Genetic diversity and demography of two endangered captive pronghorn subspecies from the Sonoran Desert

Species that have experienced population reduction provide valuable case studies for understanding genetic responses to demographic change. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) were once widespread across the North American plains but were subject to drastic population reductions due to overexploitatio...

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Published inJournal of mammalogy Vol. 95; no. 6; pp. 1263 - 1277
Main Authors Klimova, Anastasia, Munguia-Vega, Adrian, Hoffman, Joseph I., Culver, Melanie
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford American Society of Mammalogists 01.12.2014
Allen Press Publishing Services
Oxford University Press
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Abstract Species that have experienced population reduction provide valuable case studies for understanding genetic responses to demographic change. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) were once widespread across the North American plains but were subject to drastic population reductions due to overexploitation and habitat fragmentation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A. a. peninsularis and A. a. sonoriensis, 2 pronghorn subspecies that inhabit the southern edge of the species' distribution, are almost extinct and now breed almost exclusively in captivity. We therefore sequenced the complete mitochondrial control region and genotyped 18 microsatellite loci in 109 individuals to evaluate the impact of population bottlenecks, captive breeding, small population sizes, and isolation on the genetic composition of captive populations of these 2 subspecies. We found extremely low levels of genetic diversity in both subspecies. The 2 subspecies showed high and significant genetic differentiation, indicating the absence of historic and recent gene flow despite their geographic proximity within the Sonoran Desert. Historical effective population size estimates for the 2 subspecies were inferred to be similar, whereas the Sonoran pronghorn has a contemporary effective size (Ne) more than twice as high as the Peninsular subspecies. Our findings suggest the need for careful genetic management of both subspecies in order to minimize the further loss of genetic variability. Las especies que han experimentado reducciones poblacionales son ejemplos valiosos para entender la repuesta genética al cambio demográfico. En el pasado el berrendo (Antilocapra americana) tenia una amplia distribución en las praderas norteamericanas, sin embargo su población sufrió una drástica reducción por caza descontrolada y fragmentación de su hábitat durante finales del siglo XIX y comienzos del siglo XX. A. a. peninsularis y A. a. sonoriensis, son 2 subespecies del berrendo que habitan el extremo sur del rango de distribución de la especie; ambas se encuentran al borde de la extinción y sobreviven casi exclusivamente en cautiverio. En este estudio, secuenciamos en su totalidad la región control del ADN mitocondrial y genotipificamos 18 loci microsatélites en 109 individuos con el propósito de evaluar el impacto de cuellos de botella poblacionales, reproducción en cautiverio, tamaños poblacionales pequeños y aislamiento sobre la composición genética de estas dos subespecies. Encontramos niveles bajos de diversidad genética en ambas subespecies, particularmente en el berrendo peninsular. Las 2 subespecies mostraron diferenciación genética alta y significativa, lo que implica ausencia de flujo genético histórico y reciente, a pesar de su cercanía geográfica dentro del Desierto Sonorense. Inferimos que el tamaño poblacional histórico efectivo para ambas subespecies fue similar, mientras que el berrendo sonorense tiene un tamaño efectivo contemporáneo 2 veces mayor que el de la subespecie peninsular. Nuestro estudio sugiere que es necesario realizar un manejo genético cuidadoso en ambas subespecies, para así minimizar la pérdida de variabilidad genética durante la reproducción en cautiverio.
AbstractList Species that have experienced population reduction provide valuable case studies for understanding genetic responses to demographic change. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) were once widespread across the North American plains but were subject to drastic population reductions due to overexploitation and habitat fragmentation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A. a. peninsularis and A. a. sonoriensis, 2 pronghorn subspecies that inhabit the southern edge of the species' distribution, are almost extinct and now breed almost exclusively in captivity. We therefore sequenced the complete mitochondrial control region and genotyped 18 microsatellite loci in 109 individuals to evaluate the impact of population bottlenecks, captive breeding, small population sizes, and isolation on the genetic composition of captive populations of these 2 subspecies. We food extremely low levels of genetic diversity in both subspecies. The 2 subspecies showed high and significant genetic differentiation, indicating the absence of historic and recent gene flow despite their geographic proximity within the Sonoran Desert. Historical effective population size estimates for the 2 subspecies were inferred to be similar, whereas the Sonoran pronghorn has a contemporary effective size (Ne) more than twice as high as the Peninsular subspecies. Our findings suggest the need for careful genetic management of both subspecies in order to minimize the further loss of genetic variability. Las especies que han experimentado reducciones poblacionales son ejemplos valiosos para entender la repuesta genética al cambio demográfico. En el pasado el berrendo (Antilocapra americana) tenia una amplia distribución en las praderas norteamericanas, sin embargo su población sufrió una drástica reducción por caza descontrolada y fragmentación de su hábitat durante finales del siglo XIX y comienzos del siglo XX. A. a. peninsularis y A. a. sonoriensis, son 2 subespecies del berrendo que habitan el extremo sur del rango de distribución de la especie; ambas se encuentran al borde de la extinción y sobreviven casi exclusivamente en cautiverio. En este estudio, secuenciamos en su totalidad la región control del ADN mitocondrial y genotipificamos 18 loci microsatélites en 109 individuos con el propósito de evaluar el impacto de cuellos de botella poblacionales, reproducción en cautiverio, tamaños poblacionales pequeños y aislamiento sobre la composición genética de estas dos subespecies. Encontramos niveles bajos de diversidad genética en ambas subespecies, particularmente en el berrendo peninsular. Las 2 subespecies mostraron diferenciación genética alta y significativa, lo que implica ausencia de flujo genético histórico y reciente, a pesar de su cercanía geográfica dentro del Desierto Sonorense. Inferimos que el tamaño poblacional histórico efectivo para ambas subespecies fue similar, mientras que el berrendo sonorense tiene un tamaño efectivo contemporáneo 2 veces mayor que el de la subespecie peninsular. Nuestro estudio sugiere que es necesario realizar un manejo genético cuidadoso en ambas subespecies, para así minimizar la pérdida de variabilidad genética durante la reproducción en cautiverio.
