Climate Change and Cities First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network
Urban areas are home to over half the world's people and are at the forefront of the climate change issue. The need for a global research effort to establish the current understanding of climate change adaptation and mitigation at the city level is urgent. To meet this goal a coalition of inter...
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| Main Authors | , , , |
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| Format | eBook |
| Language | English |
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Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
28.04.2011
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| Edition | 1 |
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| Abstract | Urban areas are home to over half the world's people and are at the forefront of the climate change issue. The need for a global research effort to establish the current understanding of climate change adaptation and mitigation at the city level is urgent. To meet this goal a coalition of international researchers - the Urban Climate Change Research Network (UCCRN) - was formed at the time of the C40 Large Cities Climate Summit in New York in 2007. This book is the First UCCRN Assessment Report on Climate Change and Cities. The authors are all international experts from a diverse range of cities with varying socio-economic conditions, from both the developing and developed world. It is invaluable for mayors, city officials and policymakers; urban sustainability officers and urban planners; and researchers, professors and advanced students. |
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| AbstractList | Urban areas are home to over half the world's people and are at the forefront of the climate change issue. The need for a global research effort to establish the current understanding of climate change adaptation and mitigation at the city level is urgent. To meet this goal a coalition of international researchers - the Urban Climate Change Research Network (UCCRN) - was formed at the time of the C40 Large Cities Climate Summit in New York in 2007. This book is the First UCCRN Assessment Report on Climate Change and Cities. The authors are all international experts from a diverse range of cities with varying socio-economic conditions, from both the developing and developed world. It is invaluable for mayors, city officials and policymakers; urban sustainability officers and urban planners; and researchers, professors and advanced students. Urban areas are home to over half the world's people and are at the forefront of the climate change issue. Written by international experts from cities with varying socio-economic conditions, this book on climate change adaptation and mitigation in cities is invaluable for policymakers, urban planners, researchers and advanced students. Urban areas are home to over half the world's people and are at the forefront of the climate change issue. The need for a global research effort to establish the current understanding of climate change adaptation and mitigation at the city level is urgent. To meet this goal a coalition of international researchers - the Urban Climate Change Research Network (UCCRN) - was formed at the time of the C40 Large Cities Climate Summit in New York in 2007. This book is the First UCCRN Assessment Report on Climate Change and Cities. The authors are all international experts from a diverse range of cities with varying socio-economic conditions, from both the developing and developed world. It is invaluable for mayors, city officials and policymakers; urban sustainability officers and urban planners; and researchers, professors and advanced students. Summary reprinted by permission of Cambridge University Press |
| Author | Solecki, William D Hammer, Stephen A Rosenzweig, Cynthia Mehrotra, Shagun |
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| Copyright | Urban Climate Change Research Network (UCCRN), Center for Climate Systems Research, Earth Institute, Columbia University 2011 |
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| Editor | Rosenzweig, Cynthia Hammer, Stephen A. Solecki, William D. Mehrotra, Shagun |
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| Snippet | Urban areas are home to over half the world's people and are at the forefront of the climate change issue. The need for a global research effort to establish... Urban areas are home to over half the world's people and are at the forefront of the climate change issue. Written by international experts from cities with... |
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| StartPage | xxiii |
| SubjectTerms | Cities and towns City planning Climate change Climatic changes Environmental aspects Growth Risk management Socioeconomic development Sustainability Sustainable development Urban areas Urban ecology (Sociology) Urban policy |
