Biallelic cGMP-dependent type II protein kinase gene (PRKG2) variants cause a novel acromesomelic dysplasia

• Published in: Journal of medical genetics Vol. 59; no. 1; pp. 28 - 38
• Main Authors: Díaz-González, Francisca, Wadhwa, Saruchi, Rodriguez-Zabala, Maria, Kumar, Somesh, Aza-Carmona, Miriam, Sentchordi-Montané, Lucia, Alonso, Milagros, Ahmad, Istaq, Zahra, Sana, Kumar, Deepak, Kushwah, Neetu, Shamim, Uzma, Sait, Haseena, Kapoor, Seema, Roldán, Belen, Nishimura, Gen, Offiah, Amaka C, Faruq, Mohammed, Heath, Karen E.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 01.01.2022; BMJ Publishing Group LTD
• Subjects: Age; Animal models; Atrial natriuretic peptide; bone diseases; Bone growth; Bones; Brachydactyly; C-Type natriuretic peptide; Child; Cyclic GMP; Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type II - genetics; Developmental defects; Dwarfism; Dwarfism - genetics; Dwarfism - metabolism; Endochondral bone; endocrine; Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Female; Fibroblast growth factor 2; gene expression regulation; genomics; Genotype & phenotype; human genetics; Humans; Kinases; molecular medicine; Mutants; Mutation; Osteochondrodysplasias - genetics; Osteochondrodysplasias - metabolism; Pedigree; Peptides; Phenotypes; Protein kinase; Protein kinase C; Proteins; Raf protein; Scoliosis; Signal transduction; Sox9 protein; Whole Exome Sequencing; gene expression regulation; molecular medicine; human genetics; genomics; bone diseases; endocrine
• ISSN: 0022-2593; 1468-6244
• DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107177

BackgroundC-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), its endogenous receptor, natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B), as well as its downstream mediator, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) dependent protein kinase II (cGKII), have been shown to play a pivotal role in chondrogenic differentiation and endochondral bone growth. In humans, biallelic variants in NPR2, encoding NPR-B, cause acromesomelic dysplasia, type Maroteaux, while heterozygous variants in NPR2 (natriuretic peptide receptor 2) and NPPC (natriuretic peptide precursor C), encoding CNP, cause milder phenotypes. In contrast, no variants in cGKII, encoded by the protein kinase cGMP-dependent type II gene (PRKG2), have been reported in humans to date, although its role in longitudinal growth has been clearly demonstrated in several animal models.MethodsExome sequencing was performed in two girls with severe short stature due to acromesomelic limb shortening, brachydactyly, mild to moderate platyspondyly and progressively increasing metaphyseal alterations of the long bones. Functional characterisation was undertaken for the identified variants.ResultsTwo homozygous PRKG2 variants, a nonsense and a frameshift, were identified. The mutant transcripts are exposed to nonsense-mediated decay and the truncated mutant cGKII proteins, partially or completely lacking the kinase domain, alter the downstream mitogen activation protein kinase signalling pathway by failing to phosphorylate c-Raf 1 at Ser43 and subsequently reduce ERK1/2 activation in response to fibroblast growth factor 2. They also downregulate COL10A1 and upregulate COL2A1 expression through SOX9.ConclusionIn conclusion, we have clinically and molecularly characterised a new acromesomelic dysplasia, acromesomelic dysplasia, PRKG2 type (AMDP).