Leaders' smiles reflect cultural differences in ideal affect

Cultures differ in the emotions they teach their members to value ("ideal affect"). We conducted 3 studies to examine whether leaders' smiles reflect these cultural differences in ideal affect. In Study 1, we compared the smiles of top-ranked American and Chinese government leaders, c...

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Published inEmotion (Washington, D.C.) Vol. 16; no. 2; p. 183
Main Authors Tsai, Jeanne L, Ang, Jen Ying Zhen, Blevins, Elizabeth, Goernandt, Julia, Fung, Helene H, Jiang, Da, Elliott, Julian, Kölzer, Anna, Uchida, Yukiko, Lee, Yi-Chen, Lin, Yicheng, Zhang, Xiulan, Govindama, Yolande, Haddouk, Lise
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published United States 01.03.2016
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Abstract Cultures differ in the emotions they teach their members to value ("ideal affect"). We conducted 3 studies to examine whether leaders' smiles reflect these cultural differences in ideal affect. In Study 1, we compared the smiles of top-ranked American and Chinese government leaders, chief executive officers, and university presidents in their official photos. Consistent with findings that Americans value excitement and other high-arousal positive states more than Chinese, American top-ranked leaders (N = 98) showed more excited smiles than Chinese top-ranked leaders (N = 91) across occupations. In Study 2, we compared the smiles of winning versus losing political candidates and higher versus lower ranking chief executive officers and university presidents in the United States and Taiwan/China. American leaders (N = 223) showed more excited smiles than Taiwanese/Chinese leaders (N = 266), regardless of election outcome or ranking. In Study 3, we administered self-report measures of ideal affect in college student samples from 10 different nations (N = 1,267) and then 8 years later, coded the smiles that legislators from those nations showed in their official photos (N = 3,372). The more nations valued excitement and other high arousal positive states, the more their leaders showed excited smiles; similarly, the more nations valued calm and other low-arousal positive states, the more their leaders showed calm smiles. These results held after controlling for national differences in democratization, human development, and gross domestic product per capita. Together, these findings suggest that leaders' smiles reflect the affective states valued by their cultures.
AbstractList Cultures differ in the emotions they teach their members to value ("ideal affect"). We conducted 3 studies to examine whether leaders' smiles reflect these cultural differences in ideal affect. In Study 1, we compared the smiles of top-ranked American and Chinese government leaders, chief executive officers, and university presidents in their official photos. Consistent with findings that Americans value excitement and other high-arousal positive states more than Chinese, American top-ranked leaders (N = 98) showed more excited smiles than Chinese top-ranked leaders (N = 91) across occupations. In Study 2, we compared the smiles of winning versus losing political candidates and higher versus lower ranking chief executive officers and university presidents in the United States and Taiwan/China. American leaders (N = 223) showed more excited smiles than Taiwanese/Chinese leaders (N = 266), regardless of election outcome or ranking. In Study 3, we administered self-report measures of ideal affect in college student samples from 10 different nations (N = 1,267) and then 8 years later, coded the smiles that legislators from those nations showed in their official photos (N = 3,372). The more nations valued excitement and other high arousal positive states, the more their leaders showed excited smiles; similarly, the more nations valued calm and other low-arousal positive states, the more their leaders showed calm smiles. These results held after controlling for national differences in democratization, human development, and gross domestic product per capita. Together, these findings suggest that leaders' smiles reflect the affective states valued by their cultures.
Author Lee, Yi-Chen
Elliott, Julian
Tsai, Jeanne L
Kölzer, Anna
Ang, Jen Ying Zhen
Zhang, Xiulan
Blevins, Elizabeth
Haddouk, Lise
Fung, Helene H
Goernandt, Julia
Jiang, Da
Lin, Yicheng
Uchida, Yukiko
Govindama, Yolande
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Snippet Cultures differ in the emotions they teach their members to value ("ideal affect"). We conducted 3 studies to examine whether leaders' smiles reflect these...
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StartPage 183
SubjectTerms Affect
Arousal
China
Cross-Cultural Comparison
Cultural Characteristics
Democracy
Ethnic Groups - psychology
Female
Gross Domestic Product
Humans
Internationality
Leadership
Male
Politics
Smiling
Taiwan
United States
Universities - manpower
Title Leaders' smiles reflect cultural differences in ideal affect
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26751631
Volume 16
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