Atmosphere–soil carbon transfer as a function of soil depth
The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate 1 , 2 and—because of the importance of organic matter to soil fertility—agricultural productivity 3 . The dynamics of topsoil carbon has been relatively well quantified 4 , but half of the soil carbon is...
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| Published in | Nature (London) Vol. 559; no. 7715; pp. 599 - 602 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
01.07.2018
Nature Publishing Group |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate
1
,
2
and—because of the importance of organic matter to soil fertility—agricultural productivity
3
. The dynamics of topsoil carbon has been relatively well quantified
4
, but half of the soil carbon is located in deeper soil layers (below 30 centimetres)
5
–
7
, and many questions remain regarding the exchange of this deep carbon with the atmosphere
8
. This knowledge gap restricts soil carbon management policies and limits global carbon models
1
,
9
,
10
. Here we quantify the recent incorporation of atmosphere-derived carbon atoms into whole-soil profiles, through a meta-analysis of changes in stable carbon isotope signatures at 112 grassland, forest and cropland sites, across different climatic zones, from 1965 to 2015. We find, in agreement with previous work
5
,
6
, that soil at a depth of 30–100 centimetres beneath the surface (the subsoil) contains on average 47 per cent of the topmost metre’s SOC stocks. However, we show that this subsoil accounts for just 19 per cent of the SOC that has been recently incorporated (within the past 50 years) into the topmost metre. Globally, the median depth of recent carbon incorporation into mineral soil is 10 centimetres. Variations in the relative allocation of carbon to deep soil layers are better explained by the aridity index than by mean annual temperature. Land use for crops reduces the incorporation of carbon into the soil surface layer, but not into deeper layers. Our results suggest that SOC dynamics and its responses to climatic control or land use are strongly dependent on soil depth. We propose that using multilayer soil modules in global carbon models, tested with our data, could help to improve our understanding of soil–atmosphere carbon exchange.
This study of whole-soil carbon dynamics finds that, of the atmospheric carbon that is incorporated into the topmost metre of soil over 50 years, just 19 per cent reaches the subsoil, in a manner that depends on land use and aridity. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate1,2 and-because of the importance of organic matter to soil fertility-agricultural productivity3. The dynamics of topsoil carbon has been relatively well quantified4, but half of the soil carbon is located in deeper soil layers (below 30 centimetres)5-7, and many questions remain regarding the exchange of this deep carbon with the atmosphere8. This knowledge gap restricts soil carbon management policies and limits global carbon models1,9,10. Here we quantify the recent incorporation of atmosphere-derived carbon atoms into whole-soil profiles, through a meta-analysis of changes in stable carbon isotope signatures at 112 grassland, forest and cropland sites, across different climatic zones, from 1965 to 2015. We find, in agreement with previous work5,6, that soil at a depth of 30-100 centimetres beneath the surface (the subsoil) contains on average 47 per cent of the topmost metre's SOC stocks. However, we show that this subsoil accounts for just 19 per cent of the SOC that has been recently incorporated (within the past 50 years) into the topmost metre. Globally, the median depth of recent carbon incorporation into mineral soil is 10 centimetres. Variations in the relative allocation of carbon to deep soil layers are better explained by the aridity index than by mean annual temperature. Land use for crops reduces the incorporation of carbon into the soil surface layer, but not into deeper layers. Our results suggest that SOC dynamics and its responses to climatic control or land use are strongly dependent on soil depth. We propose that using multilayer soil modules in global carbon models, tested with our data, could help to improve our understanding of soil-atmosphere carbon exchange.The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate1,2 and-because of the importance of organic matter to soil fertility-agricultural productivity3. The dynamics of topsoil carbon has been relatively well quantified4, but half of the soil carbon is located in deeper soil layers (below 30 centimetres)5-7, and many questions remain regarding the exchange of this deep carbon with the atmosphere8. This knowledge gap restricts soil carbon management policies and limits global carbon models1,9,10. Here we quantify the recent incorporation of atmosphere-derived carbon atoms into whole-soil profiles, through a meta-analysis of changes in stable carbon isotope signatures at 112 grassland, forest and cropland sites, across different climatic zones, from 1965 to 2015. We find, in agreement with previous work5,6, that soil at a depth of 30-100 