Estimation of cost-based prices for injectable medicines in the WHO Essential Medicines List
ObjectivesChallenges remain in ensuring universal access to affordable essential medicines. We previously estimated the expected generic prices based on cost of production for medicines in solid oral formulations (ie, capsules or tablets) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML). The objec...
Saved in:
| Published in | BMJ open Vol. 9; no. 9; p. e027780 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
England
BMJ Publishing Group LTD
01.09.2019
BMJ Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
Cover
Loading…
| Abstract | ObjectivesChallenges remain in ensuring universal access to affordable essential medicines. We previously estimated the expected generic prices based on cost of production for medicines in solid oral formulations (ie, capsules or tablets) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML). The objectives of this analysis were to estimate cost-based prices for injectable medicines on the EML and to compare these to lowest current prices in England, South Africa, and India.DesignData on the cost of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) exported from India were extracted from an online database of customs declarations (www.infodriveindia.com). A formula was designed to use API price data to estimate a cost-based price, by adding the costs of converting API to a finished pharmaceutical product, including the cost of formulation in vials or ampoules, transportation and an average profit margin.ResultsFor injectable formulations on the WHO EML, medicines had prices above the estimated cost-based price in 77% of comparisons in England (median ratio 2.54), and 62% in South Africa (median ratio 1.48), while 85% of medicines in India had prices below estimated cost-based price (median ratio 0.30). 19% of injectable medicines in England, 9% in South Africa, and 5% in India had prices more than 10 times the estimated cost-based price. Medicines that appeared in the top 20 by ratio of lowest current price to estimated cost-based price for more than one country included numerous oncology medicines—irinotecan, leuprorelin, ifosfamide, daunorubicin, filgrastim and mesna—as well as valproic acid and ciclosporin.ConclusionsEstimating manufacturing costs can identify cases in which profit margins for medicines may be set significantly higher than average. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | OBJECTIVESChallenges remain in ensuring universal access to affordable essential medicines. We previously estimated the expected generic prices based on cost of production for medicines in solid oral formulations (ie, capsules or tablets) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML). The objectives of this analysis were to estimate cost-based prices for injectable medicines on the EML and to compare these to lowest current prices in England, South Africa, and India. DESIGNData on the cost of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) exported from India were extracted from an online database of customs declarations (www.infodriveindia.com). A formula was designed to use API price data to estimate a cost-based price, by adding the costs of converting API to a finished pharmaceutical product, including the cost of formulation in vials or ampoules, transportation and an average profit margin. RESULTSFor injectable formulations on the WHO EML, medicines had prices above the estimated cost-based price in 77% of comparisons in England (median ratio 2.54), and 62% in South Africa (median ratio 1.48), while 85% of medicines in India had prices below estimated cost-based price (median ratio 0.30). 19% of injectable medicines in England, 9% in South Africa, and 5% in India had prices more than 10 times the estimated cost-based price. Medicines that appeared in the top 20 by ratio of lowest current price to estimated cost-based price for more than one country included numerous oncology medicines-irinotecan, leuprorelin, ifosfamide, daunorubicin, filgrastim and mesna-as well as valproic acid and ciclosporin. CONCLUSIONSEstimating manufacturing costs can identify cases in which profit margins for medicines may be set significantly higher than average. Objectives Challenges remain in ensuring universal access to affordable essential medicines. We previously estimated the expected generic prices based on cost of production for medicines in solid oral formulations (ie, capsules or tablets) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML). The objectives of this analysis were to estimate cost-based prices