Transcriptional sexual dimorphism in elongating bovine embryos: implications for XCI and sex determination genes
Sex chromosome transcripts can lead to a broad transcriptional sexual dimorphism in the absence of concomitant or previous exposure to sex hormones, especially when X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is not complete. XCI timing has been suggested to differ greatly among species, and in bovine, most of...
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Published in | Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Vol. 141; no. 6; pp. 801 - 808 |
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Main Authors | , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
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England
BioScientifica
01.06.2011
BioScientifica Ltd Society for Reproduction and Fertility |
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Abstract | Sex chromosome transcripts can lead to a broad transcriptional sexual dimorphism in the absence of concomitant or previous exposure to sex hormones, especially when X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is not complete. XCI timing has been suggested to differ greatly among species, and in bovine, most of the X-linked transcripts are upregulated in female blastocysts. To determine the timing of XCI, we analyzed in day 14 bovine embryos the sexual dimorphic transcription of seven X-linked genes known to be upregulated in female blastocysts (X24112, brain-expressed X-linked 2 (BEX2), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2A (UBE2A), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), brain-expressed X-linked 1 (BEX1), calpain 6 (CAPN6), and spermidine/spermine N-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1)). The transcription of five genes whose expression differs between sexes at the blastocyst stage (DNMT3A, interferon tau (IFNT2), glutathione S-transferase mu 3 (GSTM3), progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), and laminin alpha 1 (LAMA1)) and four genes related with sex determination (Wilms tumor 1 (WT1), gata binding protein 4 (GATA4), zinc finger protein multitype 2 (ZFPM2), and DMRT1) was also analyzed to determine the evolution of transcriptional sexual dimorphism. The expression level of five X-linked transcripts was effectively equalized among sexes suggesting that, in cattle, a substantial XCI occurs during the period between blastocyst hatching and initiation of elongation, although UBE2A and SAT1 displayed significant transcriptional differences. Similarly, sexual dimorphism was also reduced for autosomal genes with only DNMT3A and IFNT2 exhibiting sex-related differences. Among the genes potentially involved in sex determination, Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) was significantly upregulated in males and GATA4 in females, whereas no differences were observed for ZFPM2 and DMRT1. In conclusion, a major XCI occurred between the blastocyst and early elongation stages leading to a reduction in the transcriptional sexual dimorphism of autosomal genes, which makes the period the most susceptible to sex-specific embryo loss. |
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AbstractList | Sex chromosome transcripts can lead to a broad transcriptional sexual dimorphism in the absence of concomitant or previous exposure to sex hormones, especially when X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is not complete. XCI timing has been suggested to differ greatly among species, and in bovine, most of the X-linked transcripts are upregulated in female blastocysts. To determine the timing of XCI, we analyzed in day 14 bovine embryos the sexual dimorphic transcription of seven X-linked genes known to be upregulated in female blastocysts (X24112, brain-expressed X-linked 2 (BEX2), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2A (UBE2A), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), brain-expressed X-linked 1 (BEX1), calpain 6 (CAPN6), and spermidine/spermine N-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1)). The transcription of five genes whose expression differs between sexes at the blastocyst stage (DNMT3A, interferon tau (IFNT2), glutathione S-transferase mu 3 (GSTM3), progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), and laminin alpha 1 (LAMA1)) and four genes related with sex determination (Wilms tumor 1 (WT1), gata binding protein 4 (GATA4), zinc finger protein multitype 2 (ZFPM2), and DMRT1) was also analyzed to determine the evolution of transcriptional sexual dimorphism. The expression level of five X-linked transcripts was effectively equalized among sexes suggesting that, in cattle, a substantial XCI occurs during the period between blastocyst hatching and initiation of elongation, although UBE2A and SAT1 displayed significant transcriptional differences. Similarly, sexual dimorphism was also reduced for autosomal genes with only DNMT3A and IFNT2 exhibiting sex-related differences. Among the genes potentially involved in sex determination, Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) was significantly upregulated in males and GATA4 in females, whereas no differences were observed for ZFPM2 and DMRT1. In conclusion, a major XCI occurred between the blastocyst and early elongation stages leading to a reduction in the transcriptional sexual dimorphism of autosomal genes, which makes the period the most susceptible to sex-specific embryo loss. Sex chromosome transcripts can lead to a broad transcriptional sexual dimorphism in the absence of concomitant or previous exposure to sex hormones, especially when X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is