Species that have experienced population reduction provide valuable case studies for understanding genetic responses to demographic change. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) were once widespread across the North American plains but were subject to drastic population reductions due to overexploitation and habitat fragmentation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A. a. peninsularis and A. a. sonoriensis, 2 pronghorn subspecies that inhabit the southern edge of the species' distribution, are almost extinct and now breed almost exclusively in captivity. We therefore sequenced the complete mitochondrial control region and genotyped 18 microsatellite loci in 109 individuals to evaluate the impact of population bottlenecks, captive breeding, small population sizes, and isolation on the genetic composition of captive populations of these 2 subspecies. We found extremely low levels of genetic diversity in both subspecies. The 2 subspecies showed high and significant genetic differentiation, indicating the absence of historic and recent gene flow despite their geographic proximity within the Sonoran Desert. Historical effective population size estimates for the 2 subspecies were inferred to be similar, whereas the Sonoran pronghorn has a contemporary effective size (Ne) more than twice as high as the Peninsular subspecies. Our findings suggest the need for careful genetic management of both subspecies in order to minimize the further loss of genetic variability. Las especies que han experimentado reducciones poblacionales son ejemplos valiosos para entender la repuesta genética al cambio demográfico. En el pasado el berrendo (Antilocapra americana) tenia una amplia distribución en las praderas norteamericanas, sin embargo su población sufrió una drástica reducción por caza descontrolada y fragmentación de su hábitat durante finales del siglo XIX y comienzos del siglo XX. A. a. peninsularis y A. a. sonoriensis, son 2 subespecies del berrendo que habitan el extremo sur del rango de distribución de la especie; ambas se encuentran al borde de la extinción y sobreviven casi exclusivamente en cautiverio. En este estudio, secuenciamos en su totalidad la región control del ADN mitocondrial y genotipificamos 18 loci microsatélites en 109 individuos con el propósito de evaluar el impacto de cuellos de botella poblacionales, reproducción en cautiverio, tamaños poblacionales pequeños y aislamiento sobre la composición genética de estas dos subespecies. Encontramos niveles bajos de diversidad genética en ambas subespecies, particularmente en el berrendo peninsular. Las 2 subespecies mostraron diferenciación genética alta y significativa, lo que implica ausencia de flujo genético histórico y reciente, a pesar de su cercanía geográfica dentro del Desierto Sonorense. Inferimos que el tamaño poblacional histórico efectivo para ambas subespecies fue similar, mientras que el berrendo sonorense tiene un tamaño efectivo contemporáneo 2 veces mayor que el de la subespecie peninsular. Nuestro estudio sugiere que es necesario realizar un manejo genético cuidadoso en ambas subespecies, para así minimizar la pérdida de variabilidad genética durante la reproducción en cautiverio.
Species that have experienced population reduction provide valuable case studies for understanding genetic responses to demographic change. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) were once widespread across the North American plains but were subject to drastic population reductions due to overexploitation and habitat fragmentation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A. a. peninsularis and A. a. sonoriensis, 2 pronghorn subspecies that inhabit the southern edge of the species' distribution, are almost extinct and now breed almost exclusively in captivity. We therefore sequenced the complete mitochondrial control region and genotyped 18 microsatellite loci in 109 individuals to evaluate the impact of population bottlenecks, captive breeding, small population sizes, and isolation on the genetic composition of captive populations of these 2 subspecies. We found extremely low levels of genetic diversity in both subspecies. The 2 subspecies showed high and significant genetic differentiation, indicating the absence of historic and recent gene flow despite their geographic proximity within the Sonoran Desert. Historical effective population size estimates for the 2 subspecies were inferred to be similar, whereas the Sonoran pronghorn has a contemporary effective size (Nₑ) more than twice as high as the Peninsular subspecies. Our findings suggest the need for careful genetic management of both subspecies in order to minimize the further loss of genetic variability.
