Enamel proteome shows that Gigantopithecus was an early diverging pongine

Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene epoch 1 . Its evolutionary relationships to other great ape species, and the divergence of these species during the Middle and Late Miocene epoch (16–5.3 million years ago...

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Published inNature (London) Vol. 576; no. 7786; pp. 262 - 265
Main Authors Welker, Frido, Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín, Kuhlwilm, Martin, Liao, Wei, Gutenbrunner, Petra, de Manuel, Marc, Samodova, Diana, Mackie, Meaghan, Allentoft, Morten E., Bacon, Anne-Marie, Collins, Matthew J., Cox, Jürgen, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Olsen, Jesper V., Demeter, Fabrice, Wang, Wei, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Cappellini, Enrico
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.12.2019
Nature Publishing Group
Subjects
101/58
631/181/19/2471
631/181/414
631/181/757
631/45/475
82/81
Age
Amino Acid Sequence
Analysis
Animals
Apes
Apes, Fossil
Bayes Theorem
Biological anthropology
Biological evolution
Dental enamel
Discovery and exploration
Divergence
Divergent evolution
Enamel
Enamel, Dental
Endangered & extinct species
Genetic aspects
Genomes
Gigantopithecus
Glycoproteins
Hominidae - genetics
Humanities and Social Sciences
Humans
Kinases
Mineralization
Miocene
Molars
Monkeys & apes
Morphology
multidisciplinary
Natural history
Orangutans
Peptides
Phosphorylation
Phylogenetics
Phylogeny
Pleistocene
Pongo
Preservation
Proteins
Proteome
Proteomes
Proteomics
Radiation
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Skull
Teeth
Time Factors
Denmark
China
Online AccessGet full text

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Abstract Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene epoch 1 . Its evolutionary relationships to other great ape species, and the divergence of these species during the Middle and Late Miocene epoch (16–5.3 million years ago), remain unclear 2 , 3 . Hypotheses regarding the relationships between Gigantopithecus and extinct and extant hominids are wide ranging but difficult to substantiate because of its highly derived dentognathic morphology, the absence of cranial and post-cranial remains 1 , 3 – 6 , and the lack of independent molecular validation. We retrieved dental enamel proteome sequences from a 1.9-million-year-old G. blacki molar found in Chuifeng Cave, China 7 , 8 . The thermal age of these protein sequences is approximately five times greater than that of any previously published mammalian proteome or genome. We demonstrate that Gigantopithecus is a sister clade to orangutans (genus Pongo ) with a common ancestor about 12–10 million years ago, implying that the divergence of Gigantopithecus from Pongo forms part of the Miocene radiation of great apes. In addition, we hypothesize that the expression of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, which has not been previously observed in enamel proteomes, had a role in the biomineralization of the thick enamel crowns that characterize the large molars in Gigantopithecus 9 , 10 . The survival of an Early Pleistocene dental enamel proteome in the subtropics further expands the scope of palaeoproteomic analysis into geographical areas and time periods previously considered incompatible with the preservation of substantial amounts of genetic information. The enamel proteome from a 1.9-million-year-old Gigantopithecus tooth shows that the Gigantopithecus and Pongo (orangutan) lineages diverged 12–10 million years ago.
AbstractList Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene epoch1. Its evolutionary relationships to other great ape species, and the divergence of these species during the Middle and Late Miocene epoch (16-5.3 million years ago), remain unclear2,3. Hypotheses regarding the relationships between Gigantopithecus and extinct and extant hominids are wide ranging but difficult to substantiate because of its highly derived dentognathic morphology, the absence of cranial and post-cranial remains1,3-6, and the lack of independent molecular validation. We retrieved dental enamel proteome sequences from a 1.9-million-year-old G. blacki molar found in Chuifeng Cave, China7,8. The thermal age ofthese protein sequences is approximately five times greater than that of any previously published mammalian proteome or genome. We demonstrate that Gigantopithecus is a sister clade to orangutans (genus Pongo) with a common ancestor about 12-10 million years ago, implying that the divergence of Gigantopithecus from Pongo forms part of the Miocene radiation of great apes. In addition, we hypothesize that the expression of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, which has not been previously observed in enamel proteomes, had a role in the biomineralization ofthe thick enamel crowns that characterize the large molars in Gigantopithecus9,10. The survival of an Early Pleistocene dental enamel proteome in the subtropics further expands the scope of palaeoproteomic analysis into geographical areas and time periods previously considered incompatible with the preservation of substantial amounts of genetic information.
Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene epoch.sup.1. Its evolutionary relationships to other great ape species, and the divergence of these species during the Middle and Late Miocene epoch (16-5.3 million years ago), remain unclear.sup.2,3. Hypotheses regarding the relationships between Gigantopithecus and extinct and extant hominids are wide ranging but difficult to substantiate because of its highly derived dentognathic morphology, the absence of cranial and post-cranial remains.sup.1,3-6, and the lack of independent molecular validation. We retrieved dental enamel proteome sequences from a 1.9-million-year-old G. blacki molar found in Chuifeng Cave, China.sup.7,8. The thermal age of these protein sequences is approximately five times greater than that of any previously published mammalian proteome or genome. We demonstrate that Gigantopithecus is a sister clade to orangutans (genus Pongo) with a common ancestor about 12-10 million years ago, implying that the divergence of Gigantopithecus from Pongo forms part of the Miocene radiation of great apes. In addition, we hypothesize that the expression of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, which has not been previously observed in enamel proteomes, had a role in the biomineralization of the thick enamel crowns that characterize the large molars in Gigantopithecus.sup.9,10. The survival of an Early Pleistocene dental enamel proteome in the subtropics further expands the scope of palaeoproteomic analysis into geographical areas and time periods previously considered incompatible with the preservation of substantial amounts of genetic information. The enamel proteome from a 1.9-million-year-old Gigantopithecus tooth shows that the Gigantopithecus and Pongo (orangutan) lineages diverged 12-10 million years ago.
Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene epoch.sup.1. Its evolutionary relationships to other great ape species, and the divergence of these species during the Middle and Late Miocene epoch (16-5.3 million years ago), remain unclear.sup.2,3. Hypotheses regarding the relationships between Gigantopithecus and extinct and extant hominids are wide ranging but difficult to substantiate because of its highly derived dentognathic morphology, the absence of cranial and post-cranial remains.sup.1,3-6, and the lack of independent molecular validation. We retrieved dental enamel proteome sequences from a 1.9-million-year-old G. blacki molar found in Chuifeng Cave, China.sup.7,8. The thermal age of these protein sequences is approximately five times greater than that of any previously published mammalian proteome or genome. We demonstrate that Gigantopithecus is a sister clade to orangutans (genus Pongo) with a common ancestor about 12-10 million years ago, implying that the divergence of Gigantopithecus from Pongo forms part of the Miocene radiation of great apes. In addition, we hypothesize that the expression of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, which has not been previously observed in enamel proteomes, had a role in the biomineralization of the thick enamel crowns that characterize the large molars in Gigantopithecus.sup.9,10. The survival of an Early Pleistocene dental enamel proteome in the subtropics further expands the scope of palaeoproteomic analysis into geographical areas and time periods previously considered incompatible with the preservation of substantial amounts of genetic information.
Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene epoch . Its evolutionary relationships to other great ape species, and the divergence of these species during the Middle and Late Miocene epoch (16-5.3 million years ago), remain unclear . Hypotheses regarding the relationships between Gigantopithecus and extinct and extant hominids are wide ranging but difficult to substantiate because of its highly derived dentognathic morphology, the absence of cranial and post-cranial remains , and the lack of independent molecular validation. We retrieved dental enamel proteome sequences from a 1.9-million-year-old G. blacki molar found in Chuifeng Cave, China . The thermal age of these protein sequences is approximately five times greater than that of any previously published mammalian proteome or genome. We demonstrate that Gigantopithecus is a sister clade to orangutans (genus Pongo) with a common ancestor about 12-10 million years ago, implying that the divergence of Gigantopithecus from Pongo forms part of the Miocene radiation of great apes. In addition, we hypothesize that the expression of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, which has not been previously observed in enamel proteomes, had a role in the biomineralization of the thick enamel crowns that characterize the large molars in Gigantopithecus . The survival of an Early Pleistocene dental enamel proteome in the subtropics further expands the scope of palaeoproteomic analysis into geographical areas and time periods previously considered incompatible with the preservation of substantial amounts of genetic information.
Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene epoch 1 . Its evolutionary relationships to other great ape species, and the divergence of these species during the Middle and Late Miocene epoch (16–5.3 million years ago), remain unclear 2 , 3 . Hypotheses regarding the relationships between Gigantopithecus and extinct and extant hominids are wide ranging but difficult to substantiate because of its highly derived dentognathic morphology, the absence of cranial and post-cranial remains 1 , 3 – 6 , and the lack of independent molecular validation. We retrieved dental enamel proteome sequences from a 1.9-million-year-old G. blacki molar found in Chuifeng Cave, China 7 , 8 . The thermal age of these protein sequences is approximately five times greater than that of any previously published mammalian proteome or genome. We demonstrate that Gigantopithecus is a sister clade to orangutans (genus Pongo ) with a common ancestor about 12–10 million years ago, implying that the divergence of Gigantopithecus from Pongo forms part of the Miocene radiation of great apes. In addition, we hypothesize that the expression of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, which has not been previously observed in enamel proteomes, had a role in the biomineralization of the thick enamel crowns that characterize the large molars in Gigantopithecus 9 , 10 . The survival of an Early Pleistocene dental enamel proteome in the subtropics further expands the scope of palaeoproteomic analysis into geographical areas and time periods previously considered incompatible with the preservation of substantial amounts of genetic information. The enamel proteome from a 1.9-million-year-old Gigantopithecus tooth shows that the Gigantopithecus and Pongo (orangutan) lineages diverged 12–10 million years ago.
Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene 1 . Its evolutionary relationships to other great ape species, and their divergence during the Middle and Late Miocene (16-5.3 Mya), remains disputed 2 , 3 . Hypotheses regarding relationships between Gigantopithecus and extinct and extant hominids are difficult to substantiate because of its highly derived dentognathic morphology and the absence of cranial and post-cranial remains 1 , 3 - 6 . Therefore, proposed hypotheses on the phylogenetic position of Gigantopithecus among hominids have been wide-ranging, but none have received independent molecular validation. We retrieved dental enamel proteome sequences from a 1.9 million years (Mya) old Gigantopithecus blacki molar found in Chuifeng Cave, China 7 , 8 . The thermal age of these protein sequences is approximately five times older than any previously published mammalian proteome or genome. We demonstrate that Gigantopithecus is a sister clade to orangutans (genus Pongo ) with a common ancestor about 10-12 Mya, implying that the Gigantopithecus divergence from Pongo is part of the Miocene radiation of great apes. Additionally, we hypothesize that the expression of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG), which has not been observed in enamel proteomes previously, had a role in the biomineralization of the thick enamel crowns that characterize the large molars in the genus 9 , 10 . The survival of an Early Pleistocene dental enamel proteome in the subtropics further expands the scope of palaeoproteomic analysis into geographic areas and time periods previously considered incompatible with genetic preservation.
Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene epoch1. Its evolutionary relationships to other great ape species, and the divergence of these species during the Middle and Late Miocene epoch (16–5.3 million years ago), remain unclear2,3. Hypotheses regarding the relationships between Gigantopithecus and extinct and extant hominids are wide ranging but difficult to substantiate because of its highly derived dentognathic morphology, the absence of cranial and post-cranial remains1,3,4,5,6, and the lack of independent molecular validation. We retrieved dental enamel proteome sequences from a 1.9-million-year-old G. blacki molar found in Chuifeng Cave, China7,8. The thermal age of these protein sequences is approximately five times greater than that of any previously published mammalian proteome or genome. We demonstrate that Gigantopithecus is a sister clade to orangutans (genus Pongo) with a common ancestor about 12–10 million years ago, implying that the divergence of Gigantopithecus from Pongo forms part of the Miocene radiation of great apes. In addition, we hypothesize that the expression of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, which has not been previously observed in enamel proteomes, had a role in the biomineralization of the thick enamel crowns that characterize the large molars in Gigantopithecus9,10. The survival of an Early Pleistocene dental enamel proteome in the subtropics further expands the scope of palaeoproteomic analysis into geographical areas and time periods previously considered incompatible with the preservation of substantial amounts of genetic information.
Audience Academic
Author Kuhlwilm, Martin
Cappellini, Enrico
Wang, Wei
Olsen, Jesper V.
Lalueza-Fox, Carles
de Manuel, Marc
Cox, Jürgen
Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín
Mackie, Meaghan
Samodova, Diana
Bacon, Anne-Marie
Liao, Wei
Welker, Frido
Allentoft, Morten E.
Collins, Matthew J.
Marques-Bonet, Tomas
Gutenbrunner, Petra
Demeter, Fabrice
AuthorAffiliation 5 Computational Systems Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Germany
1 Evolutionary Genomics Section, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
14 Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
11 Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, China
13 Centre for Genomic Regulation (CNAG-CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Spain
8 CNRS FRE 2029 BABEL, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Montrouge, France
7 Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
9 Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
3 School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, China
4 Anthropology Museum of Guangxi, China
12 Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
2 Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), University Pompeu Fabra, Spain
10 UMR7206 Eco-anthropologie, Muséum
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  organization: Evolutionary Genomics Section, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31723270$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
https://hal.science/hal-03021856$$DView record in HAL
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COPYRIGHT 2019 Nature Publishing Group
Copyright Nature Publishing Group Dec 12, 2019
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content type line 23
F.W., E.C., F.D., and T.M.B. designed the study. W.W. conduced excavation of Chuifeng Cave. W.W. and W.L. carried out faunal analysis of Chuifeng Cave. W.W., W.L., and M.E.A. provided ancient samples. F.W., J.R.-M., M.K., P.G., D.S., M.M., M.deM. performed data generation and analyzed data with support from A.-M.B., J.C., C.L.-F., F.D. and T.M.-B. F.W., E.C., and T.M.-B. wrote the manuscript with contributions from all authors.
Author Contributions
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Snippet Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene epoch 1 . Its evolutionary...
Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene epoch . Its evolutionary...
Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene epoch.sup.1. Its evolutionary...
Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene epoch1. Its evolutionary...
Gigantopithecus blacki was a giant hominid that inhabited densely forested environments of Southeast Asia during the Pleistocene 1 . Its evolutionary...
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SubjectTerms 101/58
631/181/19/2471
631/181/414
631/181/757
631/45/475
82/81
Age
Amino Acid Sequence
Analysis
Animals
Apes
Apes, Fossil
Bayes Theorem
Biological anthropology
Biological evolution
Dental enamel
Discovery and exploration
Divergence
Divergent evolution
Enamel
Enamel, Dental
Endangered & extinct species
Genetic aspects
Genomes
Gigantopithecus
Glycoproteins
Hominidae - genetics
Humanities and Social Sciences
Humans
Kinases
Mineralization
Miocene
Molars
Monkeys & apes
Morphology
multidisciplinary
Natural history
Orangutans
Peptides
Phosphorylation
Phylogenetics
Phylogeny
Pleistocene
Pongo
Preservation
Proteins
Proteome
Proteomes
Proteomics
Radiation
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Skull
Teeth
Time Factors
Title Enamel proteome shows that Gigantopithecus was an early diverging pongine
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41586-019-1728-8
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31723270
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2329721953
https://search.proquest.com/docview/2314555876
https://hal.science/hal-03021856
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC6908745
Volume 576
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