not complete. XCI timing has been suggested to differ greatly among species, and in bovine, most of the X-linked transcripts are upregulated in female blastocysts. To determine the timing of XCI, we analyzed in day 14 bovine embryos the sexual dimorphic transcription of seven X-linked genes known to be upregulated in female blastocysts ( X24112 , brain-expressed X-linked 2 ( BEX2 ), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2A ( UBE2A ), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( G6PD ), brain-expressed X-linked 1 ( BEX1 ), calpain 6 ( CAPN6 ), and spermidine/spermine N -acetyltransferase 1 ( SAT1 )). The transcription of five genes whose expression differs between sexes at the blastocyst stage ( DNMT3A , interferon tau ( IFNT2 ), glutathione S-transferase mu 3 ( GSTM3 ), progesterone receptor membrane component 1 ( PGRMC1 ), and laminin alpha 1 ( LAMA1 )) and four genes related with sex determination (Wilms tumor 1 ( WT1 ), gata binding protein 4 ( GATA4 ), zinc finger protein multitype 2 ( ZFPM2 ), and DMRT1 ) was also analyzed to determine the evolution of transcriptional sexual dimorphism. The expression level of five X-linked transcripts was effectively equalized among sexes suggesting that, in cattle, a substantial XCI occurs during the period between blastocyst hatching and initiation of elongation, although UBE2A and SAT1 displayed significant transcriptional differences. Similarly, sexual dimorphism was also reduced for autosomal genes with only DNMT3A and IFNT2 exhibiting sex-related differences. Among the genes potentially involved in sex determination, Wilms tumor 1 ( WT1 ) was significantly upregulated in males and GATA4 in females, whereas no differences were observed for ZFPM2 and DMRT1 . In conclusion, a major XCI occurred between the blastocyst and early elongation stages leading to a reduction in the transcriptional sexual dimorphism of autosomal genes, which makes the period the most susceptible to sex-specific embryo loss. Sex chromosome transcripts can lead to a broad transcriptional sexual dimorphism in the absence of concomitant or previous exposure to sex hormones, especially when X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is not complete. XCI timing has been suggested to differ greatly among species, and in bovine, most of the X-linked transcripts are upregulated in female blastocysts. To determine the timing of XCI, we analyzed in day 14 bovine embryos the sexual dimorphic transcription of seven X-linked genes known to be upregulated in female blastocysts ( X24112 , brain-expressed X-linked 2 ( BEX2 ), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2A ( UBE2A ), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( G6PD ), brain-expressed X-linked 1 ( BEX1 ), calpain 6 ( CAPN6 ), and spermidine/spermine N -acetyltransferase 1 ( SAT1 )). The transcription of five genes whose expression differs between sexes at the blastocyst stage ( DNMT3A , interferon tau ( IFNT2 ), glutathione S-transferase mu 3 ( GSTM3 ), progesterone receptor membrane component 1 ( PGRMC1 ), and laminin alpha 1 ( LAMA1 )) and four genes related with sex determination (Wilms tumor 1 ( WT1 ), gata binding protein 4 ( GATA4 ), zinc finger protein multitype 2 ( ZFPM2 ), and DMRT1 ) was also analyzed to determine the evolution of transcriptional sexual dimorphism. The expression level of five X-linked transcripts was effectively equalized among sexes suggesting that, in cattle, a substantial XCI occurs during the period between blastocyst hatching and initiation of elongation, although UBE2A and SAT1 displayed significant transcriptional differences. Similarly, sexual dimorphism was also reduced for autosomal genes with only DNMT3A and IFNT2 exhibiting sex-related differences. Among the genes potentially involved in sex determination, Wilms tumor 1 ( WT1 ) was significantly upregulated in males and GATA4 in females, whereas no differences were observed for ZFPM2 and DMRT1 . In conclusion, a major XCI occurred between the blastocyst and early elongation stages leading to a reduction in the transcriptional sexual dimorphism of autosomal genes, which makes the period the most susceptible to sex-specific embryo loss. |
Author | Gutierrez-Adan, A Bermejo-Alvarez, P Rizos, D Lonergan, P |
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Snippet | Sex chromosome transcripts can lead to a broad transcriptional sexual dimorphism in the absence of concomitant or previous exposure to sex hormones, especially... Sex chromosome transcripts can lead to a broad transcriptional sexual dimorphism in the absence of concomitant or previous exposure to sex hormones, especially... |
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SubjectTerms | Analysis of Variance Animals blastocyst Blastocyst - physiology calpain Cattle Embryo Culture Techniques Embryonic Development embryonic mortality evolution Female females Fertilization in Vitro gene expression regulation Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental genes Genes, X-Linked Gestational Age glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase glutathione transferase hatching interferons laminin Male males progesterone receptors Sex Characteristics sex determination Sex Determination Analysis Sex Determination Processes - genetics sex hormones sexual dimorphism spermidine spermine transcription (genetics) Transcription, Genetic ubiquitin-protein ligase X Chromosome X Chromosome Inactivation zinc finger motif |
Title | Transcriptional sexual dimorphism in elongating bovine embryos: implications for XCI and sex determination genes |
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