Caregiving for China’s one-child generation: a simulation study of caregiving responsibility and impact on women’s time use
IntroductionThe introduction, strict enforcement and recent exit of China’s one-child policy (OCP) resulted in China’s demographical changes, and, alongside its epidemiological transition, disproportionately impacted caregiving needs and demands on women. This study examines women’s caregiving respo...
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| Published in | BMJ global health Vol. 9; no. 6; p. e013400 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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London
BMJ Publishing Group Ltd
05.06.2024
BMJ Publishing Group LTD BMJ Publishing Group |
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| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | IntroductionThe introduction, strict enforcement and recent exit of China’s one-child policy (OCP) resulted in China’s demographical changes, and, alongside its epidemiological transition, disproportionately impacted caregiving needs and demands on women. This study examines women’s caregiving responsibilities in contemporary China and evaluates how the OCP affected them.MethodsWe simulated the female population aged 25–54 years in 2020 in China and their caregiving responsibilities based on epidemiological and demographic data for women, their parents and parents-in-law, and children under 10. Three different health states were simulated for children and the senior generation: (1) healthy, (2) end of life—decedents and (3) non-decedents in need of palliative care. We combine the care responsibility for senior family members and for children using an aggregate indicator—the Care Responsibility Score (CRS) –to compare the impact of the OCP across different generations of women.ResultsApproximately 60 million working-age women are living with medium to high levels of care responsibilities (a CRS over 0.8), which is equivalent to caring for a senior family member with palliative care needs without any assistance from siblings. This includes more than one-third of the 156 million women born after the OCP and only 5% of women born before the OCP.ConclusionFor women born under the OCP, the additional responsibility generated by a lack of siblings outweighs the benefit of having four dedicated grandparents to support them in raising children. |
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| AbstractList | Introduction The introduction, strict enforcement and recent exit of China’s one-child policy (OCP) resulted in China’s demographical changes, and, alongside its epidemiological transition, disproportionately impacted caregiving needs and demands on women. This study examines women’s caregiving responsibilities in contemporary China and evaluates how the OCP affected them.Methods We simulated the female population aged 25–54 years in 2020 in China and their caregiving responsibilities based on epidemiological and demographic data for women, their parents and parents-in-law, and children under 10. Three different health states were simulated for children and the senior generation: (1) healthy, (2) end of life—decedents and (3) non-decedents in need of palliative care. We combine the care responsibility for senior family members and for children using an aggregate indicator—the Care Responsibility Score (CRS) –to compare the impact of the OCP across different generations of women.Results Approximately 60 million working-age women are living with medium to high levels of care responsibilities (a CRS over 0.8), which is equivalent to caring for a senior family member with palliative care needs without any assistance from siblings. This includes more than one-third of the 156 million women born after the OCP and only 5% of women born before the OCP.Conclusion For women born under the OCP, the additional responsibility generated by a lack of siblings outweighs the benefit of having four dedicated grandparents to support them in raising children. The introduction, strict enforcement and recent exit of China's one-child policy (OCP) resulted in China's demographical changes, and, alongside its epidemiological transition, disproportionately impacted caregiving needs and demands on women. This study examines women's caregiving responsibilities in contemporary China and evaluates how the OCP affected them.INTRODUCTIONThe introduction, strict enforcement and recent exit of China's one-child policy (OCP) resulted in China's demographical changes, and, alongside its epidemiological transition, disproportionately impacted caregiving needs and demands on women. This study examines women's caregiving responsibilities in contemporary China and evaluates how the OCP affected them.We simulated the female population aged 25-54 years in 2020 in China and their caregiving responsibilities based on epidemiological and demographic data for women, their parents and parents-in-law, and children under 10. Three different health states were simulated for children and the senior generation: (1) healthy, (2) end of life-decedents and (3) non-decedents in need of palliative care. We combine the care responsibility for senior family members and for children using an aggregate indicator-the Care Responsibility Score (CRS) -to compare the impact of the OCP across different generations of women.METHODSWe simulated the female population aged 25-54 years in 2020 in China and their caregiving responsibilities based on epidemiological and demographic data for women, their parents and parents-in-law, and children under 10. Three different health states were simulated for children and the senior generation: (1) healthy, (2) end of life-decedents and (3) non-decedents in need of palliative care. We combine the care responsibility for senior family members and for children using an aggregate indicator-the Care Responsibility Score (CRS) -to compare the impact of the OCP across different generations of women.Approximately 60 million working-age women are living with medium to high levels of care responsibilities (a CRS over 0.8), which is equivalent to caring for a senior family member with palliative care needs without any assistance from siblings. This includes more than one-third of the 156 million women born after the OCP and only 5% of women born before the OCP.RESULTSApproximately 60 million working-age women are living with medium to high levels of care responsibilities (a CRS over 0.8), which is equivalent to caring for a senior family member with palliative care needs without any assistance from siblings. This includes more than one-third of the 156 million women born after the OCP and only 5% of women born before the OCP.For women born under the OCP, the additional responsibility generated by a lack of siblings outweighs the benefit of having four dedicated grandparents to support them in raising children.CONCLUSIONFor women born under the OCP, the additional responsibility generated by a lack of siblings outweighs the benefit of having four dedicated grandparents to support them in raising children. IntroductionThe introduction, strict enforcement and recent exit of China’s one-child policy (OCP) resulted in China’s demographical changes, and, alongside its epidemiological transition, disproportionately impacted caregiving needs and demands on women. This study examines women’s caregiving responsibilities in contemporary China and evaluates how the OCP affected them.MethodsWe simulated the female population aged 25–54 years in 2020 in China and their caregiving responsibilities based on epidemiological and demographic data for women, their parents and parents-in-law, and children under 10. Three different health states were simulated for children and the senior generation: (1) healthy, (2) end of life—decedents and (3) non-decedents in need of palliative care. We combine the care responsibility for senior family members and for children using an aggregate indicator—the Care Responsibility Score (CRS) –to compare the impact of the OCP across different generations of women.ResultsApproximately 60 million working-age women are living with medium to high levels of care responsibilities (a CRS over 0.8), which is equivalent to caring for a senior family member with palliative care needs without any assistance from siblings. This includes more than one-third of the 156 million women born after the OCP and only 5% of women born before the OCP.ConclusionFor women born under the OCP, the additional responsibility generated by a lack of siblings outweighs the benefit of having four dedicated grandparents to support them in raising children. |
| Author | Nargund, Renu Sara Kwete, Xiaoxiao Langer, Ana Calderon-Anyosa, Renzo Knaul, Felicia Marie Essue, Beverley M. Touchton, Michael Arreola-Ornelas, Héctor |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Yaozhi Global Health Research and Consulting , Yangzhou , China 4 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada 2 Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida , USA 3 Department of Public Health Sciences , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , Florida , USA 5 Department of Political Science , University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences , Coral Gables , Florida , USA 6 Intitute for Obesity Research , Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico 7 School of Government and Public Transformation , Tecnologico de Monterrey , Mexico City , Mexico City , Mexico 8 Tómatelo a Pecho A.C , Mexico City , Mexico City , Mexico 10 Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA 9 Fundación Mexicana para la Salud, A.C , Mexico City , Mexico City , Mexico 11 McGill University , Montreal , Québec , Canada |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 5 Department of Political Science , University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences , Coral Gables , Florida , USA – name: 8 Tómatelo a Pecho A.C , Mexico City , Mexico City , Mexico – name: 4 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada – name: 11 McGill University , Montreal , Québec , Canada – name: 1 Yaozhi Global Health Research and Consulting , Yangzhou , China – name: 6 Intitute for Obesity Research , Tecnologico de Monterrey , Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico – name: 3 Department of Public Health Sciences , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , Florida , USA – name: 7 School of Government and Public Transformation , Tecnologico de Monterrey , Mexico City , Mexico City , Mexico – name: 10 Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health , Boston , Massachusetts , USA – name: 2 Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida , USA – name: 9 Fundación Mexicana para la Salud, A.C , Mexico City , Mexico City , Mexico |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Xiaoxiao orcidid: 0000-0003-1535-1068 surname: Kwete fullname: Kwete, Xiaoxiao organization: Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Felicia Marie surname: Knaul fullname: Knaul, Felicia Marie organization: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Beverley M. surname: Essue fullname: Essue, Beverley M. organization: Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 4 givenname: Michael surname: Touchton fullname: Touchton, Michael organization: Department of Political Science, University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences, Coral Gables, Florida, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Héctor orcidid: 0000-0002-7615-6218 surname: Arreola-Ornelas fullname: Arreola-Ornelas, Héctor email: harreola@tec.mx organization: Fundación Mexicana para la Salud, A.C, Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico – sequence: 6 givenname: Ana surname: Langer fullname: Langer, Ana organization: Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Renzo orcidid: 0000-0003-4840-2191 surname: Calderon-Anyosa fullname: Calderon-Anyosa, Renzo organization: McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada – sequence: 8 givenname: Renu Sara surname: Nargund fullname: Nargund, Renu Sara organization: Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA |
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| Snippet | IntroductionThe introduction, strict enforcement and recent exit of China’s one-child policy (OCP) resulted in China’s demographical changes, and, alongside... The introduction, strict enforcement and recent exit of China's one-child policy (OCP) resulted in China's demographical changes, and, alongside its... Introduction The introduction, strict enforcement and recent exit of China’s one-child policy (OCP) resulted in China’s demographical changes, and, alongside... |
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| SubjectTerms | Aging Child health Children & youth Chronic illnesses Enforcement Families & family life Family planning Females Fertility Health policy Mathematical modelling Original Research Palliative care Parents & parenting Population growth Prevention strategies Public Health Responsibilities Sex discrimination Siblings Simulation Women |
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| Title | Caregiving for China’s one-child generation: a simulation study of caregiving responsibility and impact on women’s time use |
| URI | http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013400 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3065121115/abstract/ https://www.proquest.com/docview/3065984181/abstract/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC11163626 https://doaj.org/article/9c0d5fa0afda4c09a1e4567f5a489ef3 |
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