Remittances and Development Lessons from Latin America
This book explores the large heterogeneity in migration and remittances patterns, development impact, and policy implications across Latin America and the Caribbean, ranked at the top of remittance-receiving regions. Its analysis helps policy makers trying to respond to increasing remittances flows.
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| Main Authors | , |
|---|---|
| Format | eBook Book |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Chicago
World Bank Publications
2008
The World Bank Washington, DC: World Bank |
| Edition | 1 |
| Series | Latin American Development Forum |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Abstract | This book explores the large heterogeneity in migration and remittances patterns, development impact, and policy implications across Latin America and the Caribbean, ranked at the top of remittance-receiving regions. Its analysis helps policy makers trying to respond to increasing remittances flows. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | This book explores the large heterogeneity in migration and remittances patterns, development impact, and policy implications across Latin America and the Caribbean, ranked at the top of remittance-receiving regions. Its analysis helps policy makers trying to respond to increasing remittances flows. Workers' remittances have become a major source of financing for developing countries and are especially important in Latin America and the Caribbean, which is at the top of the ranking of remittance receiving regions in the world. While there has been a recent surge in analytical work on the topic, this book is motivated by the large heterogeneity in migration and remittance patterns across countries and regions, and by the fact that existing evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean is restricted to only a few countries, such as Mexico and El Salvador. Because the nature of the phenomenon varies across countries, its development impact and policy implications are also likely to differ in ways that are still largely unknown. This book helps fill the gap by exploring, in the specific context of Latin America and Caribbean countries, some of the main questions faced by policymakers when trying to respond to increasing remittances flows. The book relies on cross-country panel data and household surveys for 11 Latin American countries to explore the development impact of remittance flows along several dimensions: growth, poverty, inequality, schooling, health, labor supply, financial development, and real exchange rates. This publication belongs to the Latin American Development Forum Series (LADF), sponsored by the Inter-American Development Bank, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, and the World Bank. There are four main messages that emerge from this book. First, no matter how authors look at the issue, remittances are extremely important in the Latin American context. With remittances estimated to have topped more than US$50 billion in 2006, Latin America is now the main destination of these flows. Second, remittances generate a number of important positive contributions to economic development. In particular, they tend to reduce poverty and inequality in recipient countries, as well as increase aggregate investment and growth. Third, even though remittances have a positive impact on the development indicators of the recipient economies, the magnitude of the estimated changes tends to be modest. Fourth, policy makers may take actions to enhance the development impact of remittances. One important message of this book is that the way countries benefit from remittances appears to be positively related to the countries' own institutional and macroeconomic environments. Workers' remittances have become a major source of financing for developing countries and are especially important in Latin America and the Caribbean, which is at the top of the ranking of remittance receiving regions in the world. While there has been a recent surge in analytical work on the topic, this book is motivated by the large heterogeneity in migration and remittance patterns across countries and regions, and by the fact that existing evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean is restricted to only a few countries, such as Mexico and El Salvador. Because the nature of the phenomenon varies across countries, its development impact and policy implications are also likely to differ in ways that are still largely unknown. This book helps fill the gap by exploring, in the specific context of Latin America and Caribbean countries, some of the main questions faced by policymakers when trying to respond to increasing remittances flows. The book relies on cross-country panel data and household surveys for 11 Latin American countries to explore the development impact of remittance flows