| Subtitle | First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network |
| TableOfContents | Cover -- Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword - Anna Tibaijuka -- Foreword - Rajendra Kumar Pachauri -- Foreword - Michael R. Bloomberg -- Foreword - Jeffrey D. Sachs -- Preface -- Executive Summary -- Key findings -- Defining the risk framework -- Urban climate: processes, trends, and projections -- Sector-specific impacts, adaptation, and mitigation -- Climate change and urban energy systems -- Climate change, water, and wastewater in cities -- Climate change and urban transportation systems -- Climate change and human health in cities -- Cross-cutting issues -- The role of urban land in climate change -- Cities and climate change: The challenges for governance -- Cities act -- About the First Assessment Report on Climate Change and Cities (ARC3) -- References -- Part I: Introduction -- 1: Urban climate change in context -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Contributions to climate change and cities -- 1.1.2 Focus on the urban poor -- 1.1.3 Intersection of climate change and disaster risk reduction and recovery -- 1.2 ARC3 structure and process -- 1.2.1 Developing and developed cities -- 1.2.2 Multiple stresses and risk management -- 1.3 What urban decision-makers need to know about climate change -- 1.3.1 Vulnerability -- 1.3.2 Science-policy linkages -- 1.3.3 Urbanization -- 1.3.4 Equity and environmental justice -- 1.3.5 Climate risks, adaptation and mitigation, and governance -- 1.4 Urban climate change issues covered in ARC3 -- 1.4.1 Vulnerability and risk assessment -- 1.4.2 Urban climate hazards -- 1.4.3 Energy and buildings -- 1.4.4 Urban water supply and wastewater treatment -- 1.4.5 City transportation systems -- 1.4.6 Climate change and human health in cities -- 1.4.7 Urban land use and climate change -- 1.4.8 City governance 5.4.1 Step 1: Conduct risk assessment inventories -- 5.4.2 Step 2: Apply future climate change scenarios -- 5.4.3 Step 3: Characterize adaptation options -- 5.4.3.1 Operations/management adaptations -- 5.4.3.2 Investments in infrastructure -- 5.4.3.3 Policy adaptations -- 5.4.4 Step 4: Conduct initial feasibility screening -- 5.4.5 Step 5: Link to capital and rehabilitation cycles -- 5.4.6 Step 6: Evaluate options - benefit/cost analysis, environmental impact, legal mandates -- 5.4.7 Step 7: Develop Climate Change Adaptation Action Plans, including timeframe for implementation -- 5.4.8 Step 8: Monitor and reassess -- 5.5 Mitigation -- 5.5.1 Water conservation/demand reductions -- 5.5.2 Water reclamation and recycling -- 5.5.3 Attention to energy efficiency of water supply expansion -- 5.5.4 Hydropower and reservoirs -- 5.5.5 Urban water heating -- 5.5.6 Watersheds and river basins -- 5.5.7 Wastewater -- 5.6 Policy considerations and knowledge gaps -- 5.6.1 Policy considerations -- 5.6.2 Gaps in needed understanding of urban water systems and climate change -- REFERENCES -- 6: Climate change and urban transportation systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Description of urban transportation sector -- 6.1.2 Role of transportation in climate change -- 6.1.2.1 Contribution of transportation sector to greenhouse gas emissions -- 6.1.2.2 Impacts of climate change on transportation sector -- 6.1.3 Urban transportation and land use -- 6.1.4 Responding to climate change: adaptation and mitigation -- 6.2 Risk management as a framework for adaptation and mitigation -- 6.3 Assessing climate risks to urban transportation -- 6.3.1 Defining climate risks and methods of risk assessment -- 6.3.2 Climate hazards to urban transportation systems -- 6.3.3 Examples of climate change risk assessment of urban transport systems -- 6.4 Adaptation of urban transportation systems 6.4.1 Adaptation planning 3.2.1.1 São Paulo and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation -- 3.2.2 Effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation on cities -- 3.2.2.1 London and the North Atlantic Oscillation -- 3.2.3 Other modes of natural climate variability -- 3.2.4 Natural variability and global climate change -- 3.3 Global climate change and its impact on urban areas -- 3.3.1 The climate system and global climate change -- 3.3.2 Drivers of global climate change -- 3.3.2.1 Greenhouse gases -- 3.3.2.2 Aerosols -- 3.3.2.3 Land use change -- 3.4 Observed climate change in cities -- 3.4.1 Temperature -- 3.4.1.1 Tokyo's heat island -- 3.4.1.2 Observed temperature trend in São Paulo, Brazil -- 3.4.2 Precipitation -- 3.4.2.1 Observed precipitation trend in Toronto, Canada -- 3.4.3 Sea level rise -- 3.4.3.1 Observed sea level rise in Dakar, Senegal -- 3.4.4 Extreme events -- 3.4.4.1 Hot days in Melbourne, Australia -- 3.4.4.2 Drought in Harare, Zimbabwe -- 3.5 Future climate projections -- 3.5.1 Global climate change projection methods -- 3.5.1.1 Global climate models -- 3.5.1.2 Sources of uncertainty: emissions scenarios and climate sensitivity -- 3.5.1.3 Greenhouse gas emissions scenarios -- 3.5.1.4 Global climate model selection -- 3.5.1.5 Model-based probability -- 3.5.1.6 Downscaling -- 3.5.2 Temperature, precipitation, sea level rise, and extreme events climate projections -- 3.5.2.1 Temperature -- Temperature projections for Delhi, India -- 3.5.2.2 Precipitation -- Precipitation projections for Athens, Greece -- 3.5.2.3 Sea level rise -- Sea level rise methods -- 3.5.2.4 Extreme events -- Extreme events projections for New York City -- Tropical cyclones -- 3.6 Conclusions and key research questions -- REFERENCES -- Part III: Urban sectors -- 4: Climate change and urban energy systems -- 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The urban energy system: technology choices, market structure, and system governance -- 4.2.1 System overview -- 4.2.2 Energy market structure -- 4.2.3 Energy system governance -- 4.3 Energy use in cities -- Tracking urban energy consumption -- 4.4 Climate risks to urban energy systems -- 4.4.1 Energy demand impacts of climate change -- 4.4.2 Energy supply chain and operations risks and vulnerabilities -- 4.4.2.1 Energy resource production and delivery -- 4.4.2.2 Impacts on power generation -- 4.4.2.3 Climate impacts on energy transmission and distribution -- 4.5 Efforts by cities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt local energy systems -- 4.5.1 Policy and program initiatives -- 4.5.1.1 Climate planning and governance efforts -- 4.5.1.2 Greenhouse gas mitigation policies and programs -- 4.5.1.3 Climate change adaptation policies and programs -- 4.6 Conclusions, policy recommendations, areas for future research -- 4.6.1 Knowledge gaps -- 4.6.2 Where do cities go from here? -- REFERENCES -- 5: Climate change, water, and wastewater in cities -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Description of sector -- 5.2.1 Formal water supply and wastewater sector -- 5.2.2 Informal urban water supply sector -- 5.2.3 Future urban growth and the informal water markets -- 5.3 Urban climate risks: vulnerabilities and impacts -- 5.3.1 Vulnerabilities -- 5.3.2 Impacts -- 5.3.2.1 Air temperature -- 5.3.2.2 Precipitation -- 5.3.2.3 Sea level rise and storm surges -- 5.3.2.4 Surface-water impacts -- 5.3.2.5 Degradation of groundwater aquifer systems used for urban supply -- 5.3.2.6 Regional-scale changes -- 5.3.2.7 Impacts on informal urban water systems -- 5.3.3 Interactions of climate change, urban water, and other sectors -- 5.3.3.1 Energy -- 5.3.3.2 Health -- 5.3.3.3 Governance -- 5.3.3.4 Land use -- 5.3.3.5 Transportation -- 5.4 Adaptation 1.5 Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- Part II: Defining the risk framework -- 2: Cities, disasters, and climate risk -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Urban disasters and hazard dynamics in the context of climate change -- 2.3 Climate risk and key urban sector impacts -- 2.4 Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction: comparison, contrasts, and emerging synergies -- 2.5 Convergence of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in the urban context -- 2.6 Climate risk in cities: assessing the nexus of disaster reduction and adaptation -- 2.6.1 Hazards -- 2.6.2 Vulnerability -- 2.6.3 Adaptive capacity -- 2.7 Climate risk assessment in selected case studies -- 2.7.1 Buenos Aires, Argentina -- 2.7.1.1 Hazards and vulnerability -- Spatial distribution of poor versus non-poor -- Low elevation urban areas -- 2.7.1.2 Adaptive capacity: current and emerging issues -- 2.7.2 Delhi, India -- 2.7.2.1 Hazards and vulnerability -- 2.7.2.2 Adaptive capacity: current and emerging issues -- 2.7.3 Lagos, Nigeria -- 2.7.3.1 Hazards and vulnerability -- 2.7.3.2 Adaptive capacity: current and emerging issues -- 2.7.4 New York City, United States -- 2.7.4.1 Hazards and vulnerabilities -- 2.7.4.2 Adaptive capacity: current and emerging issues -- 2.8 Cities, disasters risk reduction and climate change adaptation: critical observations and conclusions -- Annex 2.1 Global institutional structure for risk assessment and adaptation planning -- REFERENCES -- 3: Urban climate: Processes, trends, and projections -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Effects of cities on temperature: urban heat islands -- 3.1.2 Effects of cities on local precipitation -- 3.1.3 Climate change impacts on the urban heat island processes -- 3.1.3.1 Shanghai: many urban environmental islands -- 3.2 Natural variability of the climate system -- 3.2.1 El Niño-Southern Oscillation |
| Title | Climate Change and Cities |
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