Exogenous insulin antibody syndrome (EIAS): a clinical syndrome associated with insulin antibodies induced by exogenous insulin in diabetic patients

Insulin has been used for diabetes therapy and has achieved significant therapeutic effect. In recent years, the use of purified and recombinant human insulin preparations has markedly reduced, but not completely suppressed, the incidence of insulin antibodies (IAs). IAs induced by exogenous insulin...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published inEndocrine Connections Vol. 7; no. 1; pp. R47 - R55
Main Authors Hu, Xiaolei, Chen, Fengling
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Bioscientifica Ltd 01.01.2018
Bioscientifica
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN2049-3614
2049-3614
DOI10.1530/EC-17-0309

Cover

Loading…
Abstract Insulin has been used for diabetes therapy and has achieved significant therapeutic effect. In recent years, the use of purified and recombinant human insulin preparations has markedly reduced, but not completely suppressed, the incidence of insulin antibodies (IAs). IAs induced by exogenous insulin in diabetic patients is associated with clinical events, which is named exogenous insulin antibody syndrome (EIAS). The present review is based on our research and summarizes the characterization of IAs, the factors affecting IA development, the clinical significance of IAs and the treatments for EIAS.
AbstractList Insulin has been used for diabetes therapy and has achieved significant therapeutic effect. In recent years, the use of purified and recombinant human insulin preparations has markedly reduced, but not completely suppressed, the incidence of insulin antibodies (IAs). IAs induced by exogenous insulin in diabetic patients is associated with clinical events, which is named exogenous insulin antibody syndrome (EIAS). The present review is based on our research and summarizes the characterization of IAs, the factors affecting IA development, the clinical significance of IAs and the treatments for EIAS.
Insulin has been used for diabetes therapy and has achieved significant therapeutic effect. In recent years, the use of purified and recombinant human insulin preparations has markedly reduced, but not completely suppressed, the incidence of insulin antibodies (IAs). IAs induced by exogenous insulin in diabetic patients is associated with clinical events, which is named exogenous insulin antibody syndrome (EIAS). The present review is based on our research and summarizes the characterization of IAs, the factors affecting IA development, the clinical significance of IAs and the treatments for EIAS.Insulin has been used for diabetes therapy and has achieved significant therapeutic effect. In recent years, the use of purified and recombinant human insulin preparations has markedly reduced, but not completely suppressed, the incidence of insulin antibodies (IAs). IAs induced by exogenous insulin in diabetic patients is associated with clinical events, which is named exogenous insulin antibody syndrome (EIAS). The present review is based on our research and summarizes the characterization of IAs, the factors affecting IA development, the clinical significance of IAs and the treatments for EIAS.
Author Chen, Fengling
Hu, Xiaolei
AuthorAffiliation Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
– name: Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Xiaolei
  surname: Hu
  fullname: Hu, Xiaolei
  organization: Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Fengling
  surname: Chen
  fullname: Chen, Fengling
  email: cfl1993@126.com
  organization: Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29233817$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNp9ks9u1DAQxi1UREvphQdAORakgP8lTjggVasFVqrEAThbY3uydZW1lzgB9j14YBx2C21BWJZseb75fWN7HpOjEAMS8pTRl6wS9NVyUTJVUkHbB-SEU9mWomby6Nb-mJyldE3zaFjdCPqIHPOWC9EwdUJ-LL_HNYY4pcKHNPU-FBBGb6LbFWkX3BA3WJwvVxcfn78uoLBZ4C30f2KQUrQeRnTFNz9e3ad4nMFusjludgX-5Zan82Bw9LbYwugxjOkJedhBn_DssJ6Sz2-Xnxbvy8sP71aLi8vSyKYaS2Ea52SjnESLtrPOWV6jpUhp1QrXAafIO9d2qhaNasFQA4itZMYqXoEQp2S157oI13o7-A0MOx3B618HcVhrGHJhPWpuQFHJWtkaJZnL1h1XRjG0XILjdWa92bO2k9mgs_keA_R3oHcjwV_pdfyqK6XqWs3FnB8AQ_wyYRr1xieLfQ8B84Np1qpa5tuyWfrsttdvk5tvzQK6F9ghpjRgp60f8-PG2dr3mlE9N49eLjRTem6enPLiXsoN9Z_iA9_4mOz8Z77LbfG_lJ85f9h5
