Mesoscale Dynamics
Mesoscale weather systems are responsible for numerous natural disasters, such as damaging winds, blizzards and flash flooding. A fundamental understanding of the underlying dynamics involved in these weather systems is essential in forecasting their occurrence. This 2007 book provides a systematic...
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| Format | eBook |
| Language | English |
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Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
13.12.2007
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| Edition | 1 |
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| Abstract | Mesoscale weather systems are responsible for numerous natural disasters, such as damaging winds, blizzards and flash flooding. A fundamental understanding of the underlying dynamics involved in these weather systems is essential in forecasting their occurrence. This 2007 book provides a systematic approach to this subject. The opening chapters introduce the basic equations governing mesoscale weather systems and their approximations. The subsequent chapters cover four major areas of mesoscale dynamics: wave dynamics, moist convection, front dynamics and mesoscale modelling. This is an ideal book on the subject for researchers in meteorology and atmospheric science. With over 100 problems, and password-protected solutions available to instructors at www.cambridge.org/9780521808750, this book could also serve as a textbook for graduate students. Modelling projects, providing hands-on practice for building simple models of stratified fluid flow from a one-dimensional advection equation, are also described. |
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| AbstractList | Ideal for researchers in meteorology and atmospheric science, this 2007 book covers wave dynamics, moist convection, front dynamics and mesoscale modelling. With modelling projects and student review questions, it could also serve as a textbook for graduate students. Solutions for instructors are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521808750. Mesoscale weather systems are responsible for numerous natural disasters, such as damaging winds, blizzards and flash flooding. A fundamental understanding of the underlying dynamics involved in these weather systems is essential in forecasting their occurrence. This 2007 book provides a systematic approach to this subject. The opening chapters introduce the basic equations governing mesoscale weather systems and their approximations. The subsequent chapters cover four major areas of mesoscale dynamics: wave dynamics, moist convection, front dynamics and mesoscale modelling. This is an ideal book on the subject for researchers in meteorology and atmospheric science. With over 100 problems, and password-protected solutions available to instructors at www.cambridge.org/9780521808750, this book could also serve as a textbook for graduate students. Modelling projects, providing hands-on practice for building simple models of stratified fluid flow from a one-dimensional advection equation, are also described. |
| Author | Lin, Yuh-Lang |
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| Copyright | Cambridge University Press 2007 |
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| Snippet | Mesoscale weather systems are responsible for numerous natural disasters, such as damaging winds, blizzards and flash flooding. A fundamental understanding of... Ideal for researchers in meteorology and atmospheric science, this 2007 book covers wave dynamics, moist convection, front dynamics and mesoscale modelling.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Mesoscopic phenomena (Physics) Mesospheric circulation Mesospheric thermodynamics |
