Arctic offshore engineering

There is an increasing need to construct engineering structures in the Arctic seas. The requirement is principally generated by the oil and gas industry, because of the substantial reserves that are known to exist offshore in the Beaufort Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Barents Sea, the Pacific Ocean off...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors Palmer, Andrew, Croasdale, Ken
Format eBook
LanguageEnglish
Published Singapore World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd 2012
World Scientific
World Scientific Publishing Company
WORLD SCIENTIFIC
Edition1
Subjects
Arctic regions
Civil Engineering (including Earthquake and Tsunami)
Marine Engineering & Naval Architecture
Ocean engineering
Offshore Construction
Offshore structures
Petroleum engineering
Offshore
Ice
Ken Croasdale
Arctic
Andrew Palmer
Petroleum
Online AccessGet full text

Cover

Table of Contents:
  • Arctic offshore engineering -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter One: The Human Context -- Chapter Two: The Physical and Biological Environment -- Chapter Three: Ice Mechanics -- Chapter Four: Ice Forces on Structures in the Sea -- Chapter Five: Broken Ice, Pressure Ridges and Ice Rubble -- Chapter Six: Ice Forces On Floating Platforms -- Chapter Seven: Arctic Marine Pipelines and Export Systems -- Chapter Eight: Environmental Impact -- Chapter Nine: Human Factors and Safety -- Index of Geographical locations -- Index
  • Title Page Preface Table of Contents 1. The Human Context 2. The Physical and Biological Environment 3. Ice Mechanics 4. Ice Forces on Structures in the Sea 5. Broken Ice, Pressure Ridges and Ice Rubble 6. Ice Forces on Floating Platforms 7. Arctic Marine Pipelines and Export Systems 8. Environmental Impact 9. Human Factors and Safety Index of Geographical Locations Index
  • 4.5.4 Experimental and Full Scale Data -- 4.5.5 Modifications for very Thick Ice -- 4.5.6 Velocity Effects -- 4.6 Local Ice Pressures -- 4.7 Ice Encroachment -- 4.8 Model Tests -- 4.9 Ice-induced Vibrations -- 4.10 Ice Load Measurements on Platforms -- Instrumenting the surrounding ice -- Measuring ice deceleration -- Foundation response -- Structure response using strain gauges -- Structure response using extensometers -- Structure response using accelerometers -- Structure/foundation response using tiltmeters -- Ice load cells and panels at the interface between ice and structure -- References -- 5. Broken Ice, Pressure Ridges and Ice Rubble -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Formation of Ridges -- Case 1: Ice fails and ramps downward -- Case 2: Ice fails and rides upwards -- Case 3: Ice rubble failure -- 5.3 Limit- Force Calculations -- 5.4 Multi-Year Ridges -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 Ridge Breaking Analysis -- 5.5 Loads due to First-year Ridges -- 5.5.1 Introduction -- 5.5.2 Ridge Interaction with Vertical Structures -- 5.5.3 First-year Ridge Interaction on Upward Sloping Structures -- 5.5.4 First Year Ridge Interaction on Downward Sloping Structures -- 5.6 Structures in Shallow Water -- 5.6.1 Effects of Ice Rubble on Ice Loads -- 5.6.2 First-year Ridge Loads in Shallow Water -- 5.7 Multi-leg and Multi-hulled Platforms -- 5.7.1 Multi-leg (with Vertical Legs) -- 5.7.2 Multi-leg Structure with Conical Collars on the Legs -- 5.7.3 Multi-caisson Systems and Ice Barriers -- 5.8 Limit momentum (limit energy) Ice Loads -- 5.8.1 Principles and Application to a Vertical Structure -- 5.8.2 Sloping Structures -- 5.8.3 Iceberg Impact Loads -- References -- 6. Ice Forces on Floating Platforms -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background to Use of Floaters in Sea Ice -- 6.3 Loads on Floaters in Unmanaged Ice -- 6.4 Loads on Floaters in Managed Ice