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcjd_2020_08_100
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ando_2020_04_003
crossref_primary_10_3389_fendo_2022_1043301
crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_72067
crossref_primary_10_7555_JBR_37_20230071
crossref_primary_10_1111_jcpt_13427
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2024_e34009
crossref_primary_10_2337_dci23_0036
crossref_primary_10_15369_sujms_34_225
crossref_primary_10_3389_fendo_2021_613983
crossref_primary_10_2147_DMSO_S279385
crossref_primary_10_2147_DMSO_S386436
crossref_primary_10_1007_s13410_022_01110_2
crossref_primary_10_1186_s13098_021_00658_z
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aace_2020_12_004
crossref_primary_10_1159_000531767
crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2120028119
crossref_primary_10_1155_2021_4012893
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_mce_2024_112281
crossref_primary_10_2147_DMSO_S410349
crossref_primary_10_2147_DMSO_S404222
crossref_primary_10_1007_s12010_023_04670_z
crossref_primary_10_2147_DMSO_S373475
crossref_primary_10_23736_S0375_9393_20_14554_1
crossref_primary_10_3389_fendo_2023_1141414
crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph17228651
crossref_primary_10_1111_jdi_13838
crossref_primary_10_3389_fcdhc_2023_1172208
crossref_primary_10_1007_s13300_024_01573_y
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_metabol_2021_154935
crossref_primary_10_1093_clinchem_hvad080
crossref_primary_10_12998_wjcc_v12_i9_1691
crossref_primary_10_15252_embj_2020107621
crossref_primary_10_1155_2022_2539871
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jep_2021_114238
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_aace_2021_01_009
crossref_primary_10_1002_jca_21905
crossref_primary_10_1136_bcr_2021_242960
crossref_primary_10_3389_fendo_2022_1099805
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_saa_2021_119640
crossref_primary_10_1039_C9CS00886A
crossref_primary_10_1002_jca_21769
crossref_primary_10_3390_biom14040408
crossref_primary_10_1007_s13340_021_00528_z
crossref_primary_10_1002_bies_202100236
crossref_primary_10_1002_dmrr_3479
crossref_primary_10_12677_ACM_2020_106141
crossref_primary_10_1007_s13340_022_00611_z
crossref_primary_10_1111_dme_14519
crossref_primary_10_1210_clinem_dgac578
crossref_primary_10_1002_vms3_1454
crossref_primary_10_1210_clinem_dgaa911
crossref_primary_10_3389_fendo_2022_844040
crossref_primary_10_1007_s13300_021_01129_4
crossref_primary_10_1073_pnas_2115695119
Cites_doi 10.2337/diab.33.10.966
10.1016/j.diabres.2005.10.018
10.1055/s-2004-821186
10.1007/BF02820505
10.1007/BF00275658
10.2337/dc12-1565
10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02621.x
10.1016/S0168-8227(03)00105-0
10.1016/j.cca.2014.03.008
10.2337/diacare.17.3.169
10.2169/internalmedicine.39.143
10.2337/diab.27.3.307
10.2169/internalmedicine.44.100
10.1016/j.diabres.2009.02.007
10.1016/0002-9343(77)90155-3
10.1210/jc.2003-031822
10.1001/jama.1971.03180200030006
10.2337/diacare.5.2.S175
10.2337/diacare.23.2.157
20091110.1089/dia.2009.0040
10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.09114.x
10.1007/BF03256379
10.1002/dmrr.961
10.1097/00000441-200505000-00007
10.1001/jama.2015.5634
10.1007/BF00276974
10.1007/s00592-009-0135-2
10.2337/diacare.10.3.330
10.2337/diacare.26.1.89
10.2337/diacare.27.10.2363
10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00659.x
10.1080/07315724.2014.976673
10.2337/diacare.25.5.876
10.2337/diab.36.1.1
20129610.1016/j.diabres.2011.12.024
10.2337/diacare.27.1.162
10.1016/0168-8227(89)90016-8
10.1620/tjem.182.163
20119410.1016/j.diabres.2011.04.001
10.1016/j.tips.2009.11.001
10.2337/diacare.28.9.2161
10.1055/s-2007-1004565
10.2337/diab.31.8.716
10.1016/j.ando.2015.10.004
10.2337/diacare.20.1.71
10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80122-8
10.1210/jc.2004-2229
10.4049/jimmunol.106.4.1112
10.2337/dc11-0326
10.1164/rccm.200512-1861OC
10.2337/diacare.25.1.84
10.1111/j.1447-0756.1990.tb00012.x
10.1210/er.2007-0002
10.1371/journal.pone.0084099
10.1007/BF00278754
10.1210/jcem-45-6-1159
10.1016/0021-8707(69)90004-5
10.1016/0022-1759(94)90268-2
10.1007/BF00400727
10.1007/s12020-012-9721-0
10.1172/JCI103262
20091110.1089/dia.2009.0054
10.2169/internalmedicine.45.6009
10.1007/BF02991108
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2018 The authors
2018 The authors.
2018 The authors 2018 The authors
Copyright_xml – notice: 2018 The authors
– notice: 2018 The authors.
– notice: 2018 The authors 2018 The authors
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
NPM
7X8
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.1530/EC-17-0309
DatabaseName CrossRef
PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
PubMed
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList

PubMed

MEDLINE - Academic
CrossRef
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Anatomy & Physiology
DocumentTitleAlternate EIAS: a clinical syndrome induced by exogenous INS
X Hu and F Chen
EISSN 2049-3614
EndPage R55
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_2ba7041949b741d3b8f27b71ec24ad26
PMC5776673
29233817
10_1530_EC_17_0309
Genre Journal Article
GroupedDBID 53G
5VS
AAFZV
ABLYK
ABSGY
ABSQV
ADBBV
ADRAZ
AIPOO
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
BAWUL
BCNDV
BTFSW
DIK
EBS
EE-
EJD
F9R
FRJ
GROUPED_DOAJ
GX1
HYE
INIJC
IPNFZ
KQ8
M48
M~E
OK1
RHF
RIG
RPM
TBS
AAKMT
AAYXX
CITATION
H13
PGMZT
NPM
7X8
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-b485t-3b8dd487d4ececfcddc26ec0e00593dfa20e2fd9f763879ab0baee941bc725a33
IEDL.DBID DOA
ISSN 2049-3614
IngestDate Wed Aug 27 01:30:21 EDT 2025
Thu Aug 21 18:18:36 EDT 2025
Thu Jul 10 22:14:12 EDT 2025
Mon Jul 21 06:03:35 EDT 2025
Thu Apr 24 23:02:52 EDT 2025
Tue Jul 01 02:04:25 EDT 2025
Sun Jan 07 07:18:53 EST 2024
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 1
Keywords hyperglycaemia
insulin antibodies
hypoglycaemia
diabetes
exogenous insulin antibody syndrome
Language English
License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-b485t-3b8dd487d4ececfcddc26ec0e00593dfa20e2fd9f763879ab0baee941bc725a33
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
ObjectType-Review-3
content type line 23
OpenAccessLink https://doaj.org/article/2ba7041949b741d3b8f27b71ec24ad26
PMID 29233817
PQID 1976448713
PQPubID 23479
PageCount 9
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_2ba7041949b741d3b8f27b71ec24ad26
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5776673
proquest_miscellaneous_1976448713
pubmed_primary_29233817
crossref_citationtrail_10_1530_EC_17_0309
crossref_primary_10_1530_EC_17_0309
bioscientifica_primary_10_1530_EC_17_0309
ProviderPackageCode CITATION
AAYXX
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2018-01-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2018-01-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 01
  year: 2018
  text: 2018-01-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace England
PublicationPlace_xml – name: England
– name: Bristol
PublicationTitle Endocrine Connections
PublicationTitleAlternate Endocr Connect
PublicationYear 2018
Publisher Bioscientifica Ltd
Bioscientifica
Publisher_xml – name: Bioscientifica Ltd
– name: Bioscientifica
References (ref1201) 2000; 23
(ref171) 1997; 6
(ref861); 53
(ref1271) 2005; 28
(ref1111) 1999; 111
ref841
(ref971) 1976; 205
(ref1031) 1969; 44
(ref871) 2014; 433
(ref1381) 1992; 41
(ref101) 2016; 35
(ref1531) 1997; 182
(ref181) 1976; 205
(ref81) 2014; 433
(ref1541) 2006; 72
(ref781) 2009; 119
(ref771) 2009; 26
(ref201) 1966; 6
(ref601) 2012; 11
(ref481) 2005; 28
(ref751) 2006; 72
(ref1471) 2008; 116
(ref1451) 2004; 89
(ref411) 2000; 23
(ref151) 1977; 63
(ref241) 1969; 44
(ref1291) 2004; 27
(ref1011) 1987; 109
ref51
(ref1001) 1971; 106
(ref1141) 2010; 47
(ref1481) 1989; 7
(ref631) 2003; 61
(ref641) 2000; 39
(ref1231) 1994; 17
(ref271) 1986; 4
(ref351) 2010; 47
(ref1561) 2009; 26
(ref1301); 12
(ref661) 2004; 89
(ref591) 1992; 41
(ref1431) 2000; 39
(ref1351) 1984; 33
(ref21) 1983; 6
(ref891) 2016; 35
(ref1081) 1971; 215
(ref1411) 1990; 86
(ref441) 1994; 17
(ref1391) 2012; 11
(ref621) 1990; 86
(ref1101) 1994; 169
(ref711) 1984; 27
ref1311
(ref91) 2015; 76
(ref281) 1987; 10
(ref1051) 1980; 96
(ref391) 2002; 25
(ref31) 1983; 25
(ref901) 2015; 2015
(ref1511) 1982; 5
(ref341) 2013; 8
(ref801) 1956; 35
(ref1191) 2011; 12
(ref141) 1978; 27
(ref1041) 1990; 64
(ref1421) 2003; 61
(ref651) 2004; 112
(ref1571) 2009; 119
(ref431) 1995; 38
(ref1341) 1984; 57
(ref131) 1997; 20
(ref921) 1997; 20
(ref1121) 2005; 44
(ref361) 2010; 31
(ref831) 1984; 27
(ref311) 1994; 169
(ref581) 2013; 36
(ref1171) 2003; 26
(ref941) 1977; 63
(ref371) 2004; 27
(ref321) 1999; 111
(ref1461) 2013; 7
(ref471) 2010; 6
(ref1521) 2011; 34
(ref71); 53
(ref1021) 1977; 45
(ref541) 1982; 31
(ref301) 1988; 31
(ref791) 2007; 28
(ref401) 2011; 12
ref521
(ref1401) 2013; 43
(ref1211) 1987; 36
(ref931) 1978; 27
(ref191) 2005; 90
(ref951) 2005; 329