| TableOfContents | Cover -- MESOSCALE DYNAMICS -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Definitions of atmospheric scales -- 1.3 Energy generation and scale interactions -- 1.4 Predictability -- References -- 2 Governing equations for mesoscale motions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Derivation of the governing equations -- 2.3 Approximations to the governing equations -- References -- Problems -- 3 Basic wave dynamics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Basic wave properties -- 3.3 Sound waves -- 3.4 Shallow water waves -- 3.5 Pure gravity waves -- 3.6 Inertia-gravity waves -- 3.7 Wave reflection levels -- 3.8 Critical levels -- Appendix 3.1 Derivations of shallow-water equations -- References -- Problems -- 4 Mesoscale wave generation and maintenance -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Wave generation mechanisms -- 4.2.1 Density impulses and moist convection -- 4.2.2 Mesoscale instabilities -- 4.2.3 Geostrophic adjustment -- a. Inertia-gravity wave generation through geostrophic adjustment -- b. Diagnosis for unbalanced flow -- 4.2.4 Nonlinear interactions -- 4.3 Wave maintenance mechanisms -- 4.3.1 Linear wave ducting mechanism -- 4.3.2 Solitary wave mechanism -- 4.3.3 Wave-CISK mechanism -- 4.4 Energy propagation and momentum flux -- References -- Problems -- 5 Orographically forced flows -- 5.1 Flows over two-dimensional sinusoidal mountains -- 5.2 Flows over two-dimensional isolated mountains -- 5.2.1 Uniform basic flow -- 5.2.2 Basic flow with variable Scorer parameter -- 5.2.3 Trapped lee waves -- 5.3 Nonlinear flows over two-dimensional mountains -- 5.3.1 Nonlinear flow regimes -- 5.3.2 Generation of severe downslope winds -- a. Resonant amplification theory -- b. Hydraulic theory -- c. Applications of resonant amplification and hydraulic theories -- 5.4 Flows over three-dimensional mountains -- 5.4.1 Linear theory b. Cloudy atmosphere 7.2.3 Howard's semicircle theorem -- 7.3 Static, conditional, and potential instabilities -- 7.3.1 Static instability -- 7.3.2 Conditional instability -- 7.3.3 Potential instability -- 7.4 Kelvin-Helmholtz instability -- 7.5 Inertial instability -- 7.6 Symmetric instability -- 7.6.1 Dry symmetric instability -- 7.6.2 Moist symmetric instability -- 7.7 Baroclinic instabiltity -- References -- Problems -- 8 Isolated convective storms -- 8.1 Dynamics of single-cell storms and downbursts -- 8.2 Dynamics of multicell storms -- 8.3 Effects of shear and buoyancy -- 8.3.1 Effects of shear on cold outflow -- 8.3.2 Effects of buoyancy -- 8.4 Dynamics of supercell storms -- 8.4.1 General characteristics -- 8.4.2 Effects of unidirectional shear -- 8.4.3 Storm splitting -- 8.4.4 Storm rotation and propagation -- 8.4.5 Effects of directional shear -- 8.5 Tornado dynamics -- 8.5.1 Supercell tornadogenesis -- 8.5.2 Nonsupercell tornadogenesis -- 8.5.3 Tornado vortex dynamics -- References -- Problems -- 9 Mesoscale convective systems -- 9.1 Squall lines and rainbands -- 9.1.1 Squall line classifications -- 9.1.2 Formation mechanisms -- 9.1.3 Maintenance mechanisms -- a. Three-dimensional effects -- b. Gravity wave mechanism -- c. Local balance mechanism -- 9.1.4 Squall line movement -- 9.1.5 Rainbands -- 9.2 Mesoscale convective complexes -- 9.2.1 General characteristics -- 9.2.2 Formation and development mechanisms -- 9.3 Tropical cyclones -- 9.3.1 General characteristics -- 9.3.2 Tropical cyclogenesis -- a. Cooperative intensification mechanism -- b. Linear CISK mechanism -- c. WISHE mechanism -- d. Vortex interaction mechanism -- e. Hot-tower mechanism -- f. Preexisting disturbances and a unified mechanism for tropical cyclogenesis -- g. Control parameters of tropical cyclogenesis -- h. Extratropical hurricanes -- 9.3.3 Intensity and mesoscale structure 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Finite difference approximations of derivatives -- 12.3 Finite difference approximations of the advection equation -- 12.3.1 Two-time-level schemes -- (a) Forward-in-time and centered-in-space scheme -- (b) Forward-in-time and upstream-in-space scheme -- (c) Lax-Wendroff scheme -- 12.3.2 Three-time-level schemes -- (a) Adams-Bashforth scheme -- 12.4 Implicit schemes -- 12.5 Semi-Lagrangian methods -- Appendix 12.1: -- References -- Problems -- Modeling projects -- Project A -- Project B -- 13 Numerical modeling of geophysical fluid systems -- 13.1 Grid systems and vertical coordinates -- 13.1.1 Grid systems -- 13.1.2 Vertical coordinates -- 13.2 Boundary conditions -- 13.2.1 Lateral boundary conditions -- 13.2.2 Upper boundary conditions -- 13.2.3 Lower boundary conditions -- 13.3 Initial conditions and data assimilation -- 13.4 Nonlinear aliasing and instability -- 13.5 Modeling a stratified fluid system -- 13.6 Predictability and ensemble forecasting -- References -- Problems -- Modeling projects -- 14 Parameterizations of physical processes -- 14.1 Reynolds averaging -- 14.2 Parameterization of planetary boundary layer processes -- 14.2.1 Parameterization of the surface layer -- 14.2.2 Parameterization