Cannabis evolution and ethnobotany
Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary exploration of the natural origins and early evolution of this famous plant, highlighting its historic role in the development of human societies. Cannabis has long been prized for the strong and durable fiber in its stalks, i...
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| Main Authors | , |
|---|---|
| Format | eBook |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Berkeley
University of California Press
2013
|
| Edition | 1st ed. |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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Table of Contents:
- Cannabis : evolution and ethnobotany -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Notes to Readers -- Table 1: Acronyms Used in This Book -- Map 1: Present-Day Ranges of Cannabis -- Chapter One: Introduction to the Multipurpose Plant Cannabis -- Chapter Two: Natural Origins and Early Evolution of Cannabis -- Chapter Three: Ethnobotanical Origins, Early Cultivation, and Evolution through Human Selection -- Chapter Four: The Cultural Diffusion of Cannabis Introduction -- Chapter Five: History of Cannabis Use for Fiber -- Chapter Six: Food, Feed, and Oil Uses of Hemp -- Chapter Seven: Historical Aspects of Psychoactive Cannabis Use for Ritual and Recreation -- Chapter Eight: Ethnobotanical History and Contemporary Context of Medicinal Cannabis -- Chapter Nine: Nonpsychoactive Ritual Uses of Cannabis -- Chapter Ten: Recent History of Cannabis Breeding -- Chapter Eleven: Classical and Molecular Taxonomy of Cannabis -- Chapter Twelve: Hypotheses Concerning the Early Evolution of Cannabis -- Chapter Thirteen: Cannabis and Homo sapiens -- Timeline -- References -- Index.
- Front Matter Table of Contents PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS NOTES TO READERS TABLE 1: MAP 1: CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to the Multipurpose Plant Cannabis CHAPTER TWO: Natural Origins and Early Evolution of Cannabis CHAPTER THREE: Ethnobotanical Origins, Early Cultivation, and Evolution through Human Selection CHAPTER FOUR: The Cultural Diffusion of Cannabis CHAPTER FIVE: History of Cannabis Use for Fiber CHAPTER SIX: Food, Feed, and Oil Uses of Hemp CHAPTER SEVEN: Historical Aspects of Psychoactive Cannabis Use for Ritual and Recreation CHAPTER EIGHT: Ethnobotanical History and Contemporary Context of Medicinal Cannabis CHAPTER NINE: Nonpsychoactive Ritual Uses of Cannabis CHAPTER TEN: Recent History of Cannabis Breeding CHAPTER ELEVEN: Classical and Molecular Taxonomy of Cannabis CHAPTER TWELVE: Hypotheses Concerning the Early Evolution of Cannabis CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Cannabis and Homo sapiens TIMELINE REFERENCES INDEX
- Cover -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- NOTES TO READERS -- TABLE 1: ACRONYMS USED IN THIS BOOK -- MAP 1: PRESENT-DAY RANGES OF CANNABIS -- 1 Introduction to the Multipurpose Plant Cannabis -- In the Beginning: Circumstances of Early Human Contact with Cannabis -- A Brief Summary of the Long and Diverse History of Relationships between Cannabis and Humans -- What Shall We Call These Plants? -- Should We Praise or Condemn This Multipurpose Plant? -- What We Discuss in This Book -- 2 Natural Origins and Early Evolution of Cannabis -- Introduction -- Basic Life Cycle of Cannabis -- Ecological Requirements of Cannabis: Sunlight, Temperature, Water, and Soil -- Cannabis Origin and Evolution Studies -- Central Asia: Vavilov and the Origins of Cannabis -- Cannabis and Vitis -- Theories for South Asian Origin of Domesticated Cannabis -- Model for the Early Evolution of Cannabis -- Summary and Conclusions -- 3 Ethnobotanical Origins, Early Cultivation, and Evolution through Human Selection -- Introduction -- First Contacts: Origins of Human-Cannabis" Relationships -- Transitions to Cultivation and Civilization -- Earliest Uses of Cannabis: Useful Traits for Ancient People -- Evolution of Cannabis through Human Selection -- Disruptive Selection -- Origin from Weedy Populations -- Natural Hybridization: Introgression versus Isolation -- Artificial Hybridization -- Atavism -- Isolation of Populations -- Population Size and Changes in Variability -- Evolutionary Effects of Dioecy -- Effects of Human Selection on Sexual Expression for Different Products -- Seeds -- Fibers -- Marijuana and Hashish -- Sexual Dimorphism and Selection -- Phenotypic Changes during Domestication -- Seeds -- Fibers -- Inflorescences -- Directional Evolutionary Changes -- Cannabinoid Profile -- Timing of Floral Maturation -- Evolution of Cannabinoid Phenotypes
- Mongols and Cannabis -- Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, Africa, and Europe -- The Advent of Cannabis Smoking: Tobacco Meets Hashish -- Summary and Conclusions -- 8 Ethnobotanical History and Contemporary Context of Medicinal Cannabis -- Introduction -- Early East Asian Medicinal Cannabis Use -- South and Southeast Asian Medical Traditions -- Egyptian Medicinal Cannabis Use -- Cannabis in Early Middle Eastern and Later Islamic Medicine -- African and South American Medicinal Cannabis Use -- European Medicinal Cannabis Use -- Present-Day Western Medicinal Applications of Cannabis -- Summary and Conclusions -- 9 Nonpsychoactive Ritual Uses of Cannabis -- Introduction -- Hempen Rituals of Major Religions: Shamanic Influences Survive Repression -- Archeological Remains from Ritual Contexts: Central Asia, China, and Europe -- The Hmong: Spirit Travel in Healing, Life Cycle, and Funerary Rituals -- China: Shamanism, Taoism, and Confucianism -- Korea: Shamanic Funerary Rites, Confucian Mourning, and Ancestor Worship -- Japan: Shamanist, Shint& -- #333 -- , and Buddhist Hemp Traditions -- Europe and the Middle East: Judeo-Christian Hemp Rituals -- Hangings: Hemp Cordage and Hempen Executions -- Conclusions -- 10 Recent History of Cannabis Breeding -- Introduction -- European Hemp Breeding -- North American Hemp Breeding -- Introduction of NLD Cannabis to North America -- Breeding History of NLD Varieties -- Introduction of BLD Cannabis -- Recent Trends in Cannabis Breeding -- Summary and Conclusions -- 11 Classical and Molecular Taxonomy of Cannabis -- Introduction -- One, Two, or Three Species? -- History of Cannabis Taxonomy -- Recent Advances in Cannabis Taxonomy -- Genetic and Historical Model for the Evolution of Cannabis Biotypes -- Recent Geographical Distributions of Cannabis Biotypes -- Europe and the Former Soviet Union -- China
- Geographical Distribution of Cannabinoid Phenotypes -- North America -- Western Europe -- Eastern Europe -- Central America and the Caribbean -- South America -- Middle East -- East Asia -- Indian Subcontinent -- Southeast Asia -- Equatorial Africa -- South and East Africa -- Summary and Conclusions -- 4 The Cultural Diffusion of Cannabis Introduction -- Introduction -- Methodology: The Multidisciplinary Approach -- Types of Archaeobotanical Evidence for Cannabis -- Seeds -- Fibers -- Pollen -- Fiber and Seed Impressions -- Other Carbonized and Chemical Remains -- Phytoliths -- Written Records of Cannabis's Presence and Use -- Nonhuman Agencies Affecting the Geographical Range of Cannabis -- Human Impact on the Dispersal and Expanding Geographical Range of Cannabis -- Early Relationships among Humans and Cannabis in Central Asia -- Fishing and Hemp -- Hemp, Humans, and Horses in Eurasia -- Scythians and Cannabis -- Archeological and Historical Evidence for the Spread of Cannabis -- Diffusion throughout East Asia -- Diffusion from Northeastern China into Korea and Japan -- Diffusion into South Asia -- Archaeobotanical Evidence from South Asia -- Diffusion into Southwest Asia and Egypt -- Diffusion into Europe and the Mediterranean -- Romania -- Bulgaria -- Hungary -- Poland -- Baltic Region -- Finland -- Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia -- Germany -- Switzerland -- Northern France -- Iberian Peninsula -- Netherlands -- Sweden -- Norway -- Denmark -- British Isles -- Mediterranean Region -- Summary of Dispersal Phases within and Beyond Eurasia -- Phase 1: Primary Dispersal across Eurasia-ca. 10,000 to 2000 BP -- Phase 2: Spread into Africa and Southeast Asia-ca. 2000 to 500 BP -- Phase 3: Diffusion to the New World-1545 to 1800 -- Phase 4: Diffusion to the New World-1800 to 1945 -- Phase 5: Expansion after World War II-1945 to 1990
- Phase 6: Artificial Environments and the Proliferation of Industrial Hemp-1990 to the Present -- Summary and Conclusions: Cannabis's Dispersal from an Evolutionary Point of View -- 5 History of Cannabis Use for Fiber -- Introduction -- Textile Basics -- Historical and Archeological Evidence for Cannabis Fiber Use in China -- Hemp Fiber Use in Clothing, Lacquerware, Weapons, and Ships in Ancient China -- Traditional Korea -- Contemporary South Korea and North Korea -- Ancient Japan and Hemp -- Ancient Evidence from South Asia, Southwest Asia, and Egypt -- Ancient Mediterranean Region -- Ancient Europe North of the Mediterranean -- Spread of Hemp Fiber Use to the New World -- Some Aspects of the Modern History of Hemp -- Cannabis and Paper -- Advent and Early History of Papermaking in China -- Hemp Paper in Ancient Korea and Japan -- Dispersal to North Africa and Europe -- Hemp Paper Production in North America -- Summary and Conclusions -- 6 Food, Feed, and Oil Uses of Hemp -- Introduction -- Human Food and Animal Feed Uses of Hemp Seeds -- Early Hemp Seed Use in China: Neolithic Period through the Han Dynasty -- Hemp Seed Oil in Ancient China -- Ancient Evidence for Traditional Production and Use beyond China -- Korea -- Japan -- South and Southwest Asia -- Central and Eastern Europe -- Mediterranean and Western European Regions -- Present- Day Hemp Seed Production and Use -- Summary and Conclusions -- 7 Historical Aspects of Psychoactive Cannabis Use for Ritual and Recreation -- Introduction -- Discovery of the Euphoriant Properties of Cannabis in Eurasia -- Central Asia -- China -- Taoism and Tales of Ma Gu -- India and Nepal -- Was Soma Cannabis? -- South Asian Psychoactive Cannabis Products -- Hindu Acceptance of Ritual Bhang Use -- Shiva Worship and Cannabis -- Other Occasions on which Bhang Was Used -- Worship of the Bhang Plant
- Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Turkestan -- India and Nepal -- Southeast Asia -- Africa and the Middle East -- New World -- Summary and Conclusions -- 12 Hypotheses Concerning the Early Evolution of Cannabis -- Introduction -- Prehistoric Climate Change and Plant Distribution -- The Pleistocene -- The Holocene -- Early Human Dispersals -- Plant Speciation and Colonization -- Pleistocene Refugia -- Postglacial Population Expansion -- Speciation Rate -- Early Evolution of Cannabaceae: The Hemp and Hop Family -- Breeding Systems and Reproductive Strategies as Clues to Geographical Origin -- Angiospermy -- Annuality -- Anemophily -- Dioecy -- Sex Determination -- Reconstruction of a Cannabaceae Ancestor -- Summary and Conclusions -- 13 Cannabis and Homo sapiens -- Introduction -- The Long-Term Relationship -- Summary of Cannabis's Evolution -- Cannabis's Influence on the Evolution of Human Culture -- A Case for the Social Benefits of Cannabis's Psychoactivity -- Human Influence on Cannabis's Evolution -- Environmental Impact of the Human-Cannabis Relationship -- Coevolution of Cannabis and Humans: Fresh Concepts -- Present Position of the Human-Cannabis Relationship -- Remaining Questions and Future Directions -- TIMELINE -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z