(ref211) 1971; 106
(ref611) 2013; 43
(ref1251) 2009; 25
(ref1361); 55
(ref881) 2015; 76
(ref251) 1990; 64
(ref1491) 1990; 16
(ref821) 1983; 25
(ref721) 1982; 5
(ref1131) 2013; 8
(ref851) 2010; 14
(ref01) 2007; 28
(ref461) 2009; 25
(ref1241) 2002; 25
(ref741) 1997; 182
(ref421) 1987; 36
(ref1091) 1988; 31
(ref571); 55
(ref811) 1983; 6
(ref1261) 2010; 6
(ref1281) 2006; 173
(ref451) 2002; 25
(ref701) 1990; 16
(ref1551) 2006; 45
(ref671) 2013; 7
(ref1441) 2004; 112
(ref1071) 1987; 10
(ref261) 1980; 96
(ref1321) 2015; 313
(ref731) 2011; 34
(ref511); 12
(ref561) 1984; 33
(ref61) 2010; 14
(ref291) 1971; 215
(ref761) 2006; 45
(ref221) 1987; 109
(ref1501) 1984; 27
(ref681) 2008; 116
(ref911) 1999; 150
(ref1371) 2013; 36
(ref111) 2015; 2015
(ref691) 1989; 7
(ref161) 2005; 329
(ref41) 1984; 27
(ref491) 2006; 173
(ref531) 2015; 313
(ref991) 1966; 6
(ref1151) 2010; 31
(ref1181) 2002; 25
(ref1161) 2004; 27
(ref1061) 1986; 4
(ref231) 1977; 45
(ref1221) 1995; 38
(ref501) 2004; 27
(ref961) 1997; 6
(ref381) 2003; 26
(ref121) 1999; 150
(ref551) 1984; 57
(ref11) 1956; 35
(ref331) 2005; 44
(ref1331) 1982; 31
(ref981) 2005; 90
References_xml – volume: 33
  start-page: 966
  year: 1984
  ident: ref1351
  article-title: The antibody response to insulin therapy. A prospective study in HLA-typed insulin-dependent diabetic subjects
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/diab.33.10.966
– volume: 109
  start-page: 141
  year: 1987
  ident: ref1011
  article-title: Specificity of immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G against human (recombinant DNA) insulin in human insulin allergy and resistance
  publication-title: Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
– volume: 72
  start-page: 238
  year: 2006
  ident: ref751
  article-title: A case of slowly progressive type 1 diabetes with unstable glycemic control caused by unusual insulin antibody and successfully treated with steroid therapy
  publication-title: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
  doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2005.10.018
– volume: 112
  start-page: 416
  year: 2004
  ident: ref651
  article-title: Diagnostic algorithm and management of immune-mediated complications associated with subcutaneous insulin therapy
  publication-title: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes
  doi: 10.1055/s-2004-821186
– volume: 6
  start-page: 285
  year: 1997
  ident: ref961
  article-title: Insulin antibodies and hypoglycemia in diabetic patients. Can a quantitative analysis of antibody binding predict the risk of hypoglycemia?
  publication-title: Endocrine
  doi: 10.1007/BF02820505
– volume: 27
  start-page: 96
  year: 1984
  ident: ref831
  article-title: Immunogenicity of monocomponent human and porcine insulin in newly diagnosed type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children.
  publication-title: Diabetologia
  doi: 10.1007/BF00275658
– volume: 36
  start-page: e22
  year: 2013
  ident: ref581
  article-title: Repeated hypoglycemia caused by the overproduction of anti-insulin antibodies and isolated ACTH deficiency in a type 2 diabetic patient receiving insulin therapy.
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/dc12-1565
– volume: 26
  start-page: 79
  year: 2009
  ident: ref1561
  article-title: Severe insulin resistance due to anti-insulin antibodies: response to plasma exchange and immunosuppressive therapy
  publication-title: Diabetic Medicine
  doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02621.x
– volume: 61
  start-page: 89
  year: 2003
  ident: ref1421
  article-title: Insulin lispro reduces insulin antibodies in a patient with type 2 diabetes with immunological insulin resistance
  publication-title: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
  doi: 10.1016/S0168-8227(03)00105-0
– volume: 433
  start-page: 135
  year: 2014
  ident: ref871
  article-title: Development of insulin antibodies and changes in titers over a long-term period in patients with type 2 diabetes
  publication-title: Clinica Chimica Acta
  doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.03.008
– volume: 11
  start-page: 645
  year: 2012
  ident: ref1391
  article-title: The difference of blood glucose fluctuation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with positive and negative insulin autoantibodies
  publication-title: Chinese Journal of Multiple Organ Diseases in the Elderly
– volume: 17
  start-page: 169
  year: 1994
  ident: ref441
  article-title: Insulin antibody responses after long-term intraperitoneal insulin administration via implantable programmable insulin delivery systems
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.17.3.169
– volume: 36
  start-page: e22
  year: 2013
  ident: ref1371
  article-title: Repeated hypoglycemia caused by the overproduction of anti-insulin antibodies and isolated ACTH deficiency in a type 2 diabetic patient receiving insulin therapy.
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/dc12-1565
– volume: 39
  start-page: 143
  year: 2000
  ident: ref1431
  article-title: Antibody-mediated insulin resistance treated by cessation of insulin administration
  publication-title: Internal Medicine
  doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.39.143
– volume: 96
  start-page: 1022
  year: 1980
  ident: ref261
  article-title: Serological analysis of human IgG and IgE anti-insulin antibodies by solid-phase radioimmunoassays
  publication-title: Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
– volume: 27
  start-page: 307
  year: 1978
  ident: ref931
  article-title: Immunologic insulin resistance
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/diab.27.3.307
– volume: 44
  start-page: 100
  year: 2005
  ident: ref331
  article-title: A trial to assess the amount of insulin antibodies in diabetic patients by surface plasmon resonance
  publication-title: Internal Medicine
  doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.44.100
– volume: 205
  start-page: 231
  year: 1976
  ident: ref971
  article-title: Clinical significance of anti-insulin-antibodies
  publication-title: Acta Endocrinologica Supplementum
– volume: 6
  start-page: 47
  year: 2010
  ident: ref471
  article-title: Inhaled insulin: overview of a novel route of insulin administration
  publication-title: Vascular Health and Risk Management
– start-page: 200984
  ident: ref51
  article-title: Characteristics of the antibodies of two patients who developed daytime hyperglycemia and morning hypoglycemia because of insulin antibodies and https org
  publication-title: Diabetes Research Clinical Practice
  doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.02.007
– volume: 63
  start-page: 703
  year: 1977
  ident: ref151
  article-title: Insulin antibodies in the pathogenesis of insulin allergy and resistance
  publication-title: American Journal of Medicine
  doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(77)90155-3
– volume: 89
  start-page: 2852
  year: 2004
  ident: ref1451
  article-title: The relationship of fasting serum radioimmune insulin levels to incident coronary heart disease in an insulin-treated diabetic cohort
  publication-title: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
  doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031822
– volume: 119
  start-page: S18
  year: 2009
  ident: ref1571
  article-title: Treatment of hypoglycemia with intramuscular immunoglobulin in insulin dependent-diabetics with insulin antibodies
  publication-title: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
– volume: 215
  start-page: 1106
  year: 1971
  ident: ref291
  article-title: Allergic reactions to insulin
  publication-title: JAMA
  doi: 10.1001/jama.1971.03180200030006
– volume: 5
  start-page: 175
  year: 1982
  ident: ref1511
  article-title: Successful treatment of immune-mediated insulin resistance by human insulin (recombinant DNA)
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.5.2.S175
– volume: 6
  start-page: 43
  year: 1983
  ident: ref21
  article-title: Immunogenicity of human insulin (Novo) or pork monocomponent insulin in HLA-DR-typed insulin-dependent diabetic individuals
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
– volume: 17
  start-page: 169
  year: 1994
  ident: ref1231
  article-title: Insulin antibody responses after long-term intraperitoneal insulin administration via implantable programmable insulin delivery systems
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.17.3.169
– volume: 23
  start-page: 157
  year: 2000
  ident: ref411
  article-title: Efficacy and safety of HOE 901 versus NPH insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. The European Study Group of HOE 901 in type 1 diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.23.2.157
– volume: 41
  start-page: 191A
  year: 1992
  ident: ref591
  article-title: Does age at initiation of insulin therapy determine who will develop an immune response.