along several dimensions: growth, poverty, inequality, schooling, health, labor supply, financial development, and real exchange rates. Workers' remittances have become a major source of financing for developing countries and are especially important in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), which is at the top of the ranking of remittances receiving regions in the world. While there has been a recent surge in analytical work on the topic, this book is motivated by the large heterogeneity in migration and remittances patterns across countries and regions, and by the fact that existing evidence for LAC is restricted to only a few countries, such as Mexico and El Salvador. Because the nature of the phenomenon varies across countries, its development impact and policy implications are also likely to differ in ways that are still largely unknown. This book helps fill the gap by exploring, in the specific context of Latin America and Caribbean countries, some of the main questions faced by policymakers when trying to respond to increasing remittances flows. |
| Author | Fajnzylber, Pablo Lopez, J. Humberto |
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| Copyright | The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 2008 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank |
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| Editor | J. Humberto Lopez Pablo Fajnzylber |
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| Keywords | MIGRATION FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT POVERTY LABOR SUPPLY REMITTANCES INEQUALITY GROWTH REAL EXCHANGE RATES LATIN AMERICA EDUCATION |
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| Snippet | This book explores the large heterogeneity in migration and remittances patterns, development impact, and policy implications across Latin America and the... Workers' remittances have become a major source of financing for developing countries and are especially important in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC),... There are four main messages that emerge from this book. First, no matter how authors look at the issue, remittances are extremely important in the Latin... Workers' remittances have become a major source of financing for developing countries and are especially important in Latin America and the Caribbean, which is... |
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| StartPage | xxiv |
| SubjectTerms | ACCESS TO SAFE WATER ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORK AIRPORTS AUTONOMY BLOCK TARIFF BLOCK TARIFFS BOND ISSUE BONDS BOTTLENECKS CAPACITY BUILDING CELLULAR TELEPHONES CONCESSION CONCESSIONAIRES CONCESSIONS conditional cash transfers CONSOLIDATION CONTRACT DESIGN COST OF CAPITAL COST RECOVERY CURRENT EXPENDITURES DEBT SERVICE DECENTRALIZATION Development studies DISTRIBUTION LOSSES DRAINAGE DRIVING dutch disease Economic development ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE Economic policy ECONOMICS ELECTRIC POWER ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION ELECTRICITY GENERATION ELECTRICITY SERVICES ELECTRICITY TARIFF ELECTRICITY TARIFFS EMERGING MARKETS Emigrant remittances EXCESSIVE PROFITS FINANCE INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FINANCIAL MARKETS financial regulation FISCAL BALANCE FOREIGN EXCHANGE GENERATION CAPACITY GOVERNMENT SECURITIES GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH IN DEMAND GROWTH RATES household behavior INFRASTRUCTURE ASSETS INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCING INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION INFRASTRUCTURE REFORM INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES INFRASTRUCTURE SPENDING INSURANCE INSURANCE COMPANIES INTERNATIONAL FINANCE International migration INVESTMENT CLIMATE LADF Latin America LATIN AMERICAN Latin American Development Forum Latin American studies LAWS LICENSES LOCAL CURRENCY FINANCING LOCAL GOVERNMENTS Migration and Migrant MITIGATION MECHANISMS MUNICIPAL FINANCE NEIGHBORHOODS O&M OPPORTUNISTIC BEHAVIOR PENSION FUNDS PENSIONS POPULATION DENSITY PORT CONCESSIONS POWER DISTRIBUTION PRICE CAP PRICE CAP REGULATION PRICE INCREASES PRIVATE OPERATORS PRIVATE SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION PRIVATIZATION PRIVATIZATION MODEL PRODUCTIVITY PROPERTY RIGHTS PUBLIC PUBLIC DEBT PUBLIC EXPENDITURES PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC INVESTMENT PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE PUBLIC INVESTMENTS PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS PUBLIC SECTOR PUBLIC SERVICES RAIL RAIL COMPANIES RAIL SERVICES Remittance Remittances RENEGOTIATION PROCESS RETRENCHMENT RISK MANAGEMENT RISK MITIGATION ROAD ROAD NETWORK ROUTES RURAL ROADS SAFETY SAFETY NETS SANITATION SANITATION SECTOR SOCIAL SERVICES SOUTH AMERICA SOVEREIGN RISK STOCKS SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS SUBSIDIARY TARIFFS FOR WATER TAX TAX COLLECTION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRAILS TRANSPARENCY URBAN GROWTH URBAN POVERTY URBAN TRANSPORT URBANIZATION UTILITIES WAGES WATER TARIFFS WATER UTILITIES |
