A new map of permafrost distribution on the Tibetan Plateau
The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has the largest areas of permafrost terrain in the mid- and low-latitude regions of the world. Some permafrost distribution maps have been compiled but, due to limited data sources, ambiguous criteria, inadequate validation, and deficiency of high-quality spatial data sets,...
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| Published in | The cryosphere Vol. 11; no. 6; pp. 2527 - 2542 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Katlenburg-Lindau
Copernicus GmbH
08.11.2017
Copernicus Publications |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has the largest areas of permafrost terrain in the mid- and low-latitude regions of the world. Some permafrost distribution maps have been compiled but, due to limited data sources, ambiguous criteria, inadequate validation, and deficiency of high-quality spatial data sets, there is high uncertainty in the mapping of the permafrost distribution on the TP. We generated a new permafrost map based on freezing and thawing indices from modified Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperatures (LSTs) and validated this map using various ground-based data sets. The soil thermal properties of five soil types across the TP were estimated according to an empirical equation and soil properties (moisture content and bulk density). The temperature at the top of permafrost (TTOP) model was applied to simulate the permafrost distribution. Permafrost, seasonally frozen ground, and unfrozen ground covered areas of 1.06 × 106 km2 (0.97–1.15 × 106 km2, 90 % confidence interval) (40 %), 1.46 × 106 (56 %), and 0.03 × 106 km2 (1 %), respectively, excluding glaciers and lakes. Ground-based observations of the permafrost distribution across the five investigated regions (IRs, located in the transition zones of the permafrost and seasonally frozen ground) and three highway transects (across the entire permafrost regions from north to south) were used to validate the model. Validation results showed that the kappa coefficient varied from 0.38 to 0.78 with a mean of 0.57 for the five IRs and 0.62 to 0.74 with a mean of 0.68 within the three transects. Compared with earlier studies, the TTOP modelling results show greater accuracy. The results provide more detailed information on the permafrost distribution and basic data for use in future research on the Tibetan Plateau permafrost. |
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| AbstractList | The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has the largest areas of permafrost terrain in the mid- and low-latitude regions of the world. Some permafrost distribution maps have been compiled but, due to limited data sources, ambiguous criteria, inadequate validation, and deficiency of high-quality spatial data sets, there is high uncertainty in the mapping of the permafrost distribution on the TP. We generated a new permafrost map based on freezing and thawing indices from modified Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperatures (LSTs) and validated this map using various ground-based data sets. The soil thermal properties of five soil types across the TP were estimated according to an empirical equation and soil properties (moisture content and bulk density). The temperature at the top of permafrost (TTOP) model was applied to simulate the permafrost distribution. Permafrost, seasonally frozen ground, and unfrozen ground covered areas of 1.06 × 106 km2 (0.97–1.15 × 106 km2, 90 % confidence interval) (40 %), 1.46 × 106 (56 %), and 0.03 × 106 km2 (1 %), respectively, excluding glaciers and lakes. Ground-based observations of the permafrost distribution across the five investigated regions (IRs, located in the transition zones of the permafrost and seasonally frozen ground) and three highway transects (across the entire permafrost regions from north to south) were used to validate the model. Validation results showed that the kappa coefficient varied from 0.38 to 0.78 with a mean of 0.57 for the five IRs and 0.62 to 0.74 with a mean of 0.68 within the three transects. Compared with earlier studies, the TTOP modelling results show greater accuracy. The results provide more detailed information on the permafrost distribution and basic data for use in future research on the Tibetan Plateau permafrost. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has the largest areas of permafrost terrain in the mid- and low-latitude regions of the world. Some permafrost distribution maps have been compiled but, due to limited data sources, ambiguous criteria, inadequate validation, and deficiency of high-quality spatial data sets, there is high uncertainty in the mapping of the permafrost distribution on the TP. We generated a new permafrost map based on freezing and thawing indices from modified Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperatures (LSTs) and validated this map using various ground-based data sets. The soil thermal properties of five soil types across the TP were estimated according to an empirical equation and soil properties (moisture content and bulk density). The temperature at the top of permafrost (TTOP) model was applied to simulate the permafrost distribution. Permafrost, seasonally frozen ground, and unfrozen ground covered areas of 1.06 Ã 10.sup.6 km.sup.2 (0.97-1.15 Ã 10.sup.6 km.sup.2, 90 % confidence interval) (40 %), 1.46 Ã 10.sup.6 (56 %), and 0.03 Ã 10.sup.6 km.sup.2 (1 %), respectively, excluding glaciers and lakes. Ground-based observations of the permafrost distribution across the five investigated regions (IRs, located in the transition zones of the permafrost and seasonally frozen ground) and three highway transects (across the entire permafrost regions from north to south) were used to validate the model. Validation results showed that the kappa coefficient varied from 0.38 to 0.78 with a mean of 0.57 for the five IRs and 0.62 to 0.74 with a mean of 0.68 within the three transects. Compared with earlier studies, the TTOP modelling results show greater accuracy. The results provide more detailed information on the permafrost distribution and basic data for use in future research on the Tibetan Plateau permafrost. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Wang, Wu Xie, Changwei Zou, Defu Wu, Tonghua Pang, Qiangqiang Qin, Yanhui Li, Wangping Zhao, Lin Li, Jing Wu, Xiaodong Sheng, Yu Liu, Guangyue Wang, Zhiwei Hu, Guojie Shi, Jianzong Chen, Ji Du, Erji Qiao, Yongping Wu, Jichun Cheng, Guodong |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: Zou, Defu – sequence: 2 fullname: Zhao, Lin – sequence: 3 fullname: Sheng, Yu – sequence: 4 fullname: Chen, Ji – sequence: 5 fullname: Hu, Guojie – sequence: 6 fullname: Wu, Tonghua – sequence: 7 fullname: Wu, Jichun – sequence: 8 fullname: Xie, Changwei – sequence: 9 fullname: Wu, Xiaodong – sequence: 10 fullname: Pang, Qiangqiang – sequence: 11 fullname: Wang, Wu – sequence: 12 fullname: Du, Erji – sequence: 13 fullname: Li, Wangping – sequence: 14 fullname: Liu, Guangyue – sequence: 15 fullname: Li, Jing – sequence: 16 fullname: Qin, Yanhui – sequence: 17 fullname: Qiao, Yongping – sequence: 18 fullname: Wang, Zhiwei – sequence: 19 fullname: Shi, Jianzong – sequence: 20 fullname: Cheng, Guodong |
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| SubjectTerms | Bulk density Climate change Computer simulation Confidence intervals Cryosphere Data Datasets Distribution Empirical equations Freeze-thaw Freezing Freezing and thawing Frozen ground Glacial lakes Glaciers Ground cover Ground-based observation Imaging techniques Investigations Lakes Land surface temperature Mapping Mathematical models Measurement Model accuracy Modelling MODIS Moisture content Observations Permafrost Permafrost distribution Plateaus Regions Remote sensing Seasonal distribution Soil Soil moisture Soil properties Soil temperature Soil types Soils Spatial data Spectroradiometers Surface temperature Temperature Thawing Thermal properties Thermodynamic properties Transition zone Vegetation Water content |
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| Title | A new map of permafrost distribution on the Tibetan Plateau |
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