Leaders' smiles reflect cultural differences in ideal affect
Cultures differ in the emotions they teach their members to value ("ideal affect"). We conducted 3 studies to examine whether leaders' smiles reflect these cultural differences in ideal affect. In Study 1, we compared the smiles of top-ranked American and Chinese government leaders, c...
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Published in | Emotion (Washington, D.C.) Vol. 16; no. 2; p. 183 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
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01.03.2016
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Abstract | Cultures differ in the emotions they teach their members to value ("ideal affect"). We conducted 3 studies to examine whether leaders' smiles reflect these cultural differences in ideal affect. In Study 1, we compared the smiles of top-ranked American and Chinese government leaders, chief executive officers, and university presidents in their official photos. Consistent with findings that Americans value excitement and other high-arousal positive states more than Chinese, American top-ranked leaders (N = 98) showed more excited smiles than Chinese top-ranked leaders (N = 91) across occupations. In Study 2, we compared the smiles of winning versus losing political candidates and higher versus lower ranking chief executive officers and university presidents in the United States and Taiwan/China. American leaders (N = 223) showed more excited smiles than Taiwanese/Chinese leaders (N = 266), regardless of election outcome or ranking. In Study 3, we administered self-report measures of ideal affect in college student samples from 10 different nations (N = 1,267) and then 8 years later, coded the smiles that legislators from those nations showed in their official photos (N = 3,372). The more nations valued excitement and other high arousal positive states, the more their leaders showed excited smiles; similarly, the more nations valued calm and other low-arousal positive states, the more their leaders showed calm smiles. These results held after controlling for national differences in democratization, human development, and gross domestic product per capita. Together, these findings suggest that leaders' smiles reflect the affective states valued by their cultures. |
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AbstractList | Cultures differ in the emotions they teach their members to value ("ideal affect"). We conducted 3 studies to examine whether leaders' smiles reflect these cultural differences in ideal affect. In Study 1, we compared the smiles of top-ranked American and Chinese government leaders, chief executive officers, and university presidents in their official photos. Consistent with findings that Americans value excitement and other high-arousal positive states more than Chinese, American top-ranked leaders (N = 98) showed more excited smiles than Chinese top-ranked leaders (N = 91) across occupations. In Study 2, we compared the smiles of winning versus losing political candidates and higher versus lower ranking chief executive officers and university presidents in the United States and Taiwan/China. American leaders (N = 223) showed more excited smiles than Taiwanese/Chinese leaders (N = 266), regardless of election outcome or ranking. In Study 3, we administered self-report measures of ideal affect in college student samples from 10 different nations (N = 1,267) and then 8 years later, coded the smiles that legislators from those nations showed in their official photos (N = 3,372). The more nations valued excitement and other high arousal positive states, the more their leaders showed excited smiles; similarly, the more nations valued calm and other low-arousal positive states, the more their leaders showed calm smiles. These results held after controlling for national differences in democratization, human development, and gross domestic product per capita. Together, these findings suggest that leaders' smiles reflect the affective states valued by their cultures. |
Author | Lee, Yi-Chen Elliott, Julian Tsai, Jeanne L Kölzer, Anna Ang, Jen Ying Zhen Zhang, Xiulan Blevins, Elizabeth Haddouk, Lise Fung, Helene H Goernandt, Julia Jiang, Da Lin, Yicheng Uchida, Yukiko Govindama, Yolande |
Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jeanne L surname: Tsai fullname: Tsai, Jeanne L organization: Department of Psychology, Stanford University – sequence: 2 givenname: Jen Ying Zhen surname: Ang fullname: Ang, Jen Ying Zhen organization: Department of Psychology, Stanford University – sequence: 3 givenname: Elizabeth surname: Blevins fullname: Blevins, Elizabeth organization: Department of Psychology, Stanford University – sequence: 4 givenname: Julia surname: Goernandt fullname: Goernandt, Julia organization: Department of Psychology, Stanford University – sequence: 5 givenname: Helene H surname: Fung fullname: Fung, Helene H organization: Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong – sequence: 6 givenname: Da surname: Jiang fullname: Jiang, Da organization: Department of Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong – sequence: 7 givenname: Julian surname: Elliott fullname: Elliott, Julian organization: School of Education, Durham University – sequence: 8 givenname: Anna surname: Kölzer fullname: Kölzer, Anna organization: Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg – sequence: 9 givenname: Yukiko surname: Uchida fullname: Uchida, Yukiko organization: Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University – sequence: 10 givenname: Yi-Chen surname: Lee fullname: Lee, Yi-Chen organization: Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University – sequence: 11 givenname: Yicheng surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Yicheng organization: Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University – sequence: 12 givenname: Xiulan surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Xiulan organization: Institute of Development Studies, Beijing Normal University – sequence: 13 givenname: Yolande surname: Govindama fullname: Govindama, Yolande organization: Laboratoire de Psychologie Clinique et de Psychopathologie, Paris Descartes University – sequence: 14 givenname: Lise surname: Haddouk fullname: Haddouk, Lise organization: Laboratoire de Psychologie Clinique et de Psychopathologie, Paris Descartes University |
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SubjectTerms | Affect Arousal China Cross-Cultural Comparison Cultural Characteristics Democracy Ethnic Groups - psychology Female Gross Domestic Product Humans Internationality Leadership Male Politics Smiling Taiwan United States Universities - manpower |
Title | Leaders' smiles reflect cultural differences in ideal affect |
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