for injectable medicines on the EML and to compare these to lowest current prices in England, South Africa, and India. Design Data on the cost of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) exported from India were extracted from an online database of customs declarations ( www.infodriveindia.com ). A formula was designed to use API price data to estimate a cost-based price, by adding the costs of converting API to a finished pharmaceutical product, including the cost of formulation in vials or ampoules, transportation and an average profit margin. Results For injectable formulations on the WHO EML, medicines had prices above the estimated cost-based price in 77% of comparisons in England (median ratio 2.54), and 62% in South Africa (median ratio 1.48), while 85% of medicines in India had prices below estimated cost-based price (median ratio 0.30). 19% of injectable medicines in England, 9% in South Africa, and 5% in India had prices more than 10 times the estimated cost-based price. Medicines that appeared in the top 20 by ratio of lowest current price to estimated cost-based price for more than one country included numerous oncology medicines—irinotecan, leuprorelin, ifosfamide, daunorubicin, filgrastim and mesna—as well as valproic acid and ciclosporin. Conclusions Estimating manufacturing costs can identify cases in which profit margins for medicines may be set significantly higher than average. Challenges remain in ensuring universal access to affordable essential medicines. We previously estimated the expected generic prices based on cost of production for medicines in solid oral formulations (ie, capsules or tablets) on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML). The objectives of this analysis were to estimate cost-based prices for injectable medicines on the EML and to compare these to lowest current prices in England, South Africa, and India. Data on the cost of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) exported from India were extracted from an online database of customs declarations (www.infodriveindia.com). A formula was designed to use API price data to estimate a cost-based price, by adding the costs of converting API to a finished pharmaceutical product, including the cost of formulation in vials or ampoules, transportation and an average profit margin. For injectable formulations on the WHO EML, medicines had prices above the estimated cost-based price in 77% of comparisons in England (median ratio 2.54), and 62% in South Africa (median ratio 1.48), while 85% of medicines in India had prices below estimated cost-based price (median ratio 0.30). 19% of injectable medicines in England, 9% in South Africa, and 5% in India had prices more than 10 times the estimated cost-based price. Medicines that appeared in the top 20 by ratio of lowest current price to estimated cost-based price for more than one country included numerous oncology medicines-irinotecan, leuprorelin, ifosfamide, daunorubicin, filgrastim and mesna-as well as valproic acid and ciclosporin. Estimating manufacturing costs can identify cases in which profit margins for medicines may be set significantly higher than average. |
| Author | Barber, Melissa Joy Gotham, Dzintars Hill, Andrew M |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Independent researcher , Independent , London , UK 2 Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts , USA 3 University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 2 Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts , USA – name: 1 Independent researcher , Independent , London , UK – name: 3 University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Dzintars orcidid: 0000-0003-0359-1259 surname: Gotham fullname: Gotham, Dzintars email: dzintarsgotham@gmail.com organization: Independent researcher, Independent, London, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Melissa Joy surname: Barber fullname: Barber, Melissa Joy email: dzintarsgotham@gmail.com organization: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Andrew M surname: Hill fullname: Hill, Andrew M email: dzintarsgotham@gmail.com organization: University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31575568$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqNUU9rFDEcDVKxde0nECTgxcvUXzLJZHIRpKxWWOlF8SKEJPMbm2UmWSfZgt_elF2X6slcEnh_eC_vOTmLKSIhLxlcMdZ2b928TTuMDQfWN8CV6uEJueAgRNOBlGeP3ufkMuct1COklpI_I-ctk0rKrr8g39e5hNmWkCJNI_Upl8bZjAPdLcFjpmNaaIhb9MW6CemMQ_AhViBEWu6Qfru5peucMZZgJ_r5BG9CLi_I09FOGS-P94p8_bD-cn3TbG4_frp-v2mcULw0Fp1lDkatJLeD0Fqh0mLoOecekOGIHri2TIpee3SjlFY7GDq0nEkpoF2Rdwff3d7VgL6GWexkaoPZLr9MssH8jcRwZ36ke9Mp1bZcV4M3R4Ml_dxjLmYO2eM02Yhpnw1vAZjq-_r1K_L6H-o27ZdY6xnOtRbAAWRltQeWX1LOC46nMAzMw4DmOKB5GNAcBqyqV497nDR_5qqEqwOhqv_L8TffFamA |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1093_cid_ciac753 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jval_2021_02_004 crossref_primary_10_1016_S2055_6640_20_30018_2 crossref_primary_10_2139_ssrn_4068270 crossref_primary_10_1093_ofid_ofab581 crossref_primary_10_1097_QAD_0000000000002983 crossref_primary_10_1158_2767_9764_CRC_21_0031 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2024_3474 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.011 10.2471/BLT.11.101303 10.1093/jac/dkw522 10.5455/msm.2013.25.286-290 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000850 10.1186/s12916-016-0674-7 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000571 10.1093/heapol/czn046 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31599-9 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009586 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011965 10.1016/S2055-6640(20)30484-2 10.1016/S2055-6640(20)30691-9 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. 2019 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ . Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. 2019 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. – notice: 2019 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ . Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. 2019 |
| DBID | 9YT ACMMV CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM AAYXX CITATION 3V. 7RV 7X7 7XB 88E 88G 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR BTHHO CCPQU DWQXO FYUFA GHDGH GNUQQ K9- K9. KB0 M0R M0S M1P M2M NAPCQ PIMPY PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS PSYQQ Q9U 7X8 5PM |
| DOI | 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027780 |
| DatabaseName | BMJ Open Access Journals BMJ Journals:Open Access Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed CrossRef ProQuest Central (Corporate) Nursing & Allied Health Database Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) Psychology Database (Alumni) Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central BMJ Journals ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student Consumer Health Database ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition) Consumer Health Database Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition) PML(ProQuest Medical Library) Psychology Database Nursing & Allied Health Premium Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China ProQuest One Psychology ProQuest Central Basic MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) |
| DatabaseTitle | MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Psychology ProQuest Central Student ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Family Health (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) ProQuest Central Basic ProQuest Family Health ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Psychology Journals (Alumni) ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest Psychology Journals ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition BMJ Journals ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE - Academic CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database MEDLINE |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: EIF name: MEDLINE url: https://proxy.k.utb.cz/login?url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/medline/basic-search sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 3 dbid: ACMMV name: BMJ Journals:Open Access url: https://journals.bmj.com/ sourceTypes: Publisher – sequence: 4 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine |
| EISSN | 2044-6055 |
| EndPage | e027780 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1136_bmjopen_2018_027780 31575568 ttps://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/9/e027780.full |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GeographicLocations | England South Africa India United Kingdom--UK |
| GeographicLocations_xml | – name: South Africa – name: England – name: India – name: United Kingdom--UK |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Wellcome Trust |
| GroupedDBID | --- 3V. 4.4 53G 5VS 7RV 7X7 7~R 88E 8FI 8FJ 9YT ABUWG ACGFS ACMMV ADBBV ADRAZ AENEX AFKRA ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS AZQEC BAWUL BCNDV BENPR BKNYI BPHCQ BTFSW BTHHO BVXVI CCPQU DIK DWQXO EBS EJD FYUFA GNUQQ GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 H13 HMCUK HYE HZ~ K9- KQ8 M0R M1P M2M M48 M~E NAPCQ O9- OK1 PGMZT PIMPY PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO PSYQQ RHF RHI RMJ RPM UKHRP CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM AAYXX CITATION 7XB 8FK K9. PQEST PQUKI PRINS Q9U 7X8 5PM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-b472t-aeba1b0f9752ad4997e794d8222c0e1efec029a15489cebf55a9b0d6ea2155403 |
