Persistent Organic Pollutants Gaps in Management and Associated Challenges

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are chemicals that resist environmental degradation and cause deleterious effects on the environment and human well-being. Once released into the environment they can travel long distances and persist for a longer duration. Persistent Organic Pollutants: Gaps in...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author Kumari, Kanchan
Format eBook
LanguageEnglish
Published Milton CRC Press 2022
Taylor & Francis Group
Edition1
Subjects
chemical pollution
Convention
CRC
degradation
dioxins
ENVIROnetBASE
Environment & Health
Environmental Health
ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERINGnetBASE
ENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEnetBASE
Heavy Chemicals
IHC Default Subject Code
industrial
Organic compounds
Organochlorine
Persistent pollutants
pesticides
pollution
Pollution Management
POPs
SCI-TECHnetBASE
SDG
STMnetBASE
Stockholm
PCB Congener
POPs
PLE
Contaminated Site
POPs Contamination
Tamil Nadu
degradation
Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether
pollution
SC
Pentabromodiphenyl Ether
pesticides
SDG
UN
White Rot Fungi
PFCs
Dechlorane Plus
Endocrine Disruption
PBDEs
SCCPs
Pop Pesticide
Organochlorine
Ng TEQ
PFOA
Stockholm
POPs Exposure
MAE
dioxins
Convention
industrial
POPs Level
Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid
chemical pollution
POPs Chemical
PCNs
OCP
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Table of Contents:
  • References -- Chapter 3 Environmental Fate, Toxicity, and Risk Assessment of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fate of POPs in the Environment -- 3.3 Atmospheric Fate and Intermediate Transport -- 3.3.1 POP Levels in Humans -- 3.3.2 POPs in Aquatic Organisms -- 3.3.3 POPs in Antarctic and Arctic Region -- 3.4 Toxicological Effects of POPs -- 3.4.1 Neurotoxic Effects of POPs -- 3.4.2 Effect on Immune System -- 3.4.3 Effect on Thyroid Hormone System -- 3.4.4 POPs as Endocrine Disrupters -- 3.4.5 Effect on Different Cellular Pathways -- 3.4.6 POPs as Liver Carcinogens -- 3.4.7 Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases -- 3.5 Persistent Organic Pollutants and Risk Assessment -- 3.6 Conclusion and Further Considerations -- References -- Chapter 4 Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) on Human Health -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of POPs Exposure in Humans -- 4.2.1 Mechanism of Exposure to POPs -- 4.2.2 POP Exposure in Human Blood -- 4.2.3 POP Exposure in Human Milk -- 4.3 Systemic Effects of POPs in Human Beings -- 4.3.1 Synergistic and Additive Effects -- 4.3.2 Endocrine Disruption -- 4.3.3 Reproductive Problems -- 4.3.4 Cardiovascular Problems -- 4.3.5 Cancer -- 4.3.6 Obesity -- 4.3.7 Diabetes -- 4.3.8 Other Health Problems -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Current Scenario of New Persistent Organic Pollutants in India: Review on Quantification Techniques -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods -- 5.2.1 Sampling Techniques -- 5.2.2 Sample Preparation -- 5.2.3 Instrumental Analysis -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Current Scenario of New POPs in India -- 5.3.1.1 Pesticides -- 5.3.1.2 Chemicals Used in Polymers or Plastic Products -- 5.3.1.3 Flame Retardants -- 5.3.1.4 Mixed Usage -- 5.3.2 Extraction Techniques for New POPs -- 5.3.2.1 Soxhlet Extraction -- 5.3.2.2 Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction
  • 7.4.1 POPs Listed in 2004 -- 7.4.1.1 Aldrin -- 7.4.1.2 Chlordane -- 7.4.1.3 Dieldrin -- 7.4.1.4 Endrin -- 7.4.1.5 Heptachlor -- 7.4.1.6 Mirex -- 7.4.1.7 Toxaphene -- 7.4.1.8 Hexachlorobenzene -- 7.4.1.9 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) -- 7.4.1.10 Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT) -- 7.4.1.11 Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (PCDD) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDF) -- 7.4.2 POPs Listed in 2009 COP.4 -- 7.4.2.1 Alpha-Hexeachlorocyclohexane -- 7.4.2.2 Beta-hexachlorocyclohexane -- 7.4.2.3 Chlordecone -- 7.4.2.4 Hexabromobiphenyl -- 7.4.2.5 Hexabromodiphenyl Ether and Heptabromodiphenyl Ether (Commercial Octabromodiphenyl ether) (Octa-BDE and Penta BDE) -- 7.4.2.6 Lindane -- 7.4.2.7 Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) -- 7.4.2.8 Perfluorooctane Sulfonic acid (PFOs) -- 7.4.2.9 Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether and Pentabromodiphenyl Ether -- 7.4.3 POPs Listed in 2011 in COP.5 -- 7.4.3.1 Endosulfan -- 7.4.4 POPs Listed in 2013 in COP.6 -- 7.4.4.1 Hexabromocyclododecane -- 7.4.5 POPs Listed in 2015 COP.7 -- 7.4.5.1 Polychlorinated Naphthalenes (PCNs) -- 7.4.5.2 Pentachlorophenol and Its Salts -- 7.4.5.3 Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) -- 7.4.6 POPs Listed in 2017 in COP.8 -- 7.4.6.1 Decabromodiphenyl Ether (Deca-BDE) -- 7.4.6.2 Short-Chained Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) -- 7.4.7 POPs Listed in 2019 in COP.9 -- 7.4.7.1 Dicofol -- 7.4.7.2 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Its salts, and PFOA-Related Compounds -- 7.5 Implementation Challenges of POPs Rules in India -- 7.5.1 Monitoring and Regulations Capabilities -- 7.5.2 Updating the National Implementation Plan (NIP) -- 7.5.3 Data Gaps on the New POPs -- 7.5.4 Management of Stockpiles and Obsolete POPs -- 7.5.5 Adoption of Best Available Technology and Best Environmental Practices -- 7.5.6 Issues of Cross-Contamination -- 7.5.7 Public Information on POPs -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References
  • Chapter 8 Alternatives to POPs for a healthy life -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 General Characteristics of POPs -- 8.3 Alternatives to POPs -- 8.3.1 Alternatives to Nine POP Pesticides -- 8.3.2 Proposed Chemical Substitutes and Their Toxicity-Based Risk Evaluation -- 8.3.3 Alternatives to Dicofol, Chlordecone, and Lindane -- 8.3.4 Endosulfan -- 8.3.5 Hexabromobiphenyls (HBB) -- 8.3.6 Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid -- 8.3.7 Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) -- 8.3.8 Deca-BDE -- 8.3.9 Pentachlorophenol and Its Salts and Esters -- 8.3.10 HexaBDE and HeptaBDE, c-OctaBDE -- 8.3.11 Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) -- 8.4 Conclusion -- Appendix 1 -- References -- Chapter 9 Global Monitoring Plan on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) -- 9.2.1 Agricultural POPs -- 9.2.2 Industrial POPs -- 9.3 Sampling Method, Analysis, and Data Handling -- 9.4 Various Global Monitoring Programmes -- 9.5 POPs Levels in Different Matrices in Different Regions under Global Monitoring programmes -- 9.5.1 Air -- 9.5.1.1 WEOG (Western Europe and Other Groups) -- 9.5.1.2 Asia-Pacific -- 9.5.1.3 Africa -- 9.5.1.4 CEE (Central and Eastern Europe) -- 9.5.1.5 GRULAC (The Group of Latin America and Caribbean Countries) -- 9.5.2 Human Blood -- 9.5.2.1 WEOG (Western Europe and Other Groups) -- 9.5.2.2 Asia-Pacific Region -- 9.5.2.3 CEE (Central and Eastern Europe) -- 9.5.2.4 GRULAC (The Group of Latin America and Caribbean Countries) -- 9.5.3 Human Breast Milk -- 9.5.3.1 WEOG (Western Europe and Other Groups) -- 9.5.3.2 Asia-Pacific Region -- 9.5.3.3 Africa Region -- 9.5.3.4 CEE (Central and Eastern Europe) -- 9.5.3.5 GRULAC (The Group of Latin America and Caribbean Countries) -- 9.5.4 Water -- 9.5.4.1 WEOG (Western Europe and Other Groups) -- 9.5.4.2 Asia-Pacific Region -- 9.5.4.3 Africa Region
  • Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Editor -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Persistent Organic Pollutants: A Global Issue, a Global Response -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Overview of POPs -- 1.2 Global Scenario -- 1.2.1 Intentionally produced POPs -- 1.2.1.1 Organochlorine Pesticides -- 1.2.1.2 Industrial Chemicals -- 1.2.2 Unintentional By-Products -- 1.2.2.1 Dioxins and Furans -- 1.2.2.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 1.2.2.3 Hexachlorobenzene -- 1.2.3 Challenges Related to POPs in India -- 1.2.3.1 Lack of Periodic Updating of POPs in National Implementation Plan (NIP) -- 1.2.3.2 Coordination among the Agencies -- 1.2.3.3 Status of Stockpiles -- 1.2.3.4 Data Availability -- 1.2.3.5 Monitoring and Regulations Capabilities -- 1.2.3.6 Public Information on POPs -- 1.2.3.7 Remediation of the Contaminated Sites -- 1.2.3.8 Adoption of Best Available Technology (BAT) and Best Environmental Practices (BEP) -- 1.2.3.9 POPs and Foods Safety -- 1.2.3.10 Role of the Industries -- 1.2.3.11 Illegal Sale of POPs Pesticides -- 1.3 Global Response -- 1.3.1 Indian Response -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Classical and Emerging Persistent Organic Pollutants in Environment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and the Stockholm Convention -- 2.1.2 Legacy POPs -- 2.1.3 Newly Listed POPs -- 2.1.4 Emerging POPs -- 2.2 Physicochemical Properties of POPs -- 2.3 Sources of POPs in the Environment -- 2.3.1 Primary Sources -- 2.3.2 Secondary Sources -- 2.4 POPs Contamination in Environmental Matrices -- 2.4.1 Air -- 2.4.2 Soil and Sediments -- 2.4.3 Water -- 2.4.4 Biota -- 2.5 Emerging POPs in the Environment -- 2.5.1 Dechlorane Plus -- 2.5.2 Methoxychlor -- 2.5.3 Perfluorohexane Sulfonic Acid (PFHxS), Its Salts and PFHxS-Related Compounds -- 2.6 Conclusion
  • 5.3.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction -- 5.3.2.4 Pressurized Liquid Extraction -- 5.3.2.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 5.3.2.6 Extraction Methods from Liquid Samples -- 5.3.3 Separation Techniques/Clean-Up -- 5.3.4 Instrumental Analysis -- 5.3.4.1 Chlorinated POPs -- 5.3.4.2 Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFOS) -- 5.3.4.3 Hexabromocyclodecane -- 5.3.4.4 Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) -- 5.3.4.5 Challenges in Analyzing High Molecular Weight PBDE Congeners Using GC-MS in EI Mode -- 5.3.4.6 Use of 2,4,6-tris (perfluoroheptyl)-1,3,5-triazine (PFHT) -- 5.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Degradation Pathways of POPs in the Environment and Various Mitigation Techniques for the Revival of Contaminated Sites -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Role of Native Microorganism in the Degradation of POPs -- 6.2.1 Role of White-Rot Fungi in Degradation -- 6.3 Available Technologies for POPs Remediation -- 6.3.1 Phytoremediation -- 6.3.2 Biobeds -- 6.3.3 Soil Charcoal Perfusion Method -- 6.4 Degradation Pathway of Different POPs -- 6.4.1 Heptachlor Degradation -- 6.4.2 Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT) Degradation -- 6.4.3 Endosulfan Degradation -- 6.4.4 Hexachlorobenzene Degradation -- 6.4.5 Aldrin and Dieldrin Degradation: -- 6.4.6 Lindane Degradation -- 6.4.7 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Degradation -- 6.5 Steps Undertaken to Control POPs in the Environment -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 A Critical Review of Effectiveness of the Regulations in India on Designated Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 About the Stockholm Convention -- 7.2 India and Stockholm Convention on POPs -- 7.3 Regulation on POPs in India -- 7.3.1 The Environment Protection Act (EPA) 1986 -- 7.3.2 The Insecticides Act of 1968 -- 7.4 Regulatory Status of Designated POPs in India
  • 9.5.4.4 CEE (Central and Eastern Europe)