centimetres beneath the surface (the subsoil) contains on average 47 per cent of the topmost metre's SOC stocks. However, we show that this subsoil accounts for just 19 per cent of the SOC that has been recently incorporated (within the past 50 years) into the topmost metre. Globally, the median depth of recent carbon incorporation into mineral soil is 10 centimetres. Variations in the relative allocation of carbon to deep soil layers are better explained by the aridity index than by mean annual temperature. Land use for crops reduces the incorporation of carbon into the soil surface layer, but not into deeper layers. Our results suggest that SOC dynamics and its responses to climatic control or land use are strongly dependent on soil depth. We propose that using multilayer soil modules in global carbon models, tested with our data, could help to improve our understanding of soil-atmosphere carbon exchange. The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate1,2 and-because of the importance of organic matter to soil fertility-agricultural productivity3. The dynamics of topsoil carbon has been relatively well quantified4, but half of the soil carbon is located in deeper soil layers (below 30 centimetres)5-7, and many questions remain regarding the exchange of this deep carbon with the atmosphere8. This knowledge gap restricts soil carbon management policies and limits global carbon models1,9,10. Here we quantify the recent incorporation of atmosphere-derived carbon atoms into whole-soil profiles, through a meta-analysis of changes in stable carbon isotope signatures at 112 grassland, forest and cropland sites, across different climatic zones, from 1965 to 2015. We find, in agreement with previous work5,6, that soil at a depth of 30-100 centimetres beneath the surface (the subsoil) contains on average 47 per cent of the topmost metre's SOC stocks. However, we show that this subsoil accounts for just 19 per cent of the SOC that has been recently incorporated (within the past 50 years) into the topmost metre. Globally, the median depth of recent carbon incorporation into mineral soil is 10 centimetres. Variations in the relative allocation of carbon to deep soil layers are better explained by the aridity index than by mean annual temperature. Land use for crops reduces the incorporation of carbon into the soil surface layer, but not into deeper layers. Our results suggest that SOC dynamics and its responses to climatic control or land use are strongly dependent on soil depth. We propose that using multilayer soil modules in global carbon models, tested with our data, could help to improve our understanding of soil-atmosphere carbon exchange. The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate 1 , 2 and—because of the importance of organic matter to soil fertility—agricultural productivity 3 . The dynamics of topsoil carbon has been relatively well quantified 4 , but half of the soil carbon is located in deeper soil layers (below 30 centimetres) 5 – 7 , and many questions remain regarding the exchange of this deep carbon with the atmosphere 8 . This knowledge gap restricts soil carbon management policies and limits global carbon models 1 , 9 , 10 . Here we quantify the recent incorporation of atmosphere-derived carbon atoms into whole-soil profiles, through a meta-analysis of changes in stable carbon isotope signatures at 112 grassland, forest and cropland sites, across different climatic zones, from 1965 to 2015. We find, in agreement with previous work 5 , 6 , that soil at a depth of 30–100 centimetres beneath the surface (the subsoil) contains on average 47 per cent of the topmost metre’s SOC stocks. However, we show that this subsoil accounts for just 19 per cent of the SOC that has been recently incorporated (within the past 50 years) into the topmost metre. Globally, the median depth of recent carbon incorporation into mineral soil is 10 centimetres. Variations in the relative allocation of carbon to deep soil layers are better explained by the aridity index than by mean annual temperature. Land use for crops reduces the incorporation of carbon into the soil surface layer, but not into deeper layers. Our results suggest that SOC dynamics and its responses to climatic control or land use are strongly dependent on soil depth. We propose that using multilayer soil modules in global carbon models, tested with our data, could help to improve our understanding of soil–atmosphere carbon exchange. This study of whole-soil carbon dynamics finds that, of the atmospheric carbon that is incorporated into the topmost metre of soil over 50 years, just 19 per cent reaches the subsoil, in a manner that depends on land use and aridity. The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate.sup.1,2 and--because of the importance of organic matter to soil fertility--agricultural productivity.sup.3. The dynamics of topsoil carbon has been relatively well quantified.sup.4, but half of the soil carbon is located in deeper soil layers (below 30 centimetres).sup.5-7, and many questions remain regarding the exchange of this deep carbon with the atmosphere.sup.8. This knowledge gap restricts soil carbon