of the PBL -- a. Bulk aerodynamic parameterization -- b. K-theory parameterization -- c. Turbulent kinetic energy closure scheme -- d. Higher-order closure schemes -- 14.3 Parameterization of moist processes -- 14.3.1 Parameterization of microphysical processes -- a. Explicit representation -- b. Bulk microphysics parameterization -- 14.3.2 Cumulus parameterization -- a. Convective adjustment schemes -- b. Kuo schemes -- c. Cumulus parameterization schemes for mesoscale models -- 14.4 Parameterizations of radiative transfer processes -- 14.4.1 Introduction -- 14.4.2 Longwave radiation -- a. Clear atmosphere 5.4.2 Generation of lee vortices -- a. Boundary layer separation -- b. Generation of lee vortices in an inviscid fluid -- c. Tilting of baroclinically generated vorticity -- d. Generation of potential vorticity by turbulence dissipation -- 5.5 Flows over larger mesoscale mountains -- 5.5.1 Rotational effects -- 5.5.2 Lee cyclogenesis -- a. Alpine lee cyclogenesis -- b. Rockies lee cyclogenesis -- c. Mesoscale lee cyclogenesis -- 5.5.3 Orographic influence on cyclone track -- 5.6 Other orographic effects -- 5.6.1 Effects on frontal passage -- 5.6.2 Coastally trapped disturbances -- 5.6.3 Cold-air damming -- 5.6.4 Gap flow -- Appendix 5.1: Some mathematical techniques and relations -- (a) Fourier Transform -- (b) Jordan's Lemma -- (c) Riemann-Lebesgue Lemma -- (d) Parseval Theorem -- References -- Problems -- 6 Thermally forced flows -- 6.1 Two-dimensional flows -- 6.1.1 Steady flows over a sinusoidal heat source -- 6.1.2 Steady flows over an isolated heat source -- 6.2 Transient flows -- 6.2.1 Flow responses to pulse heating -- 6.2.2 Flow responses to steady heating -- 6.3 Applications to mesoscale circulations -- 6.3.1 Density current formation and propagation -- 6.3.2 Heat island circulations -- 6.3.3 Moist convection -- 6.3.4 Gravity wave generation and propagation -- 6.4 Effects of shear, three dimensionality, and rotation -- 6.4.1 Two-dimensional shear flows -- 6.4.2 Three-dimensional nonrotating flows -- 6.4.3 Three-dimensional rotating flows -- 6.5 Dynamics of sea and land breezes -- 6.5.1 Linear theories -- 6.5.2 Nonlinear numerical studies -- 6.6 Dynamics of mountain-plains solenoidal circulations -- Appendix 6.1: Laplace transform -- References -- Problems -- 7 Mesoscale instabilities -- 7.1 Wave energy transfer through instabilities -- 7.2 Integral theorems of stratified flow -- 7.2.1 Governing equations -- 7.2.2 Miles' theorem a. Intensity of a mature tropical cyclone -- b. Mesoscale structure of a tropical cyclone -- 9.3.4 Tropical cyclone movement -- References -- Problems -- 10 Dynamics of fronts and jet streaks -- 10.1 Kinematics of frontogenesis -- 10.2 Dynamics of two-dimensional frontogenesis -- 10.2.1 Geostrophic momentum approximation -- 10.2.2 Frontogenesis and cross-frontal circulations -- 10.3 Frontogenesis and baroclinic waves -- 10.4 Moist and frictional effects on frontogenesis -- 10.5 Other types of fronts -- 10.5.1 Upper-level frontogenesis -- 10.5.2 Drylines -- 10.6 Jet streak dynamics -- 10.6.1 Upper-level jet streaks -- a. General characteristics of a jet streak -- b. Vertical motion associated with a jet streak -- c. Formation and propagation of a jet streak -- d. Interaction of jet streak circulations -- 10.6.2 Low-level jets -- a. Inertial oscillation -- b. Baroclinic effects -- c. Orographic deflection -- d. Synoptic forcing -- e. Diabatic processes -- References -- Problems -- 11 Dynamics of orographic precipitation -- 11.1 Orographic influence on climatological distribution of precipitation -- 11.2 Orographic modification of preexisting disturbances -- 11.2.1 Passage of troughs -- 11.2.2 Passage of midlatitude cyclones and fronts -- 11.2.3 Passage of tropical cyclones -- 11.2.4 Common ingredients of orographic precipitation -- 11.3 Formation and enhancement mechanisms -- 11.3.1 Stable ascent mechanism -- 11.3.2 Release of moist instabilities -- 11.3.3 Effects of mountain geometry -- 11.3.4 Combined thermal and orographic forcing -- 11.3.5 Seeder-feeder mechanism -- 11.3.6 Dynamical-microphysical interaction mechanism -- 11.4 Control parameters and moist flow regimes -- 11.4.1 Control parameters -- 11.4.2 Moist flow regimes -- (a) Two-dimensional flow regimes -- (b) Three-dimensional flow regimes -- References -- 12 Basic numerical methods |
| Title | Mesoscale Dynamics |
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