lb9QwELZKOYCEEG8CBYxEOSBZTWLHSQ4IwZZql27bAy3qLfUrbRFNyj6E-FP8Rmbs7C6L0IpLr7az8o5nxp_Hnm8IeQWbCOiNEszFKmMiM4Ypk0umEhXbQiXC-kThvX3ZPxKfjrPjNfJrlguDzypnPtE7atsajJFvAfRNPNd78u7yO8OqUXi7OiuhEdRi1_38AUe28dvBNqzvZprufDzs9VlXVYDpTBYTltSmBtzOhXZWy9JZU1uTx6YstEsLrYosk7WzSMyeFyLVdVbUVsamcAhmUgyAgsu_LjiYJmam95JFTCf37r-7PE243NIXX0_PQBNTTN_mHPl8rkHb0iboawX8C-D-_U7zj41v5w653SFW-j6o2F2y5pp75FYI99GQxXSfHAzBr1o40dOLEHQc0_OGjsIDXEcnLe0dfBlss6TE9gagLR1PNfuskC-6oaFaUUN95Qo8vD8gR1ci1YdkvWkb95jQxNQStCcW3CohQYccoA4taqck17yII_IaRFh1tjau_DGGy8rLukJZV0HWEdnEgZeBtmPVuHi2GpXpmNGxQMe3VZ-8mX_yH7__AZd4PhAZvX1DOzqtOgdRFbmLS26MlZlB0jwFMKHMTZ2mSoIUdEQ2Zgqy-OsLo4jIy3k3OAi89VGNa6cwRnhOSED6EXkU9Gk-E84BXsoSevIlTVua6nJPc37mScixcrJMxZPV03pBbvQP94bVcLC_-5Tc9IbgX0JukPXJaOqeAaKb6OfejCg5uWq7_Q0be1vv |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV3db9MwELfGkBASQnxTGGAkxgNS1CR2HOcBIWipVjY2JBjaW_DnNsSS0Q8h_jX-Ou6cpKUIVbzs1XYq93x3_vl8_h0hz2ATAb1RPHKxyiKeGRMpk4tIJSq2UiXchofC7_fFziF_d5QdbZBf3VsYTKvsfGJw1LY2GCPvA_RNAtd70vdtWsSH4ejV-fcIK0jhTWtXTqNRkV338wcc36Yvx0NY6-00Hb39NNiJ2goDkc6EnEWJNx4wPOPaWS0KZ423Jo9NIbVLpVYyy4R3Fknac8lT7TPprYiNdAhsUgyGgvu_nLNcoo3JQbKM7-RhK2gvUhMm-vrs6_EJaGWKT7kZQ26fS9C2siGGugH_Art_52z-sQmObpDrLXqlrxt1u0k2XHWLXGtCf7R50XSbHOyBj7VwuqdnTQBySk8rOmmScR2d1XRw8Hk8jJIC2yuAuXQ619FHhdzRFW0qF1U0VLHAg_wdcnghUr1LNqu6cvcJTYwXoEkxZ1ZxAfrkAIFo7p0STDMZ98hzEGHZ2t20DEcaJsog6xJlXTay7pFtHHjeUHisGxd3q1GaliUdi3V8W_fJi8Un__H7b3CJFwOR3Ts01JPjsnUWpcxdXDBjrMgMEugpgAxFbnyaKgFS0D2y1SnI8q8vDaRHni66wVngDZCqXD2HMTzwQwLq75F7jT4tZsIYQE1RQE--omkrU13tqU5PAiE5VlEWKX-wflpPyBWw2HJvvL_7kFwNdhCSIrfI5mwyd48A3M3042BFlHy5aLP9DW93YCU |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lockdown+measures+in+response+to+COVID-19+in+nine+sub-Saharan+African+countries&rft.jtitle=BMJ+global+health&rft.au=Haider%2C+Najmul&rft.au=Osman%2C+Abdinasir+Yusuf&rft.au=Gadzekpo%2C+Audrey&rft.au=Akipede%2C+George+O&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft.pub=BMJ+Publishing+Group&rft.eissn=2059-7908&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=10&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Fbmjgh-2020-003319&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33028699&rft.externalDocID=PMC7542624 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2059-7908&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2059-7908&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2059-7908&client=summon |