Current topics in osteoporosis

This book reviews important topics in osteoporosis, with the emphasis on both clinical management and basic research of the disease. From the clinical perspective, topics covering pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis are extensively elaborated. Several more chapters complement clin...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors Deng, Hong-wen, Liu, Yao-zhong, Guo, Chun-yuan, Chen, Di
Format eBook
LanguageEnglish
Published Singapore World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd 2005
World Scientific Publishing Company
World Scientific Publishing
Edition1
Subjects
Osteoporosis
SCIENCE
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Table of Contents:
  • Current topics in osteoporosis -- Foreword -- Table of contents -- Chapter 1: Epidemiology of osteoporosis/E. M. C. Lau -- Chapter 2: The social and financial costs of osteoporosis/Elaine King and Gang Li -- Chapter 3: Pathogenesis of osteoporosis in Asian and Caucasian women/Yunbo Duan -- Chapter 4: Nutrition and osteoporosis/Robert P. Heaney -- Chapter 5: Bone adaptation to mechanical loading: how does bone sense the need for change to loading from exercise?/K. Shawn Davison, C. J. R. Blimkie , R. A. Faulkner, L. Giangregorio -- Chapter 6: The diagnosis of osteoporosis in postmenopaual women/M. Janet Barger-Lux and Robert R. Recker -- Chapter 7: Biochemical markers of bone turnover: assay methods and clinical application/Chun-Yuan Guo -- Chapter 8: Bone marrow adipogenesis in osteoporosis/Chao Wan and Gang Li -- Chapter 9: Statistical methods in osteoporosis research/Ying Lu, Hua Jin -- Chapter 10: Prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis/Lu Amy Sun and Arkadi Chines -- Chapter 11: Novel potential drug targets for the antiresorptive treatment of osteoporosis/Jiake Xu, Shek Man Chim and Ming Hao Zheng -- Chapter 12: Male osteoporosis/Lu Amy Sun and Arkadi Chines -- Chapter 13: Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis/Yuqing Zhang -- Chapter 14: Osteoporosis in pediatrics/Horacio Plotkin and Richard Lutz -- Chapter 15: Genetics of osteoporosis/Volodymyr Dvornyk, Yao-Zhong Liu, Hui Shen, Yong-Jun Liu and Hong-Wen Deng -- Chapter 16: Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of osteoporosis/Donghai Xiong, Ji-rong Long, Sun Xiao, Hong-Wen Deng -- Chapter 17: Studying osteoporosis at the whole-genome level: problems and prospects/Volodymyr Dvornyk, Peng Xiao, Yong-Jun Liu, Hui Shen and Hong-Wen Deng -- Chapter 18: Animal models and study design for osteoporosis research/Hua Zhu Ke and Xiao Jian Li -- Chapter 19: Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis with traditional herbal medicine/Ling Qin, Ge Zhang, Yenyu Shi, Kwongman Lee, Pingcheung Leung -- Appendix an introduction to hologic technology -- Subject index
  • 4.2. Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Osteoporosis Clinical Trials -- 5. Cost-Effective Analysis (CEA) for Osteoporosis Treatment -- 5.1 An Overview of Cost-Effective Analysis (CEA) -- 5.2 Markov Models -- 5.3 Interventions -- 5.4 Costs -- 5.5 Quality of Life Evaluations -- 5.6 Sensitivity Analysis -- 5.7 Use of CEA -- 5.8 Conflicts of Interests -- 5.9 CEA for Screening Strategies -- 5.10 Summary -- 6. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10 PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS -- 1. Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Prevention -- 1.1. Risk Factors Modification -- 1.2. Adequate Dietary Calcium and Vitamin D -- 1.3. Regular Weight-Bearing Exercise -- 1.4. Fall Prevention -- 1.5. Pharmacological Prevention -- 2. PMO Treatment -- 2.1. Calcitonin -- 2.2. Raloxifene -- 2.3. Bisphosphonates -- 2.4. Teriparatide [rhPTH (1-34)] -- 3. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11 NOVEL POTENTIAL DRUG TARGETS FOR THE ANTI-RESORPTIVE TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS -- Introduction -- The Origin and Characteristics of Osteoclasts -- Osteoclastogenic Factors -- RANKL/RANK/OPG -- Other Osteoclastogenic Factors -- Intracellular Signalling Molecules -- AP-1 Pathway -- NF-kB Pathway -- Protein Kinase B/Akt Pathway -- NF-AT Pathway -- c-Src -- Cell Fusion Molecules -- Integrins -- Enzymes -- Cysteine Protease and Cathepsin K -- Matrix Metalloproteinases -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 12 MALE OSTEOPOROSIS -- 1. Epidemiology of Male Osteoporosis -- 2. Causes of Male Osteoporosis -- 2.1. Primary Cause of Male Osteoporosis -- 2.2. Secondary Cause of Male Osteoporosis -- 3. Evaluation of Male Osteoporosis -- 4. Prevention and Treatment of Male Osteoporosis -- 4.1. Testosterone -- 4.2. Alendronate -- 4.3. Risedronate -- 4.4. Teriparatide -- 5. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13 OSTEOPOROSIS AND OSTEOARTHRITIS