| IEDL.DBID | RPM |
| ISSN | 2044-6055 |
| IngestDate | Tue Sep 17 21:06:15 EDT 2024 Fri Aug 16 11:18:09 EDT 2024 Thu Oct 10 18:11:50 EDT 2024 Fri Aug 23 01:12:08 EDT 2024 Sat Sep 28 08:46:07 EDT 2024 Wed Aug 21 03:31:20 EDT 2024 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 9 |
| Keywords | health systems essential medicines generics cost of production health economics |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-b472t-aeba1b0f9752ad4997e794d8222c0e1efec029a15489cebf55a9b0d6ea2155403 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0359-1259 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6773329/ |
| PMID | 31575568 |
| PQID | 2299402005 |
| PQPubID | 2040975 |
| ParticipantIDs | pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6773329 proquest_miscellaneous_2300178811 proquest_journals_2299402005 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2018_027780 pubmed_primary_31575568 bmj_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2018_027780 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2019-09-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2019-09-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 09 year: 2019 text: 2019-09-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: England – name: London – name: BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR |
| PublicationTitle | BMJ open |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | BMJ Open |
| PublicationYear | 2019 |
| Publisher | BMJ Publishing Group LTD BMJ Publishing Group |
| Publisher_xml | – name: BMJ Publishing Group LTD – name: BMJ Publishing Group |
| References | Gotham, Fortunak, Pozniak 2017; 72 Hill, Simmons, Gotham 2016; 2 Wirtz, Hogerzeil, Gray 2017; 389 Garg, Karan 2009; 24 2016; 30 Hill, Redd, Gotham 2017; 7 Gotham, Barber, Hill 2018; 3 Gray, Manasse 2012; 90 Hill, Barber, Gotham 2018; 3 Hill, Gotham, Cooke 2015; 1 Iyengar, Hedman, Forte 2016; 14 Hill, Gotham, Fortunak 2016; 6 Sedita, Perrella, Morio 2018; 36 Karamehic, Ridic, Ridic 2013; 25 Wirtz (2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.1) 2017; 389 Hill (2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.10) 2016; 2 Sedita (2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.13) 2018; 36 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.2 Hill (2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.11) 2017; 7 Iyengar (2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.26) 2016; 14 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.4 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.5 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.16 Hill (2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.3) 2018; 3 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.17 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.18 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.19 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.12 Karamehic (2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.14) 2013; 25 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.15 Hill (2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.9) 2016; 6 Hill (2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.8) 2015; 1 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.7 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.27 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.23 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.24 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.25 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.20 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.21 Gotham (2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.6) 2018; 3 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.22 |