  • 6.5 Calibration against the Kulluk Data -- 6.6 Influencing Parameters -- Concentration -- Ice strength and thickness -- Pressured ice -- Effect of floe size -- 6.7 Typical Managed Ice Loads -- References -- 7. Arctic Marine Pipelines and Export Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Seabed Ice Gouging -- 7.2.1 Introduction -- 7.2.2 Ice Gouging: The First Model -- 7.2.3 Ice Gouging: Gouge Infill by Seabed Sediment Transport -- 7.2.4 Ice Gouging: Subgouge Deformation -- 7.2.5 Ice Gouging: Alternative Routes to a Choice of Safe Gouge Depth -- 7.2.6 Methods for Minimising Required Trench Depth -- 7.3 Strudel Scour -- 7.4 Construction -- 7.4.1 Introduction -- 7.4.2 Panarctic Drake F-76 Pipeline -- 7.4.3 Northstar Pipeline -- 7.4.4 Oooguruk Pipeline -- 7.4.5 Nikaitchuq Pipeline -- 7.5 Transportation by Tanker -- References -- 8. Environmental Impact -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Oil in the Sea -- 8.2.1 Outside the Arctic -- 8.2.2 In the Arctic -- 8.3 Gas in the sea -- 8.4 Response and Oil cleanup -- 8.5 Effects of Structures on the Ice -- 8.6 Decommissioning -- References -- 9. Human Factors and Safety -- 9.1 Context -- 9.2 Psychological Factors -- 9.3 Physical Factors -- 9.4 Platform Safety and Evacuation -- 9.5 Safety during On-Ice Activities -- 9.5.1 Introduction -- 9.5.2 Safe Loads on an Ice Sheet -- 9.6 Platform Reliability and Safety Factors -- References -- Index of Geographical locations -- Index
  • Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. The Human Context -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Peoples Native to the Arctic -- 1.3 Explorers -- 1.4 Developers -- 1.5 Outsiders -- Conclusion -- References -- 2. The Physical and Biological Environment -- 2.1 Climate -- 2.2 Permafrost and Land Ice -- 2.3 Sea Ice -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Oceanographic Context -- 2.3.3 The Structure of Ice -- 2.3.4 Ice Formation -- 2.4 Gathering Data about Sea Ice -- 2.4.1 Identifying Needs -- 2.4.2 Planning -- 2.4.3 Methods for Ice Thickness -- 2.4.4 Ice Movement -- 2.4.5 Ice Strength and Related Parameters -- 2.5 Biology -- References -- 3. Ice Mechanics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Creep -- 3.3 Fracture -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics -- 3.3.3 Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics -- 3.4 Elasticity -- 3.5 Plasticity -- 3.6 Broken Ice -- 3.7 In-situ Rubble Tests -- 3.7.1 Overview -- 3.7.2 The Direct Shear Test -- 3.7.3 The Punch Shear Test -- 3.7.4 The Pull Up Test -- 3.7.5 Summary of Results of in-situ Tests -- Pull up strengths -- Punch and direct shear strengths -- 3.7.6 Translation of Rubble Shear Strength into a Bearing Pressure (or pseudo crushing strength) -- 3.7.7 Confined Compression Test (indentation test) on Ice Rubble -- 3.8 Model Ice -- References -- 4. Ice Forces on Structures in the Sea -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Alternative Design Concepts -- 4.3 Ice Forces -- 4.4 Ice Forces on Vertical-sided Structures -- 4.4.1 Alternative Modes -- 4.4.2 Creep -- 4.4.3 Buckling -- 4.4.4 Crushing: A Simple but Incorrect Approach -- 4.4.5 Crushing: Evidence from Measurements -- 4.4.6 Crushing: Empirical Representations of the Data -- 4.4.7 Crushing: Theory -- 4.5 Sloping-sided Structures -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Mechanics of Ice Interaction with Sloping-sided Structures -- 4.5.3 Adfreeze Effects