management policies and limits global carbon models.sup.1,9,10. Here we quantify the recent incorporation of atmosphere-derived carbon atoms into whole-soil profiles, through a meta-analysis of changes in stable carbon isotope signatures at 112 grassland, forest and cropland sites, across different climatic zones, from 1965 to 2015. We find, in agreement with previous work.sup.5,6, that soil at a depth of 30-100 centimetres beneath the surface (the subsoil) contains on average 47 per cent of the topmost metre's SOC stocks. However, we show that this subsoil accounts for just 19 per cent of the SOC that has been recently incorporated (within the past 50 years) into the topmost metre. Globally, the median depth of recent carbon incorporation into mineral soil is 10 centimetres. Variations in the relative allocation of carbon to deep soil layers are better explained by the aridity index than by mean annual temperature. Land use for crops reduces the incorporation of carbon into the soil surface layer, but not into deeper layers. Our results suggest that SOC dynamics and its responses to climatic control or land use are strongly dependent on soil depth. We propose that using multilayer soil modules in global carbon models, tested with our data, could help to improve our understanding of soil-atmosphere carbon exchange. The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate.sup.1,2 and--because of the importance of organic matter to soil fertility--agricultural productivity.sup.3. The dynamics of topsoil carbon has been relatively well quantified.sup.4, but half of the soil carbon is located in deeper soil layers (below 30 centimetres).sup.5-7, and many questions remain regarding the exchange of this deep carbon with the atmosphere.sup.8. This knowledge gap restricts soil carbon management policies and limits global carbon models.sup.1,9,10. Here we quantify the recent incorporation of atmosphere-derived carbon atoms into whole-soil profiles, through a meta-analysis of changes in stable carbon isotope signatures at 112 grassland, forest and cropland sites, across different climatic zones, from 1965 to 2015. We find, in agreement with previous work.sup.5,6, that soil at a depth of 30-100 centimetres beneath the surface (the subsoil) contains on average 47 per cent of the topmost metre's SOC stocks. However, we show that this subsoil accounts for just 19 per cent of the SOC that has been recently incorporated (within the past 50 years) into the topmost metre. Globally, the median depth of recent carbon incorporation into mineral soil is 10 centimetres. Variations in the relative allocation of carbon to deep soil layers are better explained by the aridity index than by mean annual temperature. Land use for crops reduces the incorporation of carbon into the soil surface layer, but not into deeper layers. Our results suggest that SOC dynamics and its responses to climatic control or land use are strongly dependent on soil depth. We propose that using multilayer soil modules in global carbon models, tested with our data, could help to improve our understanding of soil-atmosphere carbon exchange.This study of whole-soil carbon dynamics finds that, of the atmospheric carbon that is incorporated into the topmost metre of soil over 50 years, just 19 per cent reaches the subsoil, in a manner that depends on land use and aridity. The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate and-because of the importance of organic matter to soil fertility-agricultural productivity . The dynamics of topsoil carbon has been relatively well quantified , but half of the soil carbon is located in deeper soil layers (below 30 centimetres) , and many questions remain regarding the exchange of this deep carbon with the atmosphere . This knowledge gap restricts soil carbon management policies and limits global carbon models . Here we quantify the recent incorporation of atmosphere-derived carbon atoms into whole-soil profiles, through a meta-analysis of changes in stable carbon isotope signatures at 112 grassland, forest and cropland sites, across different climatic zones, from 1965 to 2015. We find, in agreement with previous work , that soil at a depth of 30-100 centimetres beneath the surface (the subsoil) contains on average 47 per cent of the topmost metre's SOC stocks. However, we show that this subsoil accounts for just 19 per cent of the SOC that has been recently incorporated (within the past 50 years) into the topmost metre. Globally, the median depth of recent carbon incorporation into mineral soil is 10 centimetres. Variations in the relative allocation of carbon to deep soil layers are better explained by the aridity index than by mean annual temperature. Land use for crops reduces the incorporation of carbon into the soil surface layer, but not into deeper layers. Our results suggest that SOC dynamics and its responses to climatic control or land use are strongly dependent on soil depth. We propose that using multilayer soil modules in global carbon models, tested with our data, could help to improve our understanding of soil-atmosphere carbon exchange. The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate1,2 