| References_xml | – volume: 2 start-page: 28 year: 2016 article-title: Rapid reductions in prices for generic sofosbuvir and daclatasvir to treat hepatitis C publication-title: J Virus Erad contributor: fullname: Gotham – volume: 36 start-page: 1700 year: 2018 article-title: Cost of goods sold and total cost of delivery for oral and parenteral vaccine packaging formats publication-title: Vaccine doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.011 contributor: fullname: Morio – volume: 90 start-page: 158 year: 2012 article-title: Shortages of medicines: a complex global challenge publication-title: Bull World Health Organ doi: 10.2471/BLT.11.101303 contributor: fullname: Manasse – volume: 1 start-page: 103 year: 2015 article-title: Analysis of minimum target prices for production of entecavir to treat hepatitis B in high- and low-income countries publication-title: J Virus Erad contributor: fullname: Cooke – volume: 72 year: 2017 article-title: Estimated generic prices for novel treatments for drug-resistant tuberculosis publication-title: J Antimicrob Chemother doi: 10.1093/jac/dkw522 contributor: fullname: Pozniak – volume: 25 start-page: 286 year: 2013 article-title: Financial aspects and the future of the pharmaceutical industry in the United States of America publication-title: Mater Sociomed doi: 10.5455/msm.2013.25.286-290 contributor: fullname: Ridic – volume: 3 year: 2018 article-title: Production costs and potential prices for biosimilars of human insulin and insulin analogues publication-title: BMJ Glob Health doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000850 contributor: fullname: Hill – volume: 14 year: 2016 article-title: Medicine shortages: a commentary on causes and mitigation strategies publication-title: BMC Med doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0674-7 contributor: fullname: Forte – volume: 30 year: 2016 article-title: Medicines shortages: global approaches to addressing shortages of essential medicines in health systems publication-title: WHO Drug Inf – volume: 3 year: 2018 article-title: Estimated costs of production and potential prices for the who essential medicines list publication-title: BMJ Glob Health doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000571 contributor: fullname: Gotham – volume: 24 start-page: 116 year: 2009 article-title: Reducing out-of-pocket expenditures to reduce poverty: a disaggregated analysis at rural-urban and state level in India publication-title: Health Policy Plan doi: 10.1093/heapol/czn046 contributor: fullname: Karan – volume: 389 start-page: 403 year: 2017 article-title: Essential medicines for universal health coverage publication-title: The Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31599-9 contributor: fullname: Gray – volume: 6 year: 2016 article-title: Target prices for mass production of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for global cancer treatment publication-title: BMJ Open doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009586 contributor: fullname: Fortunak – volume: 7 year: 2017 article-title: Estimated generic prices of cancer medicines deemed cost-ineffective in England: a cost estimation analysis publication-title: BMJ Open doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011965 contributor: fullname: Gotham – volume: 3 year: 2018 ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.6 article-title: Production costs and potential prices for biosimilars of human insulin and insulin analogues publication-title: BMJ Glob Health doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000850 contributor: fullname: Gotham – volume: 6 year: 2016 ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.9 article-title: Target prices for mass production of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for global cancer treatment publication-title: BMJ Open doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009586 contributor: fullname: Hill – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.16 – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.27 – volume: 7 year: 2017 ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.11 article-title: Estimated generic prices of cancer medicines deemed cost-ineffective in England: a cost estimation analysis publication-title: BMJ Open doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011965 contributor: fullname: Hill – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.21 – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.23 – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.18 – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.5 – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.25 doi: 10.2471/BLT.11.101303 – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.7 – volume: 389 start-page: 403 year: 2017 ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.1 article-title: Essential medicines for universal health coverage publication-title: The Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31599-9 contributor: fullname: Wirtz – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.12 doi: 10.1093/jac/dkw522 – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.17 – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.15 – volume: 