  publication-title: Diabetes
– start-page: 5
  ident: ref1311
  article-title: Two - year efficacy and safety of AIR inhaled insulin in patients with type diabetes an open - label randomized controlled trial Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics Supplement https org
  doi: 20091110.1089/dia.2009.0040
– volume: 23
  start-page: 157
  year: 2000
  ident: ref1201
  article-title: Efficacy and safety of HOE 901 versus NPH insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. The European Study Group of HOE 901 in type 1 diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.23.2.157
– volume: 41
  start-page: 191A
  year: 1992
  ident: ref1381
  article-title: Does age at initiation of insulin therapy determine who will develop an immune response.
  publication-title: Diabetes
– volume: 111
  start-page: 92
  year: 1999
  ident: ref321
  article-title: Insulin autoantibodies and insulin antibodies have similar binding characteristics
  publication-title: Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians
  doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.09114.x
– volume: 14
  start-page: 237
  year: 2010
  ident: ref61
  article-title: Frequent reoccurrence of hypoglycemia in a type 2 diabetic patient with insulin antibodies
  publication-title: Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy
  doi: 10.1007/BF03256379
– volume: 25
  start-page: 491
  year: 2009
  ident: ref1251
  article-title: Circulating insulin antibodies: influence of continuous subcutaneous or intraperitoneal insulin infusion, and impact on glucose control
  publication-title: Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews
  doi: 10.1002/dmrr.961
– volume: 25
  start-page: 465
  year: 1983
  ident: ref31
  article-title: Immunogenicity of recombinant DNA human insulin
  publication-title: Diabetologia
– start-page: 5
  ident: ref521
  article-title: Two - year efficacy and safety of AIR inhaled insulin in patients with type diabetes an open - label randomized controlled trial Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics Supplement https org
  doi: 20091110.1089/dia.2009.0040
– volume: 109
  start-page: 141
  year: 1987
  ident: ref221
  article-title: Specificity of immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin G against human (recombinant DNA) insulin in human insulin allergy and resistance
  publication-title: Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
– volume: 329
  start-page: 259
  year: 2005
  ident: ref161
  article-title: Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia due to insulin antibodies against therapeutic human insulin: treatment with double filtration plasmapheresis and prednisolone
  publication-title: American Journal of the Medical Sciences
  doi: 10.1097/00000441-200505000-00007
– volume: 313
  start-page: 2176
  year: 2015
  ident: ref531
  article-title: An inhaled insulin (Afrezza)
  publication-title: JAMA
  doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.5634
– volume: 27
  start-page: 592
  year: 1984
  ident: ref1501
  article-title: Disappearance rate of insulin antibodies after discontinuing insulin treatment in 42 type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients
  publication-title: Diabetologia
  doi: 10.1007/BF00276974
– volume: 215
  start-page: 1106
  year: 1971
  ident: ref1081
  article-title: Allergic reactions to insulin
  publication-title: JAMA
  doi: 10.1001/jama.1971.03180200030006
– volume: 6
  start-page: 507
  year: 1966
  ident: ref201
  article-title: Evidence for the existence of an IgM immuno-globulin to insulin
  publication-title: Irish Journal of Medical Science
– volume: 47
  start-page: 131
  year: 2010
  ident: ref1141
  article-title: Animal insulin therapy induces a biased insulin antibody response that persists for years after introduction of human insulin
  publication-title: Acta Diabetologica
  doi: 10.1007/s00592-009-0135-2
– volume: 64
  start-page: 459
  year: 1990
  ident: ref251
  article-title: Insulin allergy: re-evaluation after two decades
  publication-title: Annals of Allergy
– volume: 10
  start-page: 330
  year: 1987
  ident: ref1071
  article-title: Evaluation of patients with local reactions to insulin with skin tests and in vitro techniques
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.10.3.330
– volume: 26
  start-page: 89
  year: 2003
  ident: ref381
  article-title: Effect of long-term exposure to insulin lispro on the induction of antibody response in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.1.89
– volume: 39
  start-page: 143
  year: 2000
  ident: ref641
  article-title: Antibody-mediated insulin resistance treated by cessation of insulin administration
  publication-title: Internal Medicine
  doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.39.143
– volume: 27
  start-page: 2363
  year: 2004
  ident: ref1161
  article-title: Insulin glulisine provides improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.10.2363
– volume: 12
  start-page: 78
  year: 2011
  ident: ref1191
  article-title: Immunogenicity of different brands of human insulin and rapid-acting insulin analogs in insulin-naive children with type 1 diabetes
  publication-title: Pediatric Diabetes
  doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00659.x
– volume: 35
  start-page: 86
  year: 2016
  ident: ref891
  article-title: Medical nutrition therapy is effective in the management of hypoglycemia caused by insulin antibodies: a case report and literature review.
