Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs
Emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs subject vehicles to periodic inspections of their emission control systems. Despite widespread use of these programs in air-quality management, policy makers and the public have found a number of problems associated with them. Prominent among these...
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| Main Authors | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format | eBook |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Washington, D.C
National Academies Press
16.11.2001
Natl Academy Press Publications Sales Office |
| Edition | 1 |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISBN | 9780309074469 0309074460 |
| DOI | 10.17226/10133 |
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| Abstract | Emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs subject vehicles to periodic inspections of their emission control systems. Despite widespread use of these programs in air-quality management, policy makers and the public have found a number of problems associated with them. Prominent among these issues is the perception that emissions benefits and other impacts of I/M programs have not been evaluated adequately. Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs assesses the effectiveness of these programs for reducing mobile source emissions. In this report, the committee evaluates the differences in the characteristics of motor vehicle emissions in areas with and without I/M programs, identifies criteria and methodologies for their evaluation, and recommends improvements to the programs. Most useful of all, this book will help summarize the observed benefits of these programs and how they can be redirected in the future to increase their effectiveness. |
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| AbstractList | Considering the problems in air-quality management programmes, this text address the issue of evaluating the emissions inspection and maintenance programmes. The report evaluates the criteria and methodologies used in such programmes and recommends possible improvements. Emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs subject vehicles to periodic inspections of their emission control systems. Despite widespread use of these programs in air-quality management, policy makers and the public have found a number of problems associated with them. Prominent among these issues is the perception that emissions benefits and other impacts of I/M programs have not been evaluated adequately. Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs assesses the effectiveness of these programs for reducing mobile source emissions. In this report, the committee evaluates the differences in the characteristics of motor vehicle emissions in areas with and without I/M programs, identifies criteria and methodologies for their evaluation, and recommends improvements to the programs. Most useful of all, this book will help summarize the observed benefits of these programs and how they can be redirected in the future to increase their effectiveness. |
| Author | Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Committee on Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance Programs National Research Council Division on Earth and Life Studies Transportation Research Board |
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| Snippet | Emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs subject vehicles to periodic inspections of their emission control systems. Despite widespread use of these... Considering the problems in air-quality management programmes, this text address the issue of evaluating the emissions inspection and maintenance programmes.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Air quality management Automobiles Evaluation Government policy Inspection Motors Pollution control devices United States |
| TableOfContents | Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs -- Copyright -- OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF REVIEW PARTICIPANTS -- Preface -- Contents -- Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs -- Summary -- FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Prospective Estimates of Emissions Reductions from I/M Programs -- Findings -- Recommendations -- High-Emitting Vehicles -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Evaluating I/M Emissions Reductions -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Research Issues in I/M Evaluation -- Findings -- Recommendations -- NO and Participate Matter (PM) Emissions -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Remote Sensing -- Findings -- Recommendations -- On-Board Diagnostics -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Use of the MOBILE Model -- Findings -- Recommendations -- Importance of Cost-Effectiveness and Public Response to I/M -- Findings -- Recommendations -- 1 Motor Vehicle Emissions and Regulation -- THE COMMITTEE'S CHARGE AND HOW IT ORIGINATED -- COMMITTEE'S RESPONSE TO THE CHARGE-REPORT CONTENTS -- AIR POLLUTANTS EMITTED BY MOBILE SOURCES -- VEHICLE TYPES AND STANDARDS -- Vehicle Types -- Vehicle Exhaust Emissions Standards -- Vehicle Evaporative Emissions Standards -- DISTRIBUTION OF VEHICLE EMISSIONS -- OVERVIEW OF VEHICLE I/M PROGRAMS -- EVOLVING ISSUES AFFECTING I/M IN THE FUTURE -- SUMMARY -- 2 Vehicle Emissions-Control Technologies -- OVERVIEW -- ENGINE CONTROLS -- Crankcase Emissions Controls -- Combustion Emissions Controls -- Exhaust After-Treatment -- EVAPORATIVE CONTROLS -- OBD SYSTEMS -- SUMMARY -- 3 Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Programs -- I/M PROGRAM NETWORK TYPES -- Centralized Network -- Decentralized Network -- Hybrid Program -- VEHICLE-EMISSIONS TESTING -- Mass Emissions versus Concentration Measurements High-Emitter and Low-Emitter Profiling -- Model-Year Exemption -- Remote Sensing -- Other Potential Program Modifications -- COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT -- Motorist Compliance -- Windshield-Sticker Enforcement -- Registration Denial -- Testing Station Compliance -- Quality Assurance -- Evaluating Motorist and Station Compliance -- PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE AND POLITICAL FEASIBILITY OF I/M AND PUBLIC AWARENESS OF AIR POLLUTION -- FUTURE TRENDS IN VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY THAT AFFECT I/M PROGRAM EVALUATION -- Decreasing Failure Rate -- OBDII Evaluation -- SUMMARY -- References -- Glossary -- Appendixes -- Appendix A Biographical Information on the Committee on Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance Programs -- Appendix B Abbreviations and Names Used for Classifying Organic Compounds -- Appendix C Some Statistical Issues in Inspection and Maintenance Evaluations -- VEHICLE EMISSIONS DISTRIBUTIONS -- SAMPLING METHODS AND BIAS -- FACTORS INFLUENCING VEHICLE EMISSIONS -- HUMAN BEHAVIORAL FACTORS -- NUMBER OF VEHICLES -- AVERAGE VALUES AND LOG TRANSFORMS -- TESTING NULL HYPOTHESES -- CONFIDENCE LIMITS -- CORRELATIONS -- ISSUES IN EMISSIONS OF I/M TEST DATA TO ESTIMATE I/M BENEFITS -- COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS AMONG PROGRAMS MOBILE I/M INPUTS -- Compliance Rates -- Waiver Rate -- Stringency Rate -- REVIEW OF MOBILE6 I/M MODELING APPROACH -- Non-I/M Basic Emissions Rate -- I/M Credits -- Repair Emissions Rate -- Identification Rate -- Noncomplying Vehicles -- Average Emissions after I/M -- Application of the I/M Credit -- OBD Effects -- Antitampering Programs -- Evaporative Emissions and I/M -- CALIFORNIA'S EMFAC MODEL FOR ESTIMATING I/M EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS -- SUMMARY -- 6 Evaluating Inspection and Maintenance Programs: Methods for Estimating Emissions Reductions -- METHODS FOR MEASURING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS -- Data to Estimate I/M Emissions Reductions -- Data from I/M Programs -- Data from Roadside Testing -- Data from Remote Sensing -- Data on Evaporative Emissions -- Duration of Vehicle Repairs Issues -- Methods for Estimating I/M Tailpipe Emissions Reductions -- Reference Method -- Critiques of the EPA-Approved Reference Method -- Step Method -- Comprehensive Method -- Methods for Estimating Emissions Reductions From Induced Fleet Change -- Induced Scrapping -- Induced Relocation -- SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EVALUATION OF EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS -- States Conducting Comprehensive Evaluations -- States Conducting Shortened Evaluations -- Performance Indicators -- 7 Evaluating Inspection and Maintenance For Costs and Other Criteria -- EVALUATING COST AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF I/M -- Measuring Costs -- Costs of Finding Failing Vehicles -- Testing Costs -- Motorists' Costs -- Repair Costs -- Laboratory Studies of Repair Costs -- In-Program Studies of Repair Costs -- Fuel-Economy Savings -- Program Administration and Oversight -- Distribution of Costs Among Motorists -- Overall Cost-Effectiveness of I/M -- Multiple Pollutants -- Estimates of Program Cost-Effectiveness -- Cost-Effectiveness of Marginal Changes to I/M Programs -- Changes in Cutpoints Steady-State Versus Transient Testing -- Exhaust Emissions Test Types -- Mass Emissions Tests -- Concentration Tests -- Comparison of Exhaust Emissions-Test Types -- Evaporative Emissions Tests -- OTHER PROGRAM ELEMENTS ADDRESSING TESTING AND REPAIRS -- Technician Training -- Test-Cycle Interval -- Waiver Limits -- Cutpoints -- Compliance and Enforcement -- EFFECT OF CURRENT I/M PROGRAMS ON VEHICLE EMISSIONS -- Recent Official Evaluations of State I/M Programs -- Evaluations of California Smog Check Program -- Colorado AIR Program -- Independent Evaluations of State I/M Programs -- Evaluation of Phoenix's Program -- Evaluation of Minnesota's Program -- Evaluation of Georgia's Program -- EPA's National Tampering Surveys -- SUMMARY -- 4 Emerging Emissions Testing Technologies -- MOTOR VEHICLE PROFILING -- ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS -- Readiness Code -- Failure Criteria -- Emissions or Pollutants of Concern -- Fast Pass Using OBDII -- Human Response to OBDII -- Recent OBD I/M Regulations -- Technical Analyses Regarding OBD I/M Tests -- Summary of Technical Issues Regarding OBD I/M Tests -- REMOTE SENSING -- Remote-Sensor Accuracy -- Carbon Monoxide -- Hydrocarbons -- Nitrogen Oxides -- Particulate Matter -- Site Selection and Effects of Engine Load -- Coverage -- Need for Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- Use of Remote Sensing to Identify High Emitters -- Hawthorne (Los Angeles) 1989 Study -- Rosemead Boulevard (Los Angeles) 1991 Study -- Michigan 1992 Study -- Orange County (Los Angeles) 1995 Study -- Arizona High-Emitter Program -- Use of Remote Sensing to Screen for Clean Vehicles -- ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES FOR CONTROLLING LIFETIME EMISSIONS -- SUMMARY -- 5 Estimating Inspection and Maintenance Emissions Reductions Using the MOBILE Model -- USE OF MOBILE IN REGULATORY APPLICATIONS -- MODEL PREDICTIONS COMPARED WITH PROGRAM EVALUATION DATA |
| Title | Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs |
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