| Subtitle | Lessons from Latin America |
| TableOfContents | Table 3B.2 Regression Results for Determinants of Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean (Log of Remittances per Capita, 1986-2000) -- Table 3B.3 Regression Results for Determinants of Remittances to Latin America and Caribbean (Log of Remittances, 1986-2000) -- Table 4.1 Income Gini Coefficient Before and After Remittances -- Table 4.2 Poverty Head Counts Before and After Remittances -- Table 4.3 Income Gini Coefficient in Counter factual Scenario of No Migration -- Table 4.4 Poverty Head Counts in Counter factual Scenario of No Migration -- Table 4.5 Poverty Head Counts among Recipient Households in Counter factual Scenario of No Migration -- Table 4.6 The Impact of Remittances on Growth and Changes in Inequality -- Table 4.7 Poverty Elasticity of Remittances in Latin America -- Table 4.8 Remittances and Economic Growth -- Table 4.9 Remittances and Investment -- Table 4.10 The Cyclical Behavior of Remittances in Latin America -- Table 4.11 Remittances and Growth Volatility -- Table 4.12 Volatility Effects of External and Policy Shocks by Remittances Levels -- Table 5.1 Savings Rates by Income Quintile and Remittances Recipient Status -- Table 5.2 Access to Remittances and Expenditure Shares -- Table 5.3 Remittances and Expenditure Shares by Counter factual Household Income Quintiles -- Table 5.4 Access to Remittances and Children's Education-OLS -- Table 5.5 Remittances and Children's Education by Mother's Education -- Table 5.6 Remittances and Health Outcomes -- Table 5.7 Access to Remittances and Hours Worked -- Table 5.8 Remittances and Labor Force Participation (with Instrumental Variables) -- Table 5.9 Remittances and Labor Force Participation, by Educational Levels (with Instrumental Variables) -- Table 6.1 Correlations between Remittances and Indicators of Financial Development Table 6.2 Panel Estimates of the Impact of Remittances on Financial Development with Interactions for Different Latin American Country Groupings FIGURE 2.8 Households Receiving Remittances by Quintile of Nonremittances Income Distribution -- FIGURE 2.9 Households Receiving Remittances by Quintile of Total Income Distribution -- FIGURE 2.10 Educational Characteristics of Households Receiving Remittances -- FIGURE 2.11 Average Annual Amount Reported by Recipients -- FIGURE 2.12 Income Share of Remittances by Income Quintile (Recipients Only) -- FIGURE 2.13 Income Share of Remittances by Income Quintile (All Households) -- FIGURE 2.14 Income and Remittances Distribution by Income Quintile -- FIGURE 2.15 BOP-Based versus Household Survey-Based Remittances -- FIGURE 3.1 Latin American Migrants -- FIGURE 3.2 Major Destinations of Latin American Migrants -- FIGURE 3.3 Major European Destinations of Latin American Migrants, 2000 -- FIGURE 3.4 Age Profile at the Time of Arrival for Latin American Migrants -- FIGURE 3.5 Current Age Profile of Latin American Migrants -- FIGURE 3.6 Education Profile of 1990s Latin American and Caribbean Migrants (Age 22 and Older) -- FIGURE 3.7 Education Profile of Native Population versus Migrants from Latin American and Caribbean Countries -- FIGURE 3.8 Share of Migrants in the United States with Tertiary Education -- FIGURE 3.9 Share of Educated Workers Who Migrate -- FIGURE 3.10 Share of College-Educated Workers in the United States Who Received Their Degrees at Home -- FIGURE 3.11 Share of Migrants in the United States with College Degrees According to Age of Entry -- FIGURE 3.12 Occupational Distribution of Migrants in the United States Older than 22 at Time of Arrival (Current Age 22+) -- FIGURE 3.13 Occupational Distribution of Migrants in the United States Who Were Younger than 17 at Time of Arrival (Current Age 22+) -- FIGURE 3.14 Brain Waste: Home Tertiary Educated Migrants in the United States Who Were Older than 25 on Arrival FIGURE 3.15 Remittances as a Share of GDP -- FIGURE 3.16 Remittances Received Per Capita -- FIGURE 3.17 Remittances Sent Per Migrant -- FIGURE 3.18 Migrants as a Share of Population -- FIGURE 3.19 Share of Female Migrants -- FIGURE 3.20 Share of College Graduate Migrants -- FIGURE 3.21 Ratio of Bank Deposits to GDP -- FIGURE 4.1 Scatter Plots of Remittances, Growth, and Investment -- FIGURE 4.2 Remittances' Sensitivity to Output Fluctuations in Recipient Countries -- FIGURE 4.3 Remittances' Sensitivity to Output Fluctuations in Sending Countries -- FIGURE 4.4 Country Estimates of Remittances' Sensitivity to Own Output -- FIGURE 4.5 The Response of Remittances to Macroeconomic Crises -- FIGURE 5.1 Differences in Savings Rates by Remittances-Recipient Status -- FIGURE 5.2 Expenditure Patterns by Remittances-Recipient Status-Rural