  publication-title: Journal of the American College of Nutrition
  doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.976673
– volume: 25
  start-page: 876
  year: 2002
  ident: ref1181
  article-title: Immune responses to insulin aspart and biphasic insulin aspart in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.5.876
– volume: 36
  start-page: 1
  year: 1987
  ident: ref421
  article-title: Increase in insulin antibodies during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple-injection therapy in contrast to conventional treatment
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/diab.36.1.1
– volume: 25
  start-page: 876
  year: 2002
  ident: ref391
  article-title: Immune responses to insulin aspart and biphasic insulin aspart in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.5.876
– volume: 55
  ident: ref1361
  article-title: Combination therapy with liraglutide and sulfonylurea for a type diabetic patient with high titer of anti - insulin antibodies produced by insulin therapy and https org
  publication-title: Diabetes Research Clinical Practice
  doi: 20129610.1016/j.diabres.2011.12.024
– volume: 119
  start-page: S18
  year: 2009
  ident: ref781
  article-title: Treatment of hypoglycemia with intramuscular immunoglobulin in insulin dependent-diabetics with insulin antibodies
  publication-title: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
– volume: 7
  start-page: 9081
  year: 2013
  ident: ref1461
  article-title: Study about the immunogenicity of recombinant human insulin in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
  publication-title: Chinese Journal of Clinicians
– volume: 27
  start-page: 162
  year: 2004
  ident: ref1291
  article-title: Intensive therapy with inhaled insulin via the AERx insulin diabetes management system: a 12-week proof-of-concept trial in patients with type 2 diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.1.162
– volume: 10
  start-page: 330
  year: 1987
  ident: ref281
  article-title: Evaluation of patients with local reactions to insulin with skin tests and in vitro techniques
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.10.3.330
– volume: 7
  start-page: 277
  year: 1989
  ident: ref691
  article-title: Influence of maternal metabolic control and insulin antibodies on neonatal complications and B cell function in infants of diabetic mothers
  publication-title: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
  doi: 10.1016/0168-8227(89)90016-8
– volume: 182
  start-page: 163
  year: 1997
  ident: ref741
  article-title: A case of a non-insulin dependent diabetic patient with regular spontaneous hypoglycemic attacks, which were due to insulin-binding antibodies induced by human insulin therapy
  publication-title: Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
  doi: 10.1620/tjem.182.163
– volume: 55
  ident: ref571
  article-title: Combination therapy with liraglutide and sulfonylurea for a type diabetic patient with high titer of anti - insulin antibodies produced by insulin therapy and https org
  publication-title: Diabetes Research Clinical Practice
  doi: 20129610.1016/j.diabres.2011.12.024
– volume: 25
  start-page: 491
  year: 2009
  ident: ref461
  article-title: Circulating insulin antibodies: influence of continuous subcutaneous or intraperitoneal insulin infusion, and impact on glucose control
  publication-title: Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews
  doi: 10.1002/dmrr.961
– volume: 11
  start-page: 645
  year: 2012
  ident: ref601
  article-title: The difference of blood glucose fluctuation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with positive and negative insulin autoantibodies
  publication-title: Chinese Journal of Multiple Organ Diseases in the Elderly
– volume: 53
  ident: ref861
  article-title: Insulin glulisine may ameliorate nocturnal hypoglycemia related to insulin antibody a case report and discussion https org
  publication-title: Diabetes Research Clinical Practice
  doi: 20119410.1016/j.diabres.2011.04.001
– volume: 31
  start-page: 53
  year: 2010
  ident: ref361
  article-title: Immunological mechanism underlying the immune response to recombinant human protein therapeutics
  publication-title: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
  doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.11.001
– volume: 28
  start-page: 2161
  year: 2005
  ident: ref1271
  article-title: The effect of insulin antibodies on the metabolic action of inhaled and subcutaneous insulin: a prospective randomized pharmacodynamic study
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.9.2161
– volume: 116
  start-page: 293
  year: 2008
  ident: ref1471
  article-title: Insulin binding to antibodies is a risk factor for inexplicable severe hypoglycaemia in children with type-1 diabetes mellitus
  publication-title: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes
  doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1004565
– volume: 31
  start-page: 716
  year: 1982
  ident: ref1331
  article-title: The immune response to insulin in man. Interaction of HLA alloantigens and the development of the immune response
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/diab.31.8.716
– volume: 57
  start-page: 443
  year: 1984
  ident: ref551
  article-title: HLA phenotype and insulin antibody production
  publication-title: Clinical and Experimental Immunology
– volume: 36
  start-page: 1
  year: 1987
  ident: ref1211
  article-title: Increase in insulin antibodies during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple-injection therapy in contrast to conventional treatment
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/diab.36.1.1
– volume: 6
  start-page: 285
  year: 1997
  ident: ref171
  article-title: Insulin antibodies and hypoglycemia in diabetic patients. Can a quantitative analysis of antibody binding predict the risk of hypoglycemia?
  publication-title: Endocrine
  doi: 10.1007/BF02820505
– volume: 2015
  start-page: 746271
  year: 2015
  ident: ref111
  article-title: Immunological hypoglycemia associated with insulin antibodies induced by exogenous insulin in 11 Chinese patients with diabetes
  publication-title: Journal of Diabetes Research
– volume: 76
  start-page: 694
  year: 2015
  ident: ref91
  article-title: Insulin antibodies in patients with type 2 diabetic receiving recombinant human insulin injection: a report of 12 cases.
  publication-title: Annales d’Endocrinologie
  doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.10.004
– volume: 20
  start-page: 71
  year: 1997
  ident: ref921
  article-title: Severe antibody-mediated human insulin resistance: successful treatment with the insulin analog lispro. A case report
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.20.1.71
– volume: 12
  start-page: 78
  year: 2011
  ident: ref401
  article-title: Immunogenicity of different brands of human insulin and rapid-acting insulin analogs in insulin-naive children with type 1 diabetes
  publication-title: Pediatric Diabetes
  doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00659.x
– volume: 86
  start-page: 45
  year: 1990
  ident: ref1411
  article-title: Resistance and allergy to recombinant human insulin
  publication-title: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
  doi: 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80122-8
– volume: 433
  start-page: 135
  year: 2014
  ident: ref81
  article-title: Development of insulin antibodies and changes in titers over a long-term period in patients with type 2 diabetes
  publication-title: Clinica Chimica Acta
  doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.03.008
– start-page: 200984
  ident: ref841
  article-title: Characteristics of the antibodies of two patients who developed daytime hyperglycemia and morning hypoglycemia because of insulin antibodies and https org
  publication-title: Diabetes Research Clinical Practice
  doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.02.007
– volume: 116
  start-page: 293
  year: 2008
  ident: ref681
  article-title: Insulin binding to antibodies is a risk factor for inexplicable severe hypoglycaemia in children with type-1 diabetes mellitus
  publication-title: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes
  doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1004565
– volume: 25
  start-page: 465
  year: 1983
  ident: ref821
  article-title: Immunogenicity of recombinant DNA human insulin
  publication-title: Diabetologia
– volume: 90
  start-page: 3287
  year: 2005
  ident: ref981
  article-title: Antibody response to inhaled insulin in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. An analysis of initial phase II and III inhaled insulin (Exubera) trials and a two-year extension trial
  publication-title: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
  doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-2229
– volume: 106
  start-page: 1112
  year: 1971
  ident: ref211
  article-title: Human anti-insulin antibodies
  publication-title: Journal of Immunology
  doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.106.4.1112
– volume: 34
  start-page: e108
  year: 2011
  ident: ref731
  article-title: Diabetic ketosis caused by the insulin analog aspart-induced anti-insulin antibody: successful treatment with the newest insulin analog glulisine.