Species that have experienced population reduction provide valuable case studies for understanding genetic responses to demographic change. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) were once widespread across the North American plains but were subject to drastic population reductions due to overexploitation and habitat fragmentation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A. a. peninsularis and A. a. sonoriensis, 2 pronghorn subspecies that inhabit the southern edge of the species' distribution, are almost extinct and now breed almost exclusively in captivity. We therefore sequenced the complete mitochondrial control region and genotyped 18 microsatellite loci in 109 individuals to evaluate the impact of population bottlenecks, captive breeding, small population sizes, and isolation on the genetic composition of captive populations of these 2 subspecies. We found extremely low levels of genetic diversity in both subspecies. The 2 subspecies showed high and significant genetic differentiation, indicating the absence of historic and recent gene flow despite their geographic proximity within the Sonoran Desert. Historical effective population size estimates for the 2 subspecies were inferred to be similar, whereas the Sonoran pronghorn has a contemporary effective size (N^sub e^) more than twice as high as the Peninsular subspecies. Our findings suggest the need for careful genetic management of both subspecies in order to minimize the further loss of genetic variability.
Species that have experienced population reduction provide valuable case studies for understanding genetic responses to demographic change. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) were once widespread across the North American plains but were subject to drastic population reductions due to overexploitation and habitat fragmentation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A. a. peninsularis and A. a. sonoriensis, 2 pronghorn subspecies that inhabit the southern edge of the species' distribution, are almost extinct and now breed almost exclusively in captivity. We therefore sequenced the complete mitochondrial control region and genotyped 18 microsatellite loci in 109 individuals to evaluate the impact of population bottlenecks, captive breeding, small population sizes, and isolation on the genetic composition of captive populations of these 2 subspecies. We found extremely low levels of genetic diversity in both subspecies. The 2 subspecies showed high and significant genetic differentiation, indicating the absence of historic and recent gene flow despite their geographic proximity within the Sonoran Desert. Historical effective population size estimates for the 2 subspecies were inferred to be similar, whereas the Sonoran pronghorn has a contemporary effective size (Ne) more than twice as high as the Peninsular subspecies. Our findings suggest the need for careful genetic management of both subspecies in order to minimize the further loss of genetic variability.Original Abstract: Las especies que han experimentado reducciones poblacionales son ejemplos valiosos para entender la repuesta genetica al cambio demografico. En el pasado el berrendo (Antilocapra americana) tenia una amplia distribucion en las praderas norteamericanas, sin embargo su poblacion sufrio una drastica reduccion por caza descontrolada y fragmentacion de su habitat durante finales del siglo XIX y comienzos del siglo XX. A. a. peninsularis y A. a. sonoriensis, son 2 subespecies del berrendo que habitan el extremo sur del rango de distribucion de la especie; ambas se encuentran al borde de la extincion y sobreviven casi exclusivamente en cautiverio. En este estudio, secuenciamos en su totalidad la region control del ADN mitocondrial y genotipificamos 18 loci microsatelites en 109 individuos con el proposito de evaluar el impacto de cuellos de botella poblacionales, reproduccion en cautiverio, tamanos poblacionales pequenos y aislamiento sobre la composicion genetica de estas dos subespecies. Encontramos niveles bajos de diversidad genetica en ambas subespecies, particularmente en el berrendo peninsular. Las 2 subespecies mostraron diferenciacion genetica alta y significativa, lo que implica ausencia de flujo genetico historico y reciente, a pesar de su cercania geografica dentro del Desierto Sonorense. Inferimos que el tamano poblacional historico efectivo para ambas subespecies fue similar, mientras que el berrendo sonorense tiene un tamano efectivo contemporaneo 2 veces mayor que el de la subespecie peninsular. Nuestro estudio sugiere que es necesario realizar un manejo genetico cuidadoso en ambas subespecies, para asi minimizar la perdida de variabilidad genetica durante la reproduccion en cautiverio.
Author Klimova, Anastasia
Munguia-Vega, Adrian
Culver, Melanie
Hoffman, Joseph I.
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  givenname: Melanie
  surname: Culver
  fullname: Culver, Melanie
  organization: United States Geological Survey, Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Conservation Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Resources and Environment, BSE-325, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA (MC)
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Copyright 2014 American Society of Mammalogists
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i1545-1542-95-6-1263-Garza1
i1545-1542-95-6-1263-Pang1
i1545-1542-95-6-1263-Carling1
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i1545-1542-95-6-1263-Johannesson1
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i1545-1542-95-6-1263-Pritchard1
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Snippet Species that have experienced population reduction provide valuable case studies for understanding genetic responses to demographic change. Pronghorn...
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SubjectTerms Alleles
Animal genetics
Antilocapra americana
breeding
captive animals
captive breeding
case studies
Conservation biology
Demography
Deserts
Ecological genetics
Endangered & extinct species
Environmental protection
Evolutionary genetics
Extinction
FEATURE ARTICLES
gene flow
Genetic diversity
Genetic loci
genetic variation
genotyping
Habitat fragmentation
Haplotypes
microsatellite repeats
Mitochondrial DNA
Overexploitation
Population
population differentiation
population dynamics
Population genetics
Population number
Population size
Sonoran Desert
Studies
Wildlife conservation
Title Genetic diversity and demography of two endangered captive pronghorn subspecies from the Sonoran Desert
URI http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-321
https://www.jstor.org/stable/24575526
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1645144323
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1660385125
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1810060604
Volume 95
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