Regions -- FIGURE 5.3 Expenditure Patterns by Remittances-Recipient Status-Urban Regions -- FIGURE 5.4 Expenditure in Nondurables (Including Food) and Education by Remittances-Recipient Status and Counterfactual Income Quintile: Mexico -- FIGURE 5.5 Expenditure in Nondurables (Including Food) and Education by Remittances-Recipient Status and Counterfactual Income Quintile: Nicaragua -- FIGURE 5.6 Average Years of Education for Adults (22-65 Years Old) -- FIGURE 5.7 Differences in School Enrollment Rates for Children 12-17 Years Old by Remittances-Recipient Status -- FIGURE 5.8 Anthropometric Measures for Children Ages1-5, by Remittances-Recipient Status: Guatemala -- FIGURE 5.9 Anthropometric Measures for Children Ages 1-5, by Remittances-Recipient Status: Nicaragua -- FIGURE 5.10 Labor Force Participation of Adults (20-59 Years Old), by Gender and Remittances-Recipient Status -- FIGURE 6.1 Remittances and Financial Development in Latin American Countries -- FIGURE 7.1 Remittances and the Real Exchange Rate Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- 1 THE DEVELOPMENT IMPACT OF REMITTANCES INLATIN AMERICA -- 2 HOW IMPORTANT ARE REMITTANCES IN LATIN AMERICA? -- 3 MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES IN LATIN AMERICA: PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS -- 4 DO REMITTANCES LOWER POVERTY LEVELS INLATIN AMERICA? -- 5 REMITTANCES AND HOUSEHOLD BEHAVIOR: EVIDENCEFOR LATIN AMERICA -- 6 DO REMITTANCES AFFECT RECIPIENT COUNTRIES' FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT? -- 7 REMITTANCES, THE REAL EXCHANGE RATE, AND THE DUTCH DISEASE PHENOMENON -- 8 DO CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS CROWD OUT PRIVATE TRANSFERS? -- 9 FACILITATING REMITTANCES FLOWS AND SECURITY IN THE SYSTEM -- 10 REMITTANCES AND GROWTH: THE ROLE OF COMPLEMENTARY POLICIES -- Index -- BOX 8.1 CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS IN COLOMBIA -- BOX 9.1 The General Principles for International Remittances Services -- BOX 9.2 The AML/CFT Regulations -- BOX 9.3 Regulatory Requirements in the United States as Barriers to Entry -- BOX 9.4 Money in Minutes or Next Day -- BOX 9.5 Official Efforts for Transparency in the U.S.-Mexico Remittances Market -- BOX 9.6 Linking Credit Unions through the International Remittance Network (IRnet) -- BOX 10.1 Remittances and Forced Savings: The Bracero Program -- BOX 10.2 Control Set in the Empirical Model -- BOX 10.3 Control Set in the Empirical Model for the Investment Rate -- FIGURE 2.1 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF REMITTANCES IN 2005 -- FIGURE 2.2 ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF RECORDED REMITTANCES, 1980-2005 -- FIGURE 2.3 INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL FLOWS, 1990 AND 2005 -- FIGURE 2.4 REMITTANCES IN LATIN AMERICA, 1980-2005 -- FIGURE 2.5 Remittances in Latin America in 2005 -- FIGURE 2.6 Share of Households Receiving Remittances, 2001 -- FIGURE 2.7 Households Receiving Remittances by Income Distribution Quintile FIGURE 7.2 Exports and the Real Exchange Rate -- FIGURE 7.3 Imports and the Real Exchange Rate -- FIGURE 7B.1 Production Structure of the Jamaica CGE Model -- FIGURE 9.1 Channels for Remittances (2004) -- FIGURE 9.2 Reasons for Not Having a Bank Account -- FIGURE 9.3 Perceptions on Why the Total Cost of Remittances Transfers Are Higher than the Flat Commissions Paid by Senders -- FIGURE 9.4 Cost of Sending a US 300 Remittance from Chicago to Mexico (March 2006) -- FIGURE 9.5 Fees as Percentage of Remittance-Illinoisto El Salvador (March 2006) -- FIGURE 9.6 Fees and Exchange Rate Costs -- FIGURE 9.7 Range of Prices of Remittance Services in the U.S.-Mexico Corridor, 1999-2005 (Percent of Amount Sent) -- FIGURE 10.1 Secondary Net Enrollment Deficit in Selected Latin American Countries -- FIGURE 10.2 Institutional and Per Capita Income Levels -- FIGURE 10.3 Domestic Credit to the Private Sector -- FIGURE 10.4 Regional Policy Index -- FIGURE 10.5 Growth and Education: Impact of a One Standard Deviation Increase in Remittances -- FIGURE 10.6 Growth and Institutions: Impact of a One Standard Deviation Increase in Remittances -- FIGURE 10.7 Growth and the Policy Environment: Growth Impact of a One Standard Deviation Increase in Remittances -- Table 2.1 International Flows to Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- Table 2.2 Remittances to Latin American and Caribbean Countries (US millions) -- Table 2.3 Percentage of Households with Migrants by Average Years of Adult Education (16-65 Years Old) in the Household -- Table 3.1 Education Profile of Latin American and Caribbean Migrants (Percent with a Given Educational Level) -- Table 3B.1 Regression Results for Determinants of Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean (Ratio of Remittances to GDP, 1986-2000) |
| Title | Remittances and Development |
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