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/dc11-0326
– volume: 173
  start-page: 1194
  year: 2006
  ident: ref491
  article-title: Dissociation of lung function changes with humoral immunity during inhaled human insulin therapy
  publication-title: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
  doi: 10.1164/rccm.200512-1861OC
– volume: 25
  start-page: 84
  year: 2002
  ident: ref1241
  article-title: Comparison of antigenicity of Hoechst 21PH insulin using either implantable intraperitoneal pump or subcutaneous external pump infusion in type 1 diabetic patients
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.1.84
– volume: 64
  start-page: 459
  year: 1990
  ident: ref1041
  article-title: Insulin allergy: re-evaluation after two decades
  publication-title: Annals of Allergy
– volume: 86
  start-page: 45
  year: 1990
  ident: ref621
  article-title: Resistance and allergy to recombinant human insulin
  publication-title: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
  doi: 10.1016/S0091-6749(05)80122-8
– volume: 313
  start-page: 2176
  year: 2015
  ident: ref1321
  article-title: An inhaled insulin (Afrezza)
  publication-title: JAMA
  doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.5634
– volume: 33
  start-page: 966
  year: 1984
  ident: ref561
  article-title: The antibody response to insulin therapy. A prospective study in HLA-typed insulin-dependent diabetic subjects
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/diab.33.10.966
– volume: 16
  start-page: 115
  year: 1990
  ident: ref1491
  article-title: The effects of insulin antibodies during diabetic pregnancy on newborn infants
  publication-title: Asia-Oceania Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.1990.tb00012.x
– volume: 28
  start-page: 625
  year: 2007
  ident: ref791
  article-title: Immunological responses to exogenous insulin
  publication-title: Endocrine Reviews
  doi: 10.1210/er.2007-0002
– volume: 8
  start-page: e84099
  year: 2013
  ident: ref1131
  article-title: Characterization of insulin antibodies by Surface Plasmon Resonance in two clinical cases: brittle diabetes and insulin autoimmune syndrome.
  publication-title: PLoS ONE
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084099
– volume: 31
  start-page: 694
  year: 1988
  ident: ref1091
  article-title: Advantages and pitfalls of radioimmune and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays of insulin antibodies
  publication-title: Diabetologia
  doi: 10.1007/BF00278754
– volume: 182
  start-page: 163
  year: 1997
  ident: ref1531
  article-title: A case of a non-insulin dependent diabetic patient with regular spontaneous hypoglycemic attacks, which were due to insulin-binding antibodies induced by human insulin therapy
  publication-title: Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
  doi: 10.1620/tjem.182.163
– volume: 45
  start-page: 1159
  year: 1977
  ident: ref231
  article-title: Anti-insulin IgE in diabetics
  publication-title: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
  doi: 10.1210/jcem-45-6-1159
– volume: 7
  start-page: 9081
  year: 2013
  ident: ref671
  article-title: Study about the immunogenicity of recombinant human insulin in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
  publication-title: Chinese Journal of Clinicians
– volume: 28
  start-page: 2161
  year: 2005
  ident: ref481
  article-title: The effect of insulin antibodies on the metabolic action of inhaled and subcutaneous insulin: a prospective randomized pharmacodynamic study
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.9.2161
– volume: 6
  start-page: 43
  year: 1983
  ident: ref811
  article-title: Immunogenicity of human insulin (Novo) or pork monocomponent insulin in HLA-DR-typed insulin-dependent diabetic individuals
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
– volume: 25
  start-page: 84
  year: 2002
  ident: ref451
  article-title: Comparison of antigenicity of Hoechst 21PH insulin using either implantable intraperitoneal pump or subcutaneous external pump infusion in type 1 diabetic patients
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.1.84
– volume: 205
  start-page: 231
  year: 1976
  ident: ref181
  article-title: Clinical significance of anti-insulin-antibodies
  publication-title: Acta Endocrinologica Supplementum
– volume: 150
  start-page: 245
  year: 1999
  ident: ref911
  article-title: Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS, Hirata disease)
  publication-title: Annales de Medecine Interne
– volume: 44
  start-page: 82
  year: 1969
  ident: ref241
  article-title: Immunotherapy with antigen E
  publication-title: Journal of Allergy
  doi: 10.1016/0021-8707(69)90004-5
– volume: 27
  start-page: 162
  year: 2004
  ident: ref501
  article-title: Intensive therapy with inhaled insulin via the AERx insulin diabetes management system: a 12-week proof-of-concept trial in patients with type 2 diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.1.162
– volume: 112
  start-page: 416
  year: 2004
  ident: ref1441
  article-title: Diagnostic algorithm and management of immune-mediated complications associated with subcutaneous insulin therapy
  publication-title: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes
  doi: 10.1055/s-2004-821186
– volume: 169
  start-page: 241
  year: 1994
  ident: ref1101
  article-title: Solid versus liquid phase assays in detection of insulin antibodies. Influence of iodination site on labelled insulin binding
  publication-title: Journal of Immunological Methods
  doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90268-2
– volume: 27
  start-page: 2363
  year: 2004
  ident: ref371
  article-title: Insulin glulisine provides improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.10.2363
– volume: 7
  start-page: 277
  year: 1989
  ident: ref1481
  article-title: Influence of maternal metabolic control and insulin antibodies on neonatal complications and B cell function in infants of diabetic mothers
  publication-title: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
  doi: 10.1016/0168-8227(89)90016-8
– volume: 8
  start-page: e84099
  year: 2013
  ident: ref341
  article-title: Characterization of insulin antibodies by Surface Plasmon Resonance in two clinical cases: brittle diabetes and insulin autoimmune syndrome.
  publication-title: PLoS ONE
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084099
– volume: 38
  start-page: 577
  year: 1995
  ident: ref431
  article-title: Immunogenicity of intraperitoneal insulin infusion using programmable implantable devices
  publication-title: Diabetologia
  doi: 10.1007/BF00400727
– volume: 43
  start-page: 236
  year: 2013
  ident: ref1401
  article-title: Hypoglycemia due to insulin binding antibodies in a patient with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and Graves’ disease
  publication-title: Endocrine
  doi: 10.1007/s12020-012-9721-0
– volume: 31
  start-page: 716
  year: 1982
  ident: ref541
  article-title: The immune response to insulin in man. Interaction of HLA alloantigens and the development of the immune response
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/diab.31.8.716
– volume: 35
  start-page: 170
  year: 1956
  ident: ref11
  article-title: Insulin-I131 metabolism in human subjects: demonstration of insulin binding globulin in the circulation of insulin treated subjects
  publication-title: Journal of Clinical Investigation
  doi: 10.1172/JCI103262
– volume: 27
  start-page: 96
  year: 1984
  ident: ref41
  article-title: Immunogenicity of monocomponent human and porcine insulin in newly diagnosed type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children.
  publication-title: Diabetologia
  doi: 10.1007/BF00275658
– volume: 173
  start-page: 1194
  year: 2006
  ident: ref1281
  article-title: Dissociation of lung function changes with humoral immunity during inhaled human insulin therapy
  publication-title: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
  doi: 10.1164/rccm.200512-1861OC
– volume: 329
  start-page: 259
  year: 2005
  ident: ref951
  article-title: Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia due to insulin antibodies against therapeutic human insulin: treatment with double filtration plasmapheresis and prednisolone
  publication-title: American Journal of the Medical Sciences
  doi: 10.1097/00000441-200505000-00007
– volume: 26
  start-page: 79
  year: 2009
  ident: ref771
  article-title: Severe insulin resistance due to anti-insulin antibodies: response to plasma exchange and immunosuppressive therapy
  publication-title: Diabetic Medicine
  doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02621.x
– volume: 6
  start-page: 47
  year: 2010
  ident: ref1261
  article-title: Inhaled insulin: overview of a novel route of insulin administration
  publication-title: Vascular Health and Risk Management
– volume: 27
  start-page: 592
  year: 1984
  ident: ref711
  article-title: Disappearance rate of insulin antibodies after discontinuing insulin treatment in 42 type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients
  publication-title: Diabetologia
  doi: 10.1007/BF00276974
– volume: 53
  ident: ref71
  article-title: Insulin glulisine may ameliorate nocturnal hypoglycemia related to insulin antibody a case report and discussion https org
  publication-title: Diabetes Research Clinical Practice
  doi: 20119410.1016/j.diabres.2011.04.001
– volume: 35
  start-page: 86
  year: 2016
  ident: ref101
  article-title: Medical nutrition therapy is effective in the management of hypoglycemia caused by insulin antibodies: a case report and literature review.