  • Association between osteoporosis or bone mineral density and prevalence of osteoarthritis -- Relation of osteoporosis or bone mineral density to the incidence or progression of osteoarthritis -- Possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between osteoporosis and osteoarthritis -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 14 OSTEOPOROSIS IN PEDIATRICS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Primary osteoporosis in pediatrics -- 2.1. Nutritional Rickets -- 2.2. Vitamin D pseudodeficiency (PDDR) -- 2.3. Hereditary 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D resistant rickets (HVDRR) -- 2.4. Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bones disease) -- 2.5. Syndromes resembling osteogenesis imperfecta (SROI) [139] -- 2.6. Idiopathic Juvenile Osteoporosis -- 2.7. Hypophosphatasia -- 2.8. Hyperphosphatasia -- 2.9. Primary hypomagnesemia -- 3. Secondary osteoporosis in pediatrics -- 3.1. Immobilization -- 3.2. Neuromuscular diseases -- 3.3. Type I diabetes mellitus -- 3.4. Renal causes -- 3.5. Hypogonadism -- 3.6. Malabsorption -- 3.7. Inborn errors of metabolism -- 3.8. Malignancy and steroid induced osteoporosis -- 3.9. Prematurity -- 3.10. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis -- 3.11. Drugs and toxics -- 4. Work-up -- 5. Treatment -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 15 GENETICS OF OSTEOPOROSIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evidence for Genetic Basis of Osteoporosis and Associated Traits -- 3. Searching for Osteoporosis Genes -- 3.1. Candidate Gene Association Studies -- 3.2. Linkage Studies -- 3.3. Gene Expression Studies -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16 PHARMACOGENETICS AND PHARMACOGENOMICS OF OSTEOPOROSIS -- Introduction -- Pharmacogenetics Approaches -- Previous Studies -- Experimental Design -- Factors Influencing the Power of Genetic Association Study -- Pathway Approaches -- Haplotype Analysis and Tagging SNPs -- Population Admixture/Stratification -- Pharmacogenomic Strategies for Osteoporosis
  • 3.3. Non collagen bone matrix degradation product -- 4. Variability - a consideration when using biochemical markers -- 5. Clinical application of biochemical markers in osteoporosis -- 5.1. Monitoring response to antiresorptive drugs -- 5.2. Other potential clinical applications -- 6. Conclusion -- REFERENCE -- CHAPTER 8 BONE MARROW ADIPOGENESIS IN OSTEOPOROSIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Adipogenesis during bone marrow development -- 3. Function of marrow adipocytes -- 4. Transcriptional regulation of adipocyte differentiation -- 5. Relationship between adipogenesis and osteogenesis -- 6. Relationship between adipogenesis and hematopoiesis -- 7. Relationship between adipogenesis and osteoclastogenesis -- 8. Regulators and receptors for regulating adipogenesis and their therapeutic potentials for osteoporosis -- 8.1 Glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptor -- 8.2 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) -- 8.3 Estrogen, its analogs, and estrogen receptor -- 8.4 Growth hormone (GH) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) -- 8.5 PTH, PTHrP, and PTH/PTHrP receptor or G-protein coupling receptor -- 8.6 Leptin and leptin receptor -- 8.7 TGF- s, BMPs and their receptors -- 8.8 Proinflammatory factors and gp130 containing receptors -- 9. Summary -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9 STATISTICAL METHODS IN OSTEOPOROSIS RESEARCH -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic Concepts of Statistics -- 2.1. Descriptive Statistics -- 2.2. Statistical Inferences -- 3. Statistics for Osteoporosis Diagnosis -- 3.1. Diagnosis of Osteoporosis -- 3.2. Sensitivity and Specificity and ROC Curves -- 3.3. Combination of Multiple Diagnostic Predictors -- 3.4. Assessment of Agreements -- 3.5. Comparisons Between Diagnostic Methods -- 3.6 Universal Standardization of BMD -- 4. Statistics for Osteoporosis Clinical Trials -- 4.1. General Issues in Osteoporosis Clinical Trials