1 start-page: 103 year: 2015 ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.8 article-title: Analysis of minimum target prices for production of entecavir to treat hepatitis B in high- and low-income countries publication-title: J Virus Erad doi: 10.1016/S2055-6640(20)30484-2 contributor: fullname: Hill – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.4 – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.2 – volume: 25 start-page: 286 year: 2013 ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.14 article-title: Financial aspects and the future of the pharmaceutical industry in the United States of America publication-title: Mater Sociomed doi: 10.5455/msm.2013.25.286-290 contributor: fullname: Karamehic – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.24 – volume: 2 start-page: 28 year: 2016 ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.10 article-title: Rapid reductions in prices for generic sofosbuvir and daclatasvir to treat hepatitis C publication-title: J Virus Erad doi: 10.1016/S2055-6640(20)30691-9 contributor: fullname: Hill – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.22 – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.20 – volume: 3 year: 2018 ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.3 article-title: Estimated costs of production and potential prices for the who essential medicines list publication-title: BMJ Glob Health doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000571 contributor: fullname: Hill – ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.19 doi: 10.1093/heapol/czn046 – volume: 14 year: 2016 ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.26 article-title: Medicine shortages: a commentary on causes and mitigation strategies publication-title: BMC Med doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0674-7 contributor: fullname: Iyengar – volume: 36 start-page: 1700 year: 2018 ident: 2024052012163416000_9.9.e027780.13 article-title: Cost of goods sold and total cost of delivery for oral and parenteral vaccine packaging formats publication-title: Vaccine doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.011 contributor: fullname: Sedita |
| SSID | ssj0000459552 |
| Score | 2.3078022 |
| Snippet | ObjectivesChallenges remain in ensuring universal access to affordable essential medicines. We previously estimated the expected generic prices based on cost... Challenges remain in ensuring universal access to affordable essential medicines. We previously estimated the expected generic prices based on cost of... Objectives Challenges remain in ensuring universal access to affordable essential medicines. We previously estimated the expected generic prices based on cost... OBJECTIVESChallenges remain in ensuring universal access to affordable essential medicines. We previously estimated the expected generic prices based on cost... |
| SourceID | pubmedcentral proquest crossref pubmed bmj |
| SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | e027780 |
| SubjectTerms | Blood products Costs Costs and Cost Analysis Drug dosages Drug Industry - economics Drugs, Essential - economics England Health Economics Hepatitis Humans India Injections - economics Manufacturers Manufacturing Pharmaceutical industry South Africa Wage & price controls |
| SummonAdditionalLinks | – databaseName: BMJ Open Access Journals dbid: 9YT link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3fS8MwEA6iIL6Iv61OiSD4YjBNmrR5FJkMcfqiqCCUJEtRwU7s_P-9a7viFGFPpUloyV2O-y6X-0LIsS9SUCwvmPY2Y4nXgjljFbPOG-ekNsZhofDwRg_uk6tH9fijWH02gx9Lfebe3_AiKVBnnNUZxwwi9CVkLUc7NE933ZYKoBOj6jt2BE8SBkBdtTxD_3wH_Am0znqkPzDz92nJH-7nco2striRnjeKXicLodwgy8M2M75Jnvtgq00ZIh0X1I-rCUMPNaIfSBtUUQCn9LXEXRcslqLTnHoFjRRAIH0Y3NJ-haVIsCLpsOu-hnWwRe4v-3cXA9benMBckooJs8HZ2PHCpErYEQQ1aQC7GyEY8DzEoQieC2MxXDE-uEIpaxwf6WAF4gsut8liOS7DLqGpDhDDeuezgicB6fE9PBIlRRBZ4CYiJyDD_KPhxsjrmELqvJV2jtLOG2lH5HQq5_mG96a6yFu7qnIB3hMjXq4ictR1g0VgmsOWYfwFYyS63iyL44jsNKrr_idjgKdKZxFJZ5TaDUC27dme8vWlZt3WaSqlMHtzz3efrMBbeyCtRxYnn1_hABDMxB3W6_Ybvb_qwA priority: 500 providerName: BMJ Publishing Group Ltd – databaseName: Health & Medical Collection dbid: 7X7 link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1La9wwEBZtCqWX0CR9uE2CCoFeKiJLlmSdSggblpBtLw3dQ8FIskxTqL2NN_-_M7bW7TZQcjJIAtvz0Hyj0cwQchIaA4zlDdPBlawIWjBvnWLOB-u91NZ6TBRefNLz6-JyqZbpwK1P1yo3e-KwUdddwDPyUwH7Jvo6XH1c_WLYNQqjq6mFxmPyJBdc45UuszTTGQvAFauUSMWGcqlP_c8f2JUKZCMvh_DlUA4SRrfN0j2s-e-Vyb9s0MVzspvAIz0bub1HHsV2nzxdpPD4Afk2A4UdcxFp19DQ9WuGZqqmK6wd1FNAqPSmxaMXzJiim8B6D4MUkCD9Ov9MZz3mI4FY0sU0fQXC8IJcX8y-nM9Zap_AfGHEmrnoXe55Y40SrgbPxkRQvhoRQeAxj00MXFiHPosN0TdKOet5raMTCDK4fEl22q6Nrwk1OoIjG3woG15ErJEf4FEoKaIoI7cZeQ80rFZjgYxqcCykrhK1K6R2NVI7Ix82dH7Y8sMNL6qkXH31RxQy8m6aBrXAWIdrY3cHayTa37LM84y8Glk3vU_mgFGVLjNitpg6LcCS29sz7c33ofS2NkZKYd_8_7PekmfwD-kq2iHZWd_exSPALmt_PAjobwFp7uQ priority: 102 providerName: ProQuest – databaseName: Scholars Portal Journals: Open Access(OpenAccess) dbid: M48 link: http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnV3dS9xAEB9EQXwRa_2IX2yh4IvRzSabZB9ESjk5Sk9fPPRBCLt7GzzRnJoT2v--M8nm8NoKpU-B7Cwh85H5TWZnBuCzLTMULC_D1Oo8TGwqQqO0DLWxypg4VcpQofDgIu0Pk2838mYBuqmonoH1X0M7mic1fHk4_vH88wwN_tRPJDkxj_e0hAKP8iYnmWMMvyQSDNXpLJ_H-82nOZFKSuG7D72zdwWW4whRjGzaryLBvMv6A4f-fpzyjX86X4NVDyzZl1YTPsCCq9ZheeBT5x_htofG3NYpsknJ7KSehuTCRuyJ-grVDNErG1f0W4aqqViXdK_xJkOUyK77l6xXU60SqiwbzJa_o6JswPC8d_W1H_rRCqFJMjENtTM6MrxUmRR6hFFP5tAwR4QWLHeRK53lQmmKZ5R1ppRSK8NHqdOCAAiPN2GxmlRuG1iWOgxyrbF5yRNH_fMtXhIZCydyx1UAh8jD4qltnlE0QUecFp7xBTG-aBkfwFHH538j3-tkUXR6Uwh0rxQScxnAp9kymgzlQXTlJq9IE5NvzvMoCmCrFd3seZ3kA8jmhDojoHbc8yvV-K5py51mWRwLtfPfO3dhBV_Pn2Dbg8Xpy6vbR8gzNQeNGv8Cg7sBDA priority: 102 providerName: Scholars Portal |
| Title | Estimation of cost-based prices for injectable medicines in the WHO Essential Medicines List |
| URI | http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027780 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31575568 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2299402005 https://search.proquest.com/docview/2300178811 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6773329 |
| Volume | 9 |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwnR1di9QwcLg7QXwRv62eSwTBF3ubJk3SPJ7LnovY85A7XUEoSTbFFbe72L3_7yRtl1t9EV8SaKa0nY_OTOYjAK9crZCwtE6lM0WaO8lSq41IjXXaWi61tqFQuDyXs6v8_VzMD0AMtTAxad_Z5Unzc3XSLL_H3MrNyo2HPLHxRTmRSnHO9PgQDpFBb7jo8febCy0E6zsMZVyO7epHOIoKGSIrYsyyCOe_8QwtFRFbrCLAvlr6y9b8M2Xyhg46uwd3e-ORnHYveR8OfPMAbpd9ePwhfJuiwHa1iGRdE7dut2lQUwuyCb2DWoIWKlk2YeslVEyRIbDe4kWCliD5MvtIpm2oR0K2JOVu-QMywyO4OpteTmZpf3xCanPFtqnx1mSW1loJZhbo2SiPwrcIFoGjPvO1d5RpE3wW7bythTDa0oX0hgUjg_LHcNSsG_8UiJIeHVlnXVHT3Ice-Q6nXHDmWeGpTuA14rDadA0yquhYcFn1iK8C4qsO8Qm8GfD8b-DHAy2qXrjaiqEKDW4vFQm83C2jWIRYh2n8-hpheNC_RZFlCTzpSLd73kD5BNQeUXcAoeX2_gpyYmy93XPes_--8zncwc_rs9SO4Wj769q_QLNma0fIzHOFo_56OYJbp5Oy_Izz2-n5xadR3CrA8d08w7HMi1Fk-t-BMf_c |
| link.rule.ids | 230,315,730,783,787,867,888,2228,12068,21400,24330,27561,27562,27868,27936,27937,31731,31732,33756,33757,43322,43817,53804,53806,74073,74630 |
| linkProvider | National Library of Medicine |
| linkToHtml | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV3di9QwEB_0DtQX8fOsnhpB8MVyadKkzZOo7LHq7ipyh_cglCRN8QTb1e79_8602eoqiE-FJNB2PjK_mUlmAJ76pkDG8ibV3pZp7rVInbEqtc4b56Q2xtFF4eVKz0_zt2fqLAbc-niscrsnDht13XmKkR8J3DfJ1-Hqxfp7Sl2jKLsaW2hchn0qVYXO1_6r2erDxynKgoDFKCViuaFM6iP37Sv1pULpyMohgTkUhMTRXcP0F9r889Dkb1bo-AZcj_CRvRz5fRMuhfYWXFnGBPlt-DxDlR1vI7KuYb7rNykZqpqtqXpQzxCjsvOWgi90Z4ptU-s9DjLEguzT_D2b9XQjCQWTLafpBYrDHTg9np28nqexgULq8kJsUhuczRxvTKGErdG3KQKqX02YwPOQhSZ4Lowlr8X44BqlrHG81sEKghlc3oW9tmvDPWCFDujKeufLhueBquR7fORKiiDKwE0Cz5CG1XoskVENroXUVaR2RdSuRmon8HxL5_9bfrjlRRXVq69-CUMCT6ZpVAzKdtg2dBe4RpIFLsssS-BgZN30PpkhSlW6TKDYYeq0gIpu786051-G4tu6KKQU5v6_P-sxXJ2fLBfV4s3q3QO4hv8TD6Ydwt7mx0V4iEhm4x5Fcf0Jd-_zOg |
| linkToPdf | http://utb.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwjV1bi9QwFD7oLCy-iHerq0YQfLFMmjRp8yReZhh1Z1zExX0QSpKmuILtaGf_v-e0mdFREJ8KSaDtuSTfybkBPPFNgYzlTaq9LdPca5E6Y1VqnTfOSW2Mo0Th5UovTvO3Z-osxj_1MaxyuycOG3XdebojnwrcN8nW4WraxLCIk9fz5-vvKXWQIk9rbKdxGQ6KXEs-gYOXs9XJh92NC4IXo5SIpYcyqafu21fqUYWSkpWDM3MoDomj-4fUX8jzzwDK306k-TW4GqEkezHy_jpcCu0NOFxGZ_lN-DxD9R0zE1nXMN_1m5QOrZqtqZJQzxCvsvOWLmIof4pt3ew9DjLEhezT4j2b9ZSdhELKlrvpYxSNW3A6n318tUhjM4XU5YXYpDY4mznemEIJW6OdUwRUxZrwgechC03wXBhLFozxwTVKWeN4rYMVBDm4vA2TtmvDXWCFDmjWeufLhueBKuZ7fORKiiDKwE0CT5GG1Xosl1ENZobUVaR2RdSuRmon8GxL5_9bfrTlRRVVra9-CUYCj3fTqCTk-bBt6C5wjaTTuCyzLIE7I-t275MZIlalywSKPabuFlAB7v2Z9vzLUIhbF4WUwtz792c9gkOU1Or4zerdfbiCvxNj1I5gsvlxER4gqNm4h1FafwK4bfdo |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Estimation+of+cost-based+prices+for+injectable+medicines+in+the+WHO+Essential+Medicines+List&rft.jtitle=BMJ+open&rft.au=Gotham%2C+Dzintars&rft.au=Barber%2C+Melissa+Joy&rft.au=Hill%2C+Andrew+M&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft.pub=BMJ+Publishing+Group&rft.eissn=2044-6055&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft_id=info:doi/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2018-027780&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31575568&rft.externalDBID=PMC6773329 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2044-6055&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2044-6055&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2044-6055&client=summon |