  publication-title: Journal of the American College of Nutrition
  doi: 10.1080/07315724.2014.976673
– volume: 38
  start-page: 577
  year: 1995
  ident: ref1221
  article-title: Immunogenicity of intraperitoneal insulin infusion using programmable implantable devices
  publication-title: Diabetologia
  doi: 10.1007/BF00400727
– volume: 35
  start-page: 170
  year: 1956
  ident: ref801
  article-title: Insulin-I131 metabolism in human subjects: demonstration of insulin binding globulin in the circulation of insulin treated subjects
  publication-title: Journal of Clinical Investigation
  doi: 10.1172/JCI103262
– volume: 96
  start-page: 1022
  year: 1980
  ident: ref1051
  article-title: Serological analysis of human IgG and IgE anti-insulin antibodies by solid-phase radioimmunoassays
  publication-title: Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
– volume: 12
  start-page: 35
  ident: ref1301
  article-title: Safety and efficacy of AIR inhaled insulin compared with subcutaneous insulin in patients having diabetes and asthma a month randomized noninferiority trial Technology and Therapeutics Supplement https org
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 20091110.1089/dia.2009.0054
– volume: 44
  start-page: 100
  year: 2005
  ident: ref1121
  article-title: A trial to assess the amount of insulin antibodies in diabetic patients by surface plasmon resonance
  publication-title: Internal Medicine
  doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.44.100
– volume: 57
  start-page: 443
  year: 1984
  ident: ref1341
  article-title: HLA phenotype and insulin antibody production
  publication-title: Clinical and Experimental Immunology
– volume: 72
  start-page: 238
  year: 2006
  ident: ref1541
  article-title: A case of slowly progressive type 1 diabetes with unstable glycemic control caused by unusual insulin antibody and successfully treated with steroid therapy
  publication-title: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
  doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2005.10.018
– volume: 90
  start-page: 3287
  year: 2005
  ident: ref191
  article-title: Antibody response to inhaled insulin in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. An analysis of initial phase II and III inhaled insulin (Exubera) trials and a two-year extension trial
  publication-title: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
  doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-2229
– volume: 5
  start-page: 175
  year: 1982
  ident: ref721
  article-title: Successful treatment of immune-mediated insulin resistance by human insulin (recombinant DNA)
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.5.2.S175
– volume: 34
  start-page: e108
  year: 2011
  ident: ref1521
  article-title: Diabetic ketosis caused by the insulin analog aspart-induced anti-insulin antibody: successful treatment with the newest insulin analog glulisine.
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/dc11-0326
– volume: 31
  start-page: 694
  year: 1988
  ident: ref301
  article-title: Advantages and pitfalls of radioimmune and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays of insulin antibodies
  publication-title: Diabetologia
  doi: 10.1007/BF00278754
– volume: 20
  start-page: 71
  year: 1997
  ident: ref131
  article-title: Severe antibody-mediated human insulin resistance: successful treatment with the insulin analog lispro. A case report
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.20.1.71
– volume: 45
  start-page: 1225
  year: 2006
  ident: ref1551
  article-title: Acute liver dysfunction complicated with uncontrollable glycemia due to insulin antibody: successful treatment with glucocorticoid and lispro insulin
  publication-title: Internal Medicine
  doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.45.6009
– volume: 63
  start-page: 703
  year: 1977
  ident: ref941
  article-title: Insulin antibodies in the pathogenesis of insulin allergy and resistance
  publication-title: American Journal of Medicine
  doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(77)90155-3
– volume: 44
  start-page: 82
  year: 1969
  ident: ref1031
  article-title: Immunotherapy with antigen E
  publication-title: Journal of Allergy
  doi: 10.1016/0021-8707(69)90004-5
– volume: 4
  start-page: 189
  year: 1986
  ident: ref271
  article-title: Insulin allergy
  publication-title: Clinical Reviews in Allergy
  doi: 10.1007/BF02991108
– volume: 150
  start-page: 245
  year: 1999
  ident: ref121
  article-title: Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS, Hirata disease)
  publication-title: Annales de Medecine Interne
– volume: 169
  start-page: 241
  year: 1994
  ident: ref311
  article-title: Solid versus liquid phase assays in detection of insulin antibodies. Influence of iodination site on labelled insulin binding
  publication-title: Journal of Immunological Methods
  doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90268-2
– volume: 12
  start-page: 35
  ident: ref511
  article-title: Safety and efficacy of AIR inhaled insulin compared with subcutaneous insulin in patients having diabetes and asthma a month randomized noninferiority trial Technology and Therapeutics Supplement https org
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 20091110.1089/dia.2009.0054
– volume: 6
  start-page: 507
  year: 1966
  ident: ref991
  article-title: Evidence for the existence of an IgM immuno-globulin to insulin
  publication-title: Irish Journal of Medical Science
– volume: 28
  start-page: 625
  year: 2007
  ident: ref01
  article-title: Immunological responses to exogenous insulin
  publication-title: Endocrine Reviews
  doi: 10.1210/er.2007-0002
– volume: 2015
  start-page: 746271
  year: 2015
  ident: ref901
  article-title: Immunological hypoglycemia associated with insulin antibodies induced by exogenous insulin in 11 Chinese patients with diabetes
  publication-title: Journal of Diabetes Research
– volume: 111
  start-page: 92
  year: 1999
  ident: ref1111
  article-title: Insulin autoantibodies and insulin antibodies have similar binding characteristics
  publication-title: Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians
  doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1381.1999.09114.x
– volume: 4
  start-page: 189
  year: 1986
  ident: ref1061
  article-title: Insulin allergy
  publication-title: Clinical Reviews in Allergy
  doi: 10.1007/BF02991108
– volume: 16
  start-page: 115
  year: 1990
  ident: ref701
  article-title: The effects of insulin antibodies during diabetic pregnancy on newborn infants
  publication-title: Asia-Oceania Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
  doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.1990.tb00012.x
– volume: 43
  start-page: 236
  year: 2013
  ident: ref611
  article-title: Hypoglycemia due to insulin binding antibodies in a patient with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and Graves’ disease
  publication-title: Endocrine
  doi: 10.1007/s12020-012-9721-0
– volume: 14
  start-page: 237
  year: 2010
  ident: ref851
  article-title: Frequent reoccurrence of hypoglycemia in a type 2 diabetic patient with insulin antibodies
  publication-title: Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy
  doi: 10.1007/BF03256379
– volume: 27
  start-page: 307
  year: 1978
  ident: ref141
  article-title: Immunologic insulin resistance
  publication-title: Diabetes
  doi: 10.2337/diab.27.3.307
– volume: 45
  start-page: 1159
  year: 1977
  ident: ref1021
  article-title: Anti-insulin IgE in diabetics
  publication-title: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
  doi: 10.1210/jcem-45-6-1159
– volume: 47
  start-page: 131
  year: 2010
  ident: ref351
  article-title: Animal insulin therapy induces a biased insulin antibody response that persists for years after introduction of human insulin
  publication-title: Acta Diabetologica
  doi: 10.1007/s00592-009-0135-2
– volume: 31
  start-page: 53
  year: 2010
  ident: ref1151
  article-title: Immunological mechanism underlying the immune response to recombinant human protein therapeutics
  publication-title: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
  doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.11.001
– volume: 76
  start-page: 694
  year: 2015
  ident: ref881
  article-title: Insulin antibodies in patients with type 2 diabetic receiving recombinant human insulin injection: a report of 12 cases.
  publication-title: Annales d’Endocrinologie
  doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.10.004
– volume: 89
  start-page: 2852
  year: 2004
  ident: ref661
  article-title: The relationship of fasting serum radioimmune insulin levels to incident coronary heart disease in an insulin-treated diabetic cohort
  publication-title: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
  doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-031822
– volume: 106
  start-page: 1112
  year: 1971
  ident: ref1001
  article-title: Human anti-insulin antibodies
  publication-title: Journal of Immunology
  doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.106.4.1112
– volume: 26
  start-page: 89
  year: 2003
  ident: ref1171
  article-title: Effect of long-term exposure to insulin lispro on the induction of antibody response in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes
  publication-title: Diabetes Care
  doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.1.89
– volume: 61
  start-page: 89
  year: 2003
  ident: ref631
  article-title: Insulin lispro reduces insulin antibodies in a patient with type 2 diabetes with immunological insulin resistance
  publication-title: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
  doi: 10.1016/S0168-8227(03)00105-0
– volume: 45
  start-page: 1225
  year: 2006
  ident: ref761
  article-title: Acute liver dysfunction complicated with uncontrollable glycemia due to insulin antibody: successful treatment with glucocorticoid and lispro insulin
  publication-title: Internal Medicine
  doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.45.6009
SSID ssj0000816830
Score 2.2911406
SecondaryResourceType review_article
Snippet Insulin has been used for diabetes therapy and has achieved significant therapeutic effect. In recent years, the use of purified and recombinant human insulin...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
pubmed
crossref
bioscientifica
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
Enrichment Source
Publisher
StartPage R47
SubjectTerms diabetes
exogenous insulin antibody syndrome
hyperglycaemia
hypoglycaemia
insulin antibodies
Review
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: Scholars Portal Journals: Open Access
  dbid: M48
  link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Nb9QwEB2VcgGpFVCgy5eMQIgeUhI7GydICC2rVAWpXGCl3ix_tiuVLGy3UveHcOe38MsYO85CyooTUk7JJLE8Y88bx3kP4DkmDV1wa5JMpRwLFK4SySRNNFOuKhw1hfN_Ix99LA4n-Yfj4fEGdPqdsQPP15Z2Xk9qMj_bv_y2fIsD_k1Q72Hpq3qc4FTrvxVcg-uYkbiXcDiKMD_MyF5cIsiOUATECcOUFJlK-7ffhC01bTkkw0adfrIKnP7rgOjV_ZR_JKiDW7AdkSUZtaFwGzZscwd2Rg1W1V-W5AUJez3DIvoOfK8vZy07K4mb0Qn28FTNzJJ0HAbkZf1-9GnvNZE_f3T_T_6-KKNbrSF-KffqY7D-xlMG48YQtST2r9fh0S77TjWJ3K7nd2FyUH8eHyZRoCFReTlcJEyVxmDFY3KrrXbaGE0Lq1MbhAKNkzS11JnK4SRW8kqqVElrqzxTmtOhZOwebDazxu4CkWmqHWIHWVqeK-PQnEqmdaBcy7gZwF7fNeJry8YhfBWDbhT1WGRceDeibec1oSPTuRfcOFtr-2xl-68nvvPOX1l4Tu5wYjY_EXGIC6okT_OsyiuFMM1g5zjKFc-sprk0tBjA0y50BI5h_2FGNha7XmSICbFM5hkbwP02lFavoojAPYviAHgvyHpt6V9ppqeBJ3zIuRd1ffA_Gv8QbiBULNvFp0ewuZhf2McIxxbqSRhrvwCRwjgy
  priority: 102
  providerName: Scholars Portal
Title Exogenous insulin antibody syndrome (EIAS): a clinical syndrome associated with insulin antibodies induced by exogenous insulin in diabetic patients
URI http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0309
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29233817
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1976448713
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC5776673
https://doaj.org/article/2ba7041949b741d3b8f27b71ec24ad26
Volume 7
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lb9QwELZQT1RqBZS2y0uuilB7iJrYSZxwW1bpA6lcaKW9WbbHVleCLIJFYn8Id34Lv4yxnV02S9VekCIfnFHseCaeR8bfEPIalYYphYUk06lAB0XoRHHFEsO1q0vHoHT-NPLlh_L8On8_LsYrpb58TliEB44Ld8K0EmmOrnatUfkB15VjQovMGpYrYAFsG3XeijMV9mBfTiIUGmFoAicclVCHTVrw9KQZJbg3-58Lm2RLTyJqZEjN6aungOJ_m-m5nkG5opJOH5Htzpakw_gOj8kD2z4hO8MW_ejPc_qGhuzOEDbfIT-bH9OIx0q79HOKazrRU5jTBWoBPWouhh-P31L1-9fixOTfm6pjpAXqg7frj0GPG7sAJQWonlP7z3B4xUDvxNAOzfXbU3J92lyNzpOuJEOi86qYJbj8AOjjQG6NNc4AGFZak9pQGhCcYqllDmqH21YlaqVTrayt80wbwQrF-S7ZaKet3SdUpalxaC2oyopcg0NyprgxAWQtEzAgx33WyC8Rf0N6vwXZKJuRzIT0bETaBdek6bDNfYmNT7fSHi5p73riO8_8JYVH4Q4dKJuyk015n2wOyMFCdCR-tf5XjGotLr3M0ApEx1hkfED2oigth2Joc3vcxAERPSHrzaV_p53cBGTwQghfxvXZ_5j8c_IQjcMqhptekI3Z1-_2JRpgM_0qfGvYno0zbC_z6g8hODPm
linkProvider Directory of Open Access Journals
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exogenous+insulin+antibody+syndrome+%28EIAS%29%3A+a%C2%A0clinical+syndrome+associated+with+insulin+antibodies+induced+by+exogenous+insulin+in+diabetic+patients&rft.jtitle=Endocrine+Connections&rft.au=Xiaolei%C2%A0Hu&rft.au=Fengling%C2%A0Chen&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.pub=Bioscientifica&rft.issn=2049-3614&rft.eissn=2049-3614&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=47&rft.epage=55&rft_id=info:doi/10.1530%2FEC-17-0309&rft.externalDBID=DOA&rft.externalDocID=oai_doaj_org_article_2ba7041949b741d3b8f27b71ec24ad26
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2049-3614&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2049-3614&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2049-3614&client=summon