  • Intro -- FOREWORD -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- CHAPTER 1 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OSTEOPOROSIS -- Research agenda -- Summary -- Introduction -- Definition -- Predicting fracture risk -- Fracture epidemiology -- Hip fracture -- Vertebral fracture -- Distal forearm fracture -- Socio-economic impact of osteoporosis -- Mortality -- Morbidity and quality of life -- Costs of osteoporosis -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2 THE SOCIAL AND FINANCIAL COSTS OF OSTEOPOROSIS -- 1. Nature of osteoporosis -- 2. Financial costs of osteoporosis -- 3. Social costs of osteoporosis -- 4. Screening program: BMD Vs Bone turnover markers -- 5. Public awareness and prevention of osteoporosis -- 6. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3 PATHOGENESIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN ASIAN AND CAUCASIAN WOMEN -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Epidemiology of fracture -- 2.1. Vertebral fracture -- 2.2. Hip fracture -- 3. Reduced bone density and fracture risk -- 4. Bone size and structural abnormalities in patients with fractures -- 5. Origins of bone fragility in Asian and Caucasian women -- 5.1. Growth-related origin -- 5.2. Menopause- and age-related origin -- 6. Structural and biomechanical basis of bone fragility -- 6.1. Vertebral skeleton -- 6.2. Proximal femur -- 7. Pathophysiologic mechanism of bone fragility -- 7.1. Estrogen deficiency -- 7.2. Secondary hyperparathyroidism -- 8. Summary and conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4 NUTRITION AND OSTEOPOROSIS -- 1. Introduction: The Causes of Osteoporotic Fragility -- Decreased Intrinsic Bone Strength -- Increased Propensity for Injury -- 2. Calcium -- The Skeleton as the Calcium Nutrient Reserve -- The Calcium Requirement and the Consequences of Suboptimal Calcium Intake -- Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions: Factors that Influence the Calcium Requirement -- Calcium Requirement and Body Size -- Calcium Sources -- 3. Vitamin D
  • The Functioning of Vitamin D in the Calcium Economy -- Sources of Vitamin D -- 4. Protein -- 5. Phosphorus -- 6. Minerals and Trace Nutrients -- Trace Minerals -- Other Vitamins -- 7. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5 BONE ADAPTATION TO MECHANICAL LOADING: HOW DOES BONE SENSE THE NEED FOR CHANGE TO LOADING FROM EXERCISE? -- Wolff's Law and the Mechanostat -- Characteristics of an Osteogenic Strain Stimulus -- Muscle-Bone Interactions -- Bone Adaptation: Mechanisms -- Physical Activity and Bone -- Immobilization -- What Types of Exercises are Osteogenic? -- Effects of Physical Activity During Growth -- Effects of Physical Activity in Adults -- Changes in Bone Size and Shape -- Factors that May Influence the Skeletal Response to Exercise -- Calcium -- Estrogen -- Estrogen Alternatives -- Summary -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6 THE DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Skeletal Consequences of Estrogen Deprivation -- 2.1 Effects on Bone Mass -- 2.2 Effects on Bone Remodeling -- 2.3 Effects on Bone Structure -- 3. Quantitative Criteria for Identifying Osteoporosis -- 3.1 The WHO Criteria -- 3.2 Refinements of the WHO Criteria -- 4. A Comprehensive Approach to Diagnosis -- 4.1 A Broad Index of Suspicion -- 4.2 A Diagnosis of Exclusion -- 4.3 Authoritative Resources -- 5. Clinical Diagnosis -- 5.1 The Patient Interview -- 5.2 Physical Examination -- 5.3 Assessment of Bone Mass -- 5.4 Assessment of Bone Morphology -- 5.5 Laboratory Tests -- 5.6 Dietary Evaluation -- 6. Conclusions and Outlook -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7 BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF BONE TURNOVER: ASSAY METHODS AND CLINICAL APPLICATION -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biochemical markers of bone formation -- 2.1. Enzymes -- 2.2. Bone matrix protein -- 3. Biochemical markers of bone resorption -- 3.1. Ezymes -- 3.2. Collagen degradation products
  • Genome-wide Association Approach