Conserving Large Oaks and Recruitment Potential while Restoring Midwestern Savanna and Woodland
Restoring Midwestern oak savannas and woodlands over the long term requires balancing mortality of large oaks with recruitment of oaks into large size classes. At restoration sites in northwestern Ohio, we tracked survival of large oak trees (≥20 cm in stem diameter) and recruitment between 2002 and...
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Published in | The American midland naturalist Vol. 177; no. 2; pp. 309 - 317 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Notre Dame
American Midland Naturalist
01.04.2017
University of Notre Dame University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences |
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Abstract | Restoring Midwestern oak savannas and woodlands over the long term requires balancing mortality of large oaks with recruitment of oaks into large size classes. At restoration sites in northwestern Ohio, we tracked survival of large oak trees (≥20 cm in stem diameter) and recruitment between 2002 and 2015 after initial tree thinning and prescribed burning treatments. The 24 study sites spanned a gradient of canopy cover from unrestored forests to restored woodlands and savannas. Of 141 large black oak (Quercus velutina) and white oak (Quercus alba) trees alive in 2002, 79% were alive 14 y later. Large oak survival varied among vegetation types, with restored savannas not losing a single tree, compared with 18% mortality in unrestored forests and 28% mortality in restored woodlands. At least some mortality in the woodlands was associated with a tornado that damaged two sites. Diameter distributions changed over the 14 y in all three vegetation types. Unrestored forests shifted toward proportionally greater large and fewer small diameter oaks. Meanwhile, restored woodlands, despite having the highest mortality of large oaks, still exceeded, via recruitment of new large oaks, the reconstructed pre-Euro-American-settlement tree density. Restored woodlands and savannas exhibited four-fold increases in oak recruitment potential (saplings 1 to 10 cm in diameter) between 2002 and 2015. Ecological restoration processes have been compatible with conserving large oaks and sustaining oak recruitment potential. |
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AbstractList | Restoring Midwestern oak savannas and woodlands over the long term requires balancing mortality of large oaks with recruitment of oaks into large size classes. At restoration sites in northwestern Ohio, we tracked survival of large oak trees (≥20 cm in stem diameter) and recruitment between 2002 and 2015 after initial tree thinning and prescribed burning treatments. The 24 study sites spanned a gradient of canopy cover from unrestored forests to restored woodlands and savannas. Of 141 large black oak (Quercus velutina) and white oak (Quercus alba) trees alive in 2002, 79% were alive 14 y later. Large oak survival varied among vegetation types, with restored savannas not losing a single tree, compared with 18% mortality in unrestored forests and 28% mortality in restored woodlands. At least some mortality in the woodlands was associated with a tornado that damaged two sites. Diameter distributions changed over the 14 y in all three vegetation types. Unrestored forests shifted toward proportionally greater large and fewer small diameter oaks. Meanwhile, restored woodlands, despite having the highest mortality of large oaks, still exceeded, via recruitment of new large oaks, the reconstructed pre-Euro-American-settlement tree density. Restored woodlands and savannas exhibited four-fold increases in oak recruitment potential (saplings 1 to 10 cm in diameter) between 2002 and 2015. Ecological restoration processes have been compatible with conserving large oaks and sustaining oak recruitment potential. Restoring Midwestern oak savannas and woodlands over the long term requires balancing mortality of large oaks with recruitment of oaks into large size classes. At restoration sites in northwestern Ohio, we tracked survival of large oak trees ([greater than or equal to] 20 cm in stem diameter) and recruitment between 2002 and 2015 after initial tree thinning and prescribed burning treatments. The 24 study sites spanned a gradient of canopy cover from unrestored forests to restored woodlands and savannas. Of 141 large black oak (Quercus velutina) and white oak (Quercus alba) trees alive in 2002, 79% were alive 14 y later. Large oak survival varied among vegetation types, with restored savannas not losing a single tree, compared with 18% mortality in unrestored forests and 28% mortality in restored woodlands. At least some mortality in the woodlands was associated with a tornado that damaged two sites. Diameter distributions changed over the 14 y in all three vegetation types. Unrestored forests shifted toward proportionally greater large and fewer small diameter oaks. Meanwhile, restored woodlands, despite having the highest mortality of large oaks, still exceeded, via recruitment of new large oaks, the reconstructed pre-Euro-American-settlement tree density. Restored woodlands and savannas exhibited four-fold increases in oak recruitment potential (saplings 1 to 10 cm in diameter) between 2002 and 2015. Ecological restoration processes have been compatible with conserving large oaks and sustaining oak recruitment potential. |
Audience | Academic |
Author | Abella, Scott R Schetter, Timothy A Sprow, Larae A Gallaher, Timothy Ziegler, Emily D Jaeger, John F Menard, Karen S Walters, Timothy L |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Scott R surname: Abella fullname: Abella, Scott R organization: School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4004 and Natural Resource Conservation LLC, 1400 Colorado Street, Boulder City, Nevada 89005 – sequence: 2 givenname: Timothy A surname: Schetter fullname: Schetter, Timothy A organization: Metroparks of the Toledo Area, 5100 West Central Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43615 – sequence: 3 givenname: Karen S surname: Menard fullname: Menard, Karen S organization: Metroparks of the Toledo Area, 5100 West Central Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43615 – sequence: 4 givenname: Emily D surname: Ziegler fullname: Ziegler, Emily D organization: Metroparks of the Toledo Area, 5100 West Central Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43615 – sequence: 5 givenname: Larae A surname: Sprow fullname: Sprow, Larae A organization: Metroparks of the Toledo Area, 5100 West Central Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43615 – sequence: 6 givenname: Timothy surname: Gallaher fullname: Gallaher, Timothy organization: Metroparks of the Toledo Area, 5100 West Central Avenue, Toledo, Ohio 43615 – sequence: 7 givenname: John F surname: Jaeger fullname: Jaeger, John F organization: Arc of Appalachia Preserve System, 7660 Cave Road, Bainbridge, Ohio 45612 – sequence: 8 givenname: Timothy L surname: Walters fullname: Walters, Timothy L organization: EnviroScience, Inc., Northwest Ohio Field Office, 6027 County Road 1, Swanton, Ohio 43558 |
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Cites_doi | 10.3375/043.031.0205 10.3375/043.031.0204 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.06.038 10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0353:GITCSA]2.0.CO;2 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06390.x 10.1007/s00442-012-2474-x 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.01.043 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.004 10.1094/PDIS-12-10-0944 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.02.009 10.3368/er.11.1.5 10.3368/er.19.3.155 10.1093/forestscience/48.2.267 10.1515/BOT.2004.001 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0914:PFIOSF]2.0.CO;2 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.036 10.2307/2996989 10.1002/jwmg.291 10.1007/s10530-011-0027-6 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.002 10.1007/s10531-014-0844-x 10.5849/jof.11-080 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01202.x |
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Snippet | Restoring Midwestern oak savannas and woodlands over the long term requires balancing mortality of large oaks with recruitment of oaks into large size classes.... |
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SubjectTerms | Airlines Burning Canopies Damage Ecological restoration Forests Habitats Health aspects Israel Mortality Notes and Discussion Notes and Discussion Piece Oak Ohio Prescribed burning Prescribed fire Recruitment Restoration Savannahs Survival Thinning Tornadoes Trees Vegetation Woodlands |
Title | Conserving Large Oaks and Recruitment Potential while Restoring Midwestern Savanna and Woodland |
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