and—because of the importance of organic matter to soil fertility—agricultural productivity3. The dynamics of topsoil carbon has been relatively well quantified4, but half of the soil carbon is located in deeper soil layers (below 30 centimetres)5,6,7, and many questions remain regarding the exchange of this deep carbon with the atmosphere8. This knowledge gap restricts soil carbon management policies and limits global carbon models1,9,10. Here we quantify the recent incorporation of atmosphere-derived carbon atoms into whole-soil profiles, through a meta-analysis of changes in stable carbon isotope signatures at 112 grassland, forest and cropland sites, across different climatic zones, from 1965 to 2015. We find, in agreement with previous work5,6, that soil at a depth of 30–100 centimetres beneath the surface (the subsoil) contains on average 47 per cent of the topmost metre’s SOC stocks. However, we show that this subsoil accounts for just 19 per cent of the SOC that has been recently incorporated (within the past 50 years) into the topmost metre. Globally, the median depth of recent carbon incorporation into mineral soil is 10 centimetres. Variations in the relative allocation of carbon to deep soil layers are better explained by the aridity index than by mean annual temperature. Land use for crops reduces the incorporation of carbon into the soil surface layer, but not into deeper layers. Our results suggest that SOC dynamics and its responses to climatic control or land use are strongly dependent on soil depth. We propose that using multilayer soil modules in global carbon models, tested with our data, could help to improve our understanding of soil–atmosphere carbon exchange. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Basile-Doelsch, Isabelle Derrien, Delphine Balesdent, Jérôme Hatté, Christine Fekiacova, Zuzana Chadoeuf, Joël Cornu, Sophie |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jérôme surname: Balesdent fullname: Balesdent, Jérôme email: jerome.balesdent@inra.fr organization: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE – sequence: 2 givenname: Isabelle surname: Basile-Doelsch fullname: Basile-Doelsch, Isabelle organization: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE – sequence: 3 givenname: Joël surname: Chadoeuf fullname: Chadoeuf, Joël organization: INRA UR 1052 – sequence: 4 givenname: Sophie surname: Cornu fullname: Cornu, Sophie organization: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE – sequence: 5 givenname: Delphine surname: Derrien fullname: Derrien, Delphine organization: INRA UR Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers – sequence: 6 givenname: Zuzana surname: Fekiacova fullname: Fekiacova, Zuzana organization: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE – sequence: 7 givenname: Christine surname: Hatté fullname: Hatté, Christine organization: Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, UMR 8212 CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29995858$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://hal.science/hal-02073138$$DView record in HAL |
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| Snippet | The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate
1
,
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and—because of the importance of organic matter to soil... The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate and-because of the importance of organic matter to soil... The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate.sup.1,2 and--because of the importance of organic matter to... The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate1,2 and-because of the importance of organic matter to soil... The exchange of carbon between soil organic carbon (SOC) and the atmosphere affects the climate1,2 and—because of the importance of organic matter to soil... |
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| SubjectTerms | 704/106/47/4113 704/158/2445 704/158/2466 704/47/4113 Age Agricultural land Agricultural management Agriculture Annual temperatures Aridity Aridity index Atmosphere Atmosphere - chemistry Atmospheric models Biomass Carbon Carbon - analysis Carbon - metabolism Carbon cycle Carbon exchange Carbon isotopes Carbon Isotopes - analysis Carbon Isotopes - metabolism Chemical Sciences Climate Climate control Climatic zones Crops, Agricultural - metabolism Datasets as Topic Earth Sciences Environmental aspects Exchanging Forests Geochemistry Grassland Grasslands Humanities and Social Sciences Labeling Land use Letter Meta-analysis multidisciplinary Multilayers Organic carbon Organic matter Organic soils Other Permafrost Respiration Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sciences of the Universe Soil - chemistry Soil analysis Soil carbon Soil depth Soil dynamics Soil fertility Soil improvement Soil layers Soil organic matter Soil profiles Soil properties Soil surfaces Subsoils Surface boundary layer Surface layers Systematic review Temperature Topsoil Tropical Climate |
| Title | Atmosphere–soil